G.R. No.

150000             September 26, 2006

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, petitioner,

vs.
TRI-PLUS CORPORATION, respondent.

DECISION

AUSTRIA-MARTINEZ, J.:

Before the Court is a petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court
assailing the Decision1 dated September 14, 2001 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. CV
No. 60671, which affirmed the judgment of the Municipal Trial Court (MTC) of Consolacion,
Metro Cebu in LRC Case No. N-21 granting herein respondent's application for registration of
title to Lots Nos. 1061 and 1062 of the Cadastral Survey of Consolacion, Cebu.

The facts of the case are as follows:

On April 30, 1997 Tri-Plus Corporation2, through its president, Euclid C. Po, filed with the MTC of
Consolacion, Metro Cebu,3 an Application for Registration of Title over two parcels of land
designated as Lots 1061 and 1062 of the cadastral survey of Consolacion, Cebu, containing an
area of 3,939 and 4,796 square meters, respectively, and located at Barangay Tayud,
Consolacion, Cebu.4 In its application, Tri-Plus alleged that it is the owner in fee simple of the
subject parcels of land, including the improvements thereon, having acquired the same through
purchase; and that it is in actual, continuous, public, notorious, exclusive and peaceful
possession of the subject properties in the concept of an owner for more than 30 years, including
that of its predecessors-in-interest.5 The case was docketed as LRC Case No. N-21.6

On September 4, 1997, the trial court received an Opposition to the Application for Registration
filed by the Republic of the Philippines through the Office of the Solicitor General (OSG) on the
grounds that neither the applicant nor its predecessors-in-interest have been in open,
continuous, exclusive and notorious possession and occupation of the land in question since
June 12, 1945 or prior thereto; that the muniments of title submitted by the applicant which
consists, among others, of tax declarations and receipts of tax payments, do not constitute
competent and sufficient evidence of a bona fide acquisition of the land applied for or of its open,
continuous, exclusive and notorious possession and occupation thereof in the concept of owner
since June 12, 1945 or prior thereto; that the claim of ownership in fee simple on the basis of a
Spanish title or grant may no longer be availed of by the applicant because it failed to file an
appropriate application for registration in accordance with the provisions of Presidential Decree
(P.D.) No. 892; and that the subject parcels of land are portions of the public domain belonging to
the Republic of the Philippines and are not subject to private appropriation.7

On September 19, 1997, Tri-Plus presented documentary evidence to prove compliance with the
jurisdictional requirements of the law. On even date, a Manifestation and Motion was filed by the
heirs of Toribio Pepito praying that they be given a period of 10 days within which to file their
written opposition.8 However, the oppositors failed to file their written opposition on time. The trial
court then commissioned its clerk of court to receive evidence from the applicant and directed the
former to submit a report thereon. Accordingly, a Commissioner's Report was submitted on the
proceedings taken.9

In its Judgment dated February 26, 1998, the MTC made the following finding and conclusion:

The totality of the evidence, both documentary and testimonial, of the applicant clearly
shows that it and its predecessors-in-interest had been in actual, public, exclusive and
continuous possession in concept of owner of the parcels of land above-mentioned for no
less than thirty (30) years prior to the filing of the instant petition for registration of its
 imperfect title. This being so, the applicant is entitled that its title be confirmed under the
provisions of the Torrens System of Registration.10

Accordingly, it disposed of the case as follows:

WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing, judgment is hereby rendered declaring the

applicant TRI-PLUS LAND CORPORATION the exclusive and absolute owner of Lot
1061 of the Cadastral Survey of Consolacion, Cebu, as shown on plan Ap-07-002362
(Exhibit "J") and described in its corresponding technical description (Exhibit "K"), and Lot
1062 of the Cadastral Survey of Consolacion, Cebu, as shown on plan Ap-07-002366
(Exhibit "O") and described in its corresponding technical description (Exhibit "P").

Once this decision becomes final, let an Order for the issuance of the decree of
registration for Lots 1061 and 1062, Consolacion Cadastre, be issued in the name of
TRI-PLUS LAND CORPORATION.

