Mostafa Mozafari, Boundary Layer Analysis Schetz Solution Manual

Answers to the exercises of chapter one

Exp1:
Air: Length= 1m, Sea level T= 25 c, V=3 m/s
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.184 & 𝜇𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.85 ∗ 10−5 𝑝𝑎. 𝑠
𝑚3
𝜌𝑉𝐿 1.184 ∗ 3 ∗ 1
𝑅𝑒 = = = 1.92 ∗ 105
𝜇 1.85 ∗ 10−5

Water: T=25 c, Q=150𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠, Diameter =1 cm

𝑐𝑚3 −6
𝑚3
𝑄 = 150 = 150 ∗ 10
𝑠 𝑠
2
𝜋𝐷 𝑄 𝑚
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉, 𝐴 = , 𝑉 = = 1.91
4 𝐴 𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 998 3 , 𝜇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 8.3 ∗ 10−4 𝑝𝑎. 𝑠
𝑚
𝜌𝑉𝐷
𝑅𝑒 = = 9.98 ∗ 104
𝜇

Exp2:
Thickness=1.0 cm, free-stream velocity=V=5 m/s,

Velocity gradient in the boundary layer is linear.

𝜕𝑢 ∆𝑢 𝑉 − 0 𝜇𝑉 8.3 ∗ 10−4 ∗ 5
𝜏=𝜇 =𝜇 =𝜇 = = = 0.415 𝑝𝑎
𝜕𝑦 ∆𝑦 𝐻 𝐻 0.01
𝑐𝑓 𝜏 0.415
= = = 1.66 ∗ 10−5
2 𝜌𝑉 2 998 ∗ 25

Exp3:
𝑚
𝐷𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 40 𝑐𝑚, 𝐷𝑖𝑛 = 40.02 𝑐𝑚 ≫ 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑠 = 0.02 𝑐𝑚, 𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 0.2
𝑠
Mostafa Mozafari, Boundary Layer Analysis Schetz Solution Manual

𝜕𝑢 ∆𝑢 𝑉 − 0 𝜇𝑉 8.3 ∗ 10−4 ∗ 0.2

𝜏=𝜇 =𝜇 =𝜇 = = = 0.83 𝑝𝑎
𝜕𝑦 ∆𝑦 𝐻 𝐻 0.02 ∗ 10−2
𝐹 𝜏𝐴
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = = = 𝜏𝜋𝐷𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 𝜋 ∗ 0.83 ∗ 0.4 = 1.043 𝑁/𝑚
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿

Exp4:
Air Gap= 1 mm, Up Surface @ T= 25 c, Down Surface @ T=50 c.
𝜕𝑇 ∆𝑇
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑞 = −𝑘 =𝑘
𝜕𝑛 ∆𝑦
𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐽
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑇 = 300 𝐾 = 63 ∗ 10−4 = 264 ∗ 10−6
𝑠. 𝑐𝑚. 𝐾 𝑠. 𝑐𝑚. 𝐾
𝐽
= 264 ∗ 10−4
𝑠. 𝑚. 𝐾
𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐽
1 = 4.184
𝑠. 𝑐𝑚. 𝐾 𝑠. 𝑐𝑚. 𝐾
∆𝑇 𝐽 25 𝐽
𝑞=𝑘 = 264 ∗ 10−4 ∗ −3 = 660
∆𝑦 𝑠. 𝑚. 𝐾 10 𝑠. 𝑚2

Exp5:

Boeing 747:
Fuselage length: 68.63 m

Speeds

Normal cruise: 875 km/h=243 m/s

Max cruise: 982 km/h =272.8 m/s then Average Speed= 250 m/s

km/h=0.2778 m/s

𝑘𝑔
𝐴𝑖𝑟: 𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑇 = 25 𝑐, 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.184 & 𝜇𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.85 ∗ 10−5 𝑝𝑎. 𝑠
𝑚3

U.S.S Saratoga
Length = 271 meter, Top Speed= 40 knots= 20.58 m/s
Mostafa Mozafari, Boundary Layer Analysis Schetz Solution Manual

