Federal System
Federal System
Federal System
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In this type, independent states come together to form a larger unit. Here, states
enjoy more autonomy as compared to the holding together kind of federation.
Example: USA, Australia, Switzerland.
a. True
b. False
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a. True
b. False
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a. Provincial autonomy
b. Hindi
c. Secularism
d. Federation
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Try yourself: What are the three lists given in the Seventh Schedule of the
Constitution that divides the subjects of jurisdiction between the center and states?
(more than one options are correct)
a. Union List
b. State List
c. Concurrent List
d. Central list
Check
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What are
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The flexibility of the Indian constitution: The constitution is a blend of flexibility
and rigidity. Certain provisions of the constitution can be easily amended. In case
the amendments seek to change aspects of federalism in India, the provision to
bring about such amendments is not easy.
More power vests with the Centre: The constitution guarantees more powers with
the Union List. On the Concurrent List, the parliament can make laws that can
override the state legislature's laws on some matters. The parliament can also make
laws regarding certain subjects in the State List.
Unequal representation of states in the Rajya Sabha: The representation of the
states in the upper house is based on the states" populations. For example, Uttar
Pradesh has 31 seats and Goa, 1 in the Rajya Sabha. In an ideal federal system, all
the states should have equal representation.
The executive is a part of the legislature: In India, the executive in both the centre
and the states is a part of the legislature. This goes against the principle of division
of powers between the different organs of the government.
Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha: In our system, the Lok Sabha is
more powerful than the upper house, and unequal powers to two houses are against
the principle of federalism.
Emergency powers: The centre is provided with emergency powers. When an
emergency is imposed, the centre has increased control over states. This
undermines the autonomy of the states.
Integrated judiciary: The judiciary in India is integrated. There is no separate
judiciary at the centre and the state levels.
Single citizenship: In India, only single citizenship is available to citizens. They
cannot be citizens of the state as well.
Governor’s appointment: The governor of a state acts as the centre's
representative in the
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the centre does.
New states formation: The parliament has the power to alter a state's territory by
increasing or reducing the area of the state. It can also change the name of a state.
All India Services: Through the All India Services such as the IAS, IPS, etc. the
centre interferes in the executive powers of the states.
Integrated election machinery: The Election Commission of India is responsible for
conducting free and fair elections at both the centre and India's state levels.
Veto over states bills: The governor of a state can reserve certain bills for the
president's consideration. The president enjoys absolute veto on these bills. He can
even reject the bill at the second instance that is when the bill is sent after
reconsideration by the state legislature.
Integrated audit machinery: The country's president appoints the CAG who audits
both the centre and the states' accounts.
a. 1956
b. 1948
c. 1967
d. 2014
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The Indian Constitution, while expressly vesting the Centre with greater powers of
taxation, also provides for an institutional mechanism the Finance Commission to
determine the share of the States in the Central tax revenues by way of correcting
this imbalance.
At present, about 40 per cent of Central revenues (tax and non-tax)are transferred
to the States, including the grants they get from the Planning Commission and the
Central Ministries.
Thisis
3. What is Centralized
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The centre has the right to amend under Article 368. The Centre has the authority to
change any provision without consulting the states. Even state ratification is only
employed in a small number of cases whereas we see in a federal form of government,
both the state and the union have the ability to amend.
Unlike successful federations, the India Constitution doesn't have the provision for
states' secession from India's Union. The Union has been made indestructible with a
view to protecting unity and integrity in a country like India.
The governor's office for each state in India has been a sensitive issue as it
sometimes poses a threat to the federal character of the Indian Union. Centre's
visible arbitrariness in misusing such constitutional office has been the subject of
acrimonious debates and divergent opinions in the country.
The imposition of President's Rule in Arunachal Pradesh in January 2016, while
there was an elected government in the State, created a bizarre incident in India's
constitutional history. The Supreme Court on July 13 termed Governor's decision
unconstitutional and ordered restoration of Congress government in Arunachal
Pradesh.
The Indian Constitution, unlike the other federal constitutions of the world,
introduces single citizenship. It is based upon the idea of one nation one
citizenship'. All are citizens of India irrespective of whichever state he/she lives in.
The States don't confer any separate status as a citizen of the State.
7. Integrated Services
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The integrated judiciary is a typical feature of Indian federation. Unlike typical
federations, in India Supreme Court is the apex court and all other courts are
subordinate to it. The States don't have separate independent courts dealing
specially with state matters. Also, the machinery for election, accounts, and audit in
India is integrated.
Although economic and social planning is found in the Concurrent List of the
Seventh Schedule to the Constitution, the Union Government enjoys unbridled
authority over India's national and regional planning. Centralised planning, through
the Planning Commission, now NITI Aayog appointed by the Centre, considerable
preponderance in legislative power for the Union, the states' financial dependence
on the Centre’s mercy, and the administrative inferiority of the states make the
states meek and weak.
Diversity in languages in India sometimes causes a blow to the federal spirit of the
Constitution. There are 22 languages constitutionally approved in India.