SO ORDERED.11

The OSG appealed the trial court's judgment with the CA.12

Subsequently, the Land Registration Authority (LRA), through its Director on Registration,
submitted a Report dated August 6, 1998 to the MTC, pertinent portions of which read as follows:

1. Two (2) parcels of land described as Lots 1062 and 1061, Cad. 545-D, Consolacion
Cadastre on Plan Ap-07-002366 and Ap-07-002362, both situated in the Barangay of
Tayud, Municipality of Consolacion, Province of Cebu, are being applied for original
registration of title;

2. After examining the afore-said plan discrepancy was noted in the bearings and
distances of line 3-4 and 4-5 of Lot 1061, Ap-07-002362, being S.57 deg. 19'W 8.02m.
and S.52 deg. 10'W 18.24, which do not conform with the bearings and distances (N. 52
deg. 01'E., 18.00m) and (N. 52 deg. 47'E., 17.71m.) along lines 12-13 and 11-12,
respectively of plan Rs-07-01-000358, lot 1508, Consolacion Cad. 545-D, decreed in
LRA (NALTDRA) Record No. N-60851.

3. That the above discrepancy was brought to the attention of the Regional Technical
Director, DENR, Land Management Services, Region VII, Mandaue City, for verification
and correction in a letter dated 7 July 1998.

4. This Authority is not in a position to verify whether or not the parcels of land subject of
registration are already covered by land patent.13

On September 14, 2001, the CA rendered the presently assailed Decision finding no reversible
error in the appealed judgment, thereby, affirming the same.14

Hence, herein petition based on the following assignments of errors:

THE COURT OF APPEALS COMMITTED REVERSIBLE ERROR IN NOT FINDING

THAT THE TRIAL COURT DID NOT ACQUIRE JURISDICTION TO HEAR AND DECIDE
THE CASE, BECAUSE THE IDENTITY OF THE LAND REMAINS UNCERTAIN.

II
 THE COURT OF APPEALS COMMITTED REVERSIBLE ERROR IN NOT FINDING
THAT RESPONDENT FAILED TO DISCHARGE THE BURDEN OF PROVING THAT
THE PROPERTY IS ALIENABLE AND DISPOSABLE.

III

THE COURT OF APPEALS COMMITTED REVERSIBLE ERROR IN NOT FINDING

THAT RESPONDENT IS DISQUALIFIED FROM ACQUIRING LANDS OF THE PUBLIC
DOMAIN.15

As to the first assigned error, petitioner contends that the CA erred in relying on the original
survey plan approved by the Lands Management Services of the Department of Environment
and Natural Resources (DENR) when it ruled that the applicant was able to duly establish the
identity of Lot 1061. This reliance, petitioner argues, is mistaken considering that the Report of
the Director on Registration of the LRA pointed to a discrepancy in the bearings and distances of
the boundaries which separate Lot 1061 from an adjoining land, Lot 1058. This discrepancy,
petitioners submit, casts doubt on the identity of the land subject of the application for
registration. Petitioner then concludes that if there is uncertainty in the metes and bounds of the
property sought to be titled, the trial court cannot acquire jurisdiction over the subject matter of
the case. Hence, the proceedings before the trial court, including its decision granting the
application for registration, are void.

As to the second assignment of error, petitioner argues that the CA erred in holding that the
applicant was able to prove that the subject properties are alienable and disposable lands of the
public domain. Petitioner contends that a mere notation appearing in the survey plans of the
disputed properties showing that the subject lands had been classified as alienable and
disposable on June 25, 1963 is not sufficient to establish the nature and character of these
lands. Petitioner asserts that there should be a positive act on the part of the government, such
as a certification from the DENR, to prove that the said lands are indeed alienable and
disposable. Petitioner further contends that even if the subject properties were classified as
alienable and disposable on June 25, 1963, the law, nonetheless, requires that such
classification should have been made on June 12, 1945 or earlier.

Anent the last assigned error, petitioner contends that since the applicant failed to discharge the
burden of proving that the subject properties are alienable and disposable, there is no basis for
the CA to rule that these properties are private lands.

In its Comment, respondent contends that it was able to prove the identity of Lot 1061 with
certainty. While it admits the discrepancy in the bearings and distances which form the boundary
between Lot 1061 and the adjoining Lot 1058, respondent contends that such discrepancy is
merely technical in nature because Lots 1058 and 1061 remain the same and that there is
neither an increase nor decrease in the area of the subject lot sought to be titled; and that what
was required by the LRA in its Report was for the applicant to correct and adjust the bearings
and distances of Lot 1061 in order to conform to the boundaries of Lot 1058.