1 knots= 1.852 km/h =0.5144 m/s

𝑘𝑔
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟: 𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑇 = 25 𝑐, 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 998 , 𝜇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 8.3 ∗ 10−4 𝑝𝑎. 𝑠
𝑚3

𝜌𝑉𝐷 1.184 ∗ 250 ∗ 68.63

𝑅𝑒𝐵𝑜𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = = 11 ∗ 108
𝜇 1.85 ∗ 10 −5

𝜌𝑉𝐷 998 ∗ 20.58 ∗ 271

𝑅𝑒𝑆𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑎 = = = 8.4 ∗ 108
𝜇 8.3 ∗ 10 −4

Exp6:
rate of Shear, Fluid Shear, Fluid Shear, Fluid
strain A B C
0 0 0 2
20 2.23 0.4 2.4
40 3.16 0.8 2.8
60 3.87 1.2 3.2
80 4.47 1.6 3.6
100 5 2 4

6 Shear, Fluid A
Shear, Fluid B
5
Shear, Fluid C
4
Shear Stress

0
0 50 100 150
rate of strain

Fluid A=Pseudoplastic, Fluid B= Newtonian fluid, Fluid C=Plastic

Mostafa Mozafari, Boundary Layer Analysis Schetz Solution Manual

Exp7:
a=c=constant, m= very small
𝑚 𝑎
−( )𝑡
𝑥𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 = (1 − 𝑒 𝑚 )
𝑎
𝑚 𝑎
−( )𝑦
𝑖𝑓 𝑥𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 → 𝑢 & 𝑡 → 𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑢 = (1 − 𝑒 𝑚 )
𝑎

clc; clear all

a=0.05; m=0.001; c=0.1;
n=100;
y0=0;
y1=0.01;
dy=(y1-y0)/n;
for i=1:n
y(i)=y0+i*dy;
u(i)=(m/a)*(1-exp(-(a/m)*y(i)));
end
plot (u,y,'linewidth',2 );xlabel('u');ylabel('y')

As can be seen, Parantel's assumption predicts linear velocity distribution in the boundary layer
to some extent. Among all the proposed profiles for the speed distribution, the linear distribution
is less accurate.
Mostafa Mozafari, Boundary Layer Analysis Schetz Solution Manual

Exp8:
a=c=constant, m= very small
𝑚 𝑎
−( )𝑡
𝑥𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 = (1 − 𝑒 𝑚 )
𝑎
𝑥𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 →𝑢 & 𝑡 → 𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝛿 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑢 = 𝑈𝑒
𝑚 𝑎
−( )𝛿
𝑎
−( )𝛿 𝑎 𝑎
−( )𝛿 𝑎
𝑈𝑒 = (1 − 𝑒 𝑚 ) → (1 − 𝑒 𝑚 ) = 𝑈𝑒 → 𝑒 𝑚 = 1 − 𝑈𝑒
𝑎 𝑚 𝑚
𝑎 𝑎 𝑚 𝑎
− ( ) 𝛿 = ln (1 − 𝑈𝑒 ) → 𝛿 = − ln(1 − 𝑈𝑒 )
𝑚 𝑚 𝑎 𝑚

Exp9:
The static pressure variation across a BL= ∆𝑝
1 𝑖𝑛=0.0833 𝑓𝑡
𝛿 = 0.5 𝑖𝑛 → 𝛿 = 0.04165 𝑓𝑡
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑅 = 5 𝑓𝑡, 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑈𝑒 = 300 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

𝐻 = 10000 𝑓𝑡 → 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 17.65 ∗ 10−4 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3

𝜕𝑝 𝜌𝑈𝑒2 𝜕𝑝 ∆𝑝 𝜌𝑈𝑒2 𝜌𝑈𝑒2

= 𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜, = → ∆𝑝 = ∆𝑦
⏟ =𝛿
𝜕𝑦 𝑅 𝜕𝑦 ∆𝑦 𝑅 𝑅
𝛿

−4
3002 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠
∆𝑝 = 0.04165 ∗ 17.65 ∗ 10 ∗ = 1.3232
5 𝑓𝑡. 𝑠 2