Respondent also argues that the notations appearing in the survey plans of the subject
properties serve as sufficient proof that these lands are alienable and disposable. Respondent
asserts that the survey plans were duly approved by the DENR, Lands Management Services
whose official acts are presumed to be in accordance with law.

Lastly, respondent argues that its predecessor-in-interest's continuous, actual, adverse and
peaceful possession of the subject properties in the concept of an owner for a period of more
than 30 years, coupled with the fact that they declared these lands in their name, gives a strong
presumption in respondent's favor that the subject properties no longer form part of the public
domain.
Parties filed their respective Memoranda.16

The Court finds the petition meritorious.

At the outset, however, the Court does not agree with petitioner's contention in its first assigned
error that respondent failed to properly identify Lot 1061 which is one of the lots sought to be
titled.

Insofar as the identity of the land subject of an application for original registration is concerned,
this Court has laid down the rule, as follows:

The submission in evidence of the original tracing cloth plan, duly approved by the
Bureau of Lands, in cases for application of original registration of land is a mandatory
requirement. The reason for this rule is to establish the true identity of the land to ensure
that it does not overlap a parcel of land or a portion thereof already covered by a
previous land registration, and to forestall the possibility that it will be overlapped by a
subsequent registration of any adjoining land. The failure to comply with this requirement
is fatal to petitioner's application for registration.17

However, in Republic of the Philippines v. Court of Appeals 18 and in the more recent cases
of Spouses Recto v. Republic of the Philippines 19 and Republic of the Philippines v. Hubilla20, the
Court ruled that while the best evidence to identify a piece of land for registration purposes is the
original tracing cloth plan from the Bureau of Lands (now the Lands Management Services of the
DENR), blueprint copies and other evidence could also provide sufficient identification. In the
present case, respondent submitted in evidence a blueprint copy of the Advance Plan of Lot
106121 and a Technical Description22 thereof, both of which had been duly certified and approved
by the Lands Management Services of the DENR. The Court finds these pieces of evidence as
substantial compliance with the legal requirements for the proper identification of Lot 1061. The
discrepancy in the common boundary that separates Lot 1061 from Lot 1058, as contained in the
LRA Report does not cast doubt on the identity of the subject lot. As the CA correctly held, the
discrepancy is not substantial because it does not unduly increase or affect the total area of the
subject lot and at the same time prejudice the adjoining lot owner. It is only when the discrepancy
results to an unexplained increase in the total area of the land sought to be registered that its
identity is made doubtful. Besides, only a portion of the many boundaries of Lot 1061 has been
found to bear a discrepancy in relation to the boundary of one adjoining lot and the LRA Report
simply recommends that the Lands Management Services of the DENR verify the reported
discrepancy and make the necessary corrections, if needed, in order to avoid duplication in the
issuance of titles covering the same parcels of land.

Petitioner's argument that, on the basis of the LRA Report, the MTC should have dismissed
respondent's application for registration for lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter, is without
merit. The MTC could not have possibly done this because said Report was submitted to the trial
court more than five months after the latter rendered its Decision. A copy of the LRA Report
attached to the present petition shows that it is dated August 6, 1998 while the MTC decision
was rendered much earlier on February 26, 1998. In fact, the Office of the Solicitor General
(OSG) perfected its appeal by filing a notice of appeal of the MTC Decision on April 2, 1998,
which is also prior to the submission of the LRA report. Hence, by the time the LRA report was
submitted to the MTC, the latter has already lost jurisdiction over the case, not on the ground
cited by petitioner but because the appeal to the CA was already perfected, vesting jurisdiction
upon the appellate court.

In any case, while the subject lands were properly identified, the Court finds that respondent
failed to comply with the other legal requirements for its application for registration to be granted.

Applicants for confirmation of imperfect title must prove the following: (a) that the land forms part
of the alienable and disposable agricultural lands of the public domain; and (b) that they have
been in open, continuous, exclusive and notorious possession and occupation of the same under
a bona fide claim of ownership either since time immemorial or since June 12, 1945.23

In the present case, the Court finds merit in petitioner's contention that respondent failed to prove
the first requirement that the properties sought to be titled forms part of the alienable and
disposable agricultural lands of the public domain.