Exp10:
𝑢 3 𝑦 1 𝑦 3 5𝑥
= ( )− ( ) , 𝛿= 1 , 𝑥 = 5 𝑓𝑡, 𝑅𝑒𝑥 = 5 ∗ 104
𝑈𝑒 2 𝛿 2 𝛿
𝑅𝑒𝑥2
∗
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 ∗
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 → + =0
𝜕𝑥 ∗ 𝜕𝑦 ∗
∗
𝑢 3 𝑦 1 𝑦 3 𝜕𝑢∗ 3 𝜕 −1 1 3 𝜕 −3
𝑢 = = ( )− ( ) → = 𝑦 (𝛿 ) − 𝑦 (𝛿 )
𝑈𝑒 2 𝛿 2 𝛿 𝜕𝑥 ∗ 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥
3 𝑑𝛿 3 3 −4 𝑑𝛿
= − 𝑦𝛿 −2 + 𝑦 𝛿 ∗∗
2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Mostafa Mozafari, Boundary Layer Analysis Schetz Solution Manual

1 1
5𝑥 𝜇 2 1 𝑑𝛿 5 𝜇 2 −1
𝛿= 1 → 𝛿=5 ( ) 𝑥2 → = ( ) 𝑥 2
𝜌𝑈𝑒 𝑑𝑥 2 𝜌𝑈𝑒
𝑅𝑒𝑥2
𝜕𝑢∗
∗∗ → =
𝜕𝑥 ∗
1 −2 1
3 𝜇 2 1 5 𝜇 2 −1
= − 𝑦 (5 ( ) 𝑥 2) ( ( ) 𝑥 2)
2 𝜌𝑈𝑒 2 𝜌𝑈𝑒
1 −4 1
3 𝜇 2 1 5 𝜇 2 −1
+ 𝑦 3 (5 ( ) 𝑥 2) ( ( ) 𝑥 2)
2 𝜌𝑈𝑒 2 𝜌𝑈𝑒
1
3 1 𝜌𝑈𝑒 −1 5 𝜇 2 −1 3 3 1 𝜌𝑈𝑒 2 −2
= − 𝑦 𝑥 ∗( ( ) 𝑥 2) + 𝑦 4 ( ) 𝑥
2 25 𝜇 2 𝜌𝑈𝑒 2 5 𝜇
1
5 𝜇 2 −1
∗( ( ) 𝑥 2)
2 𝜌𝑈𝑒
1 3
3 𝜌𝑈𝑒 2 −3 3 3
𝜌𝑈𝑒 2 −5
=− 𝑦 ( ) 𝑥 +
2 𝑦 ( ) 𝑥 2
20 𝜇 500 𝜇
𝜕𝑢∗ 𝜕𝑣 ∗ 𝜕𝑣 ∗ 𝜕𝑢∗
+ =0 → = − ( ∗)
𝜕𝑥 ∗ 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 𝜕𝑥
1 3
3 𝜌𝑈𝑒 2 −3 3 𝜌𝑈𝑒 2 −5
= − (− 𝑦 ( ) 𝑥 2+ 𝑦3 ( ) 𝑥 2)
20 𝜇 500 𝜇

1 3
3 𝜌𝑈𝑒 2 −3 3 𝜌𝑈𝑒 2 −5
= 𝑦 ( ) 𝑥 2− 𝑦3 ( ) 𝑥 2
20 𝜇 500 𝜇

1 3
3 𝜌𝑈𝑒 2 −3 2 3 𝜌𝑈𝑒 2 −5 4
𝑣 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = ( ) 𝑥 2𝑦 − ( ) 𝑥 2𝑦 (1)
40 𝜇 2000 𝜇
Mostafa Mozafari, Boundary Layer Analysis Schetz Solution Manual

𝜕𝑝
∗
𝜕𝑢∗ ∗
𝜕𝑢∗ 𝜕𝑝∗ 1 𝜕 2 𝑢∗ 𝜕 2 𝑢∗ 𝑅𝑒 →∞&
𝜕𝑥
=0
∗
𝜕𝑢∗ ∗
𝜕𝑢∗
𝑢 +𝑣 =− ∗+ ( + )⇒ 𝑢 +𝑣 =0
𝜕𝑥 ∗ 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 𝜕𝑥 𝑅𝑒 𝜕𝑥 ∗ 2 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 2 𝜕𝑥 ∗ 𝜕𝑦 ∗
1 3
𝜕𝑢∗ 3 𝜌𝑈𝑒 2 −3 3 3
𝜌𝑈𝑒 2 −5
= − 𝑦 ( ) 𝑥 2+ 𝑦 ( ) 𝑥 2
𝜕𝑥 ∗ 20 𝜇 500 𝜇

𝜕𝑢∗ 𝜕 3 𝑦 1 𝑦 3 3 1 3 𝑦2 3 −1 3 2 −3
= ( ( ) − ( ) ) = − = 𝛿 − 𝑦 𝛿
𝜕𝑦 ∗ 𝜕𝑦 2 𝛿 2 𝛿 2 𝛿 2 𝛿3 2 2

𝜕𝑢∗
𝑢∗
∗
𝑣 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = − 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢∗
𝜕𝑦 ∗
1 3
3 𝑦 1 𝑦 3 3 𝜌𝑈 2 3 3 3 𝜌𝑈𝑒 2 −52
(2 ( ) − 2 ( ) ) ∗ (20 𝑦 ( 𝜇 𝑒 ) 𝑥−2 − 𝑦 ( 𝜇 ) 𝑥 )
𝛿 𝛿 500
=
3 −1 3 −3
( 𝛿 − 𝑦2 𝛿 )
2 2

𝑣 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦)
1 3
3 1 −2 3 𝜌𝑈 2 3 3 3 𝜌𝑈𝑒 2 −52
(2 𝑦 − 2 𝑦3 𝛿 ) ∗ (20 𝑦 ( 𝜇 𝑒 ) 𝑥−2 − 𝑦 ( 𝜇 ) 𝑥 )
500
= (2)
3 3 −2
( − 𝑦2 𝛿 )
2 2

3 1 3 3
(1) ⟾ 𝑣∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑅𝑒𝑥 )2 𝑥 −2 𝑦 2 − (𝑅𝑒𝑥 )2 𝑥 −4 𝑦 4
40 2000
5𝑥 5
𝛿= 1 , 𝑥 = 5 𝑓𝑡, 𝑅𝑒𝑥 = 5 ∗ 104 ⟾ 𝛿 =5∗
(5 ∗ 104 )0.5
𝑅𝑒𝑥2
= 0.1118 𝑓𝑡
𝛿
𝑦= =0.559
2
𝑣 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0.67 𝑦2 − 26.833 𝑦4 → 𝑣 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = −2.41 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
Mostafa Mozafari, Boundary Layer Analysis Schetz Solution Manual

(2) ⟾ 𝑣∗ (𝑥, 𝑦)
3 1 3 −2 3 1 3 3
(𝑅𝑒 ) −2 3 (𝑅𝑒 )2 −4
(2 𝑦 − 2 𝑦 𝛿 ) ∗ (20 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 )
500
=
3 3
(2 − 2 𝑦 2 𝛿 −2 )
3
(2 𝑦 − 40 𝑦 3 ) ∗ (1.34 𝑦 − 107.33 𝑦 3 )
=
3
− 120 𝑦 2
2
𝛿
𝑦= =0.559
2
= 1.3416 𝑦 2 − 35.77 𝑦 4
→ 𝑣∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = −3.07 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
As can be seen, the value of the vertical component of the velocity in the middle of the boundary
layer once calculated for the case obtained by the mass conservation equation is 2.41 ft/s and is
less than the value obtained from the other case. The first answer seems to be closer to the exact
solution. Because the dimensionless continuity equation is not affected by any of the flow
parameters and its only assumption is incompressibility. But, in the second case, many
assumptions have been made, especially ignoring the diffusion term, which practically eliminates
the effects of viscosity and can have a big difference with its exact solution.

Exp11:
The question asks you to consider a turbulent flow around you and observe its momentary
changes over time. For example, we can consider a heat source that is accompanied by smoke
(Plume - like a smoking cigarette) where the natural rotation of the flow that includes eddy
bubbles is an example of momentary changes.