Section 6 of Commonwealth Act No. 141, as amended, provides that the classification and
reclassification of public lands into alienable or disposable, mineral or forest land is the
prerogative of the Executive Department. Under the Regalian doctrine, which is embodied in our
Constitution, all lands of the public domain belong to the State, which is the source of any
asserted right to any ownership of land.24 All lands not appearing to be clearly within private
ownership are presumed to belong to the State.25 Accordingly, public lands not shown to have
been reclassified or released as alienable agricultural land or alienated to a private person by the
State remain part of the inalienable public domain.26

It must be stressed that incontrovertible evidence must be presented to establish that the land
subject of the application is alienable or disposable.27

In the present case, the only evidence to prove the character of the subject lands as required by
law is the notation appearing in the Advance Plan stating in effect that the said properties are
alienable and disposable. However, this is hardly the kind of proof required by law. To prove that
the land subject of an application for registration is alienable, an applicant must establish the
existence of a positive act of the government such as a presidential proclamation or an executive
order, an administrative action, investigation reports of Bureau of Lands investigators, and a
legislative act or statute.28 The applicant may also secure a certification from the Government that
the lands applied for are alienable and disposable.29 In the case at bar, while the Advance Plan
bearing the notation was certified by the Lands Management Services of the DENR, the
certification refers only to the technical correctness of the survey plotted in the said plan and has
nothing to do whatsoever with the nature and character of the property surveyed. Respondents
failed to submit a certification from the proper government agency to prove that the lands subject
for registration are indeed alienable and disposable.

As to the second requirement, testimonial evidence were presented to prove that respondent's
predecessors-in-interest had been in possession of the subject lots in the concept of an owner
for the period required by law. The first witness was Thelma Pilapil who claims to be the daughter
of Constancia Frias from whom respondent bought Lot 1061. Pilapil testified that her family has
been in possession of Lot 1061 since her birth.30 When her testimony was offered on October 7,
1997, she was 40 years old.31 Deducting 40 years from 1997, it means that her family started
possession of Lot 1061 only in 1957. The second witness who was presented was Tomas Frias
from whom respondent bought Lot 1062. Frias testified that he was 67 years old at the time that
his testimony was taken on October 7, 1997.32 He claims that he started owning the subject lot
when he was 17 years old and had been in possession of the same since then.33 Hence, by
simple arithmetic, the testimony of Frias proves that he came to possess Lot 1062 only in 1947.
While he testified that Lot 1062 was previously owned by his father and that he inherited the
property from his parents, no evidence was presented to show that the latter indeed previously
owned the said property and that they had been in possession of the same on or before June 12,
1945.

Moreover, other pieces of evidence presented by respondent to prove the period of its
possession and that of its predecessors-in-interest show that the subject properties were
declared for taxation purposes beginning only in 1961.34 This date may be considered as
relatively recent considering that respondent's predecessors-in-interest claim to have been in
possession of the subject properties as early as 1947. While belated declaration of a property for
taxation purposes does not necessarily negate the fact of possession, tax declarations or realty
tax payments of property are, nevertheless, good indicia of possession in the concept of an
owner, for no one in his right mind would be paying taxes for a property that is not in his actual,
or at least, constructive possession.35 In the present case, respondent failed to explain why,
despite the claim of its predecessors-in interest that they possessed the subject properties in the
concept of an owner as early as 1947, it was only in 1961 that they started to declare the same
for purposes of taxation.

From the foregoing, it is clear that respondent and its predecessors-in-interest failed to prove that
they had been in open, continuous, exclusive and notorious possession of the subject properties
under a bona fide claim of ownership since June 12, 1945 or earlier, as required by law.

Well-entrenched is the rule that the burden of proof in land registration cases rests on the
applicant who must show clear, positive and convincing evidence that his alleged possession
and occupation were of the nature and duration required by law.36 In the present case, the Court
finds that respondent failed to prove, by clear and convincing evidence, the legal requirements
that the lands sought to be titled are alienable and disposable and that its predecessors-in-
interest were already in possession of the subject lots since 1945 or earlier.

As to the last assigned error, respondent having failed to prove that the subject properties are
alienable and disposable public lands, the Court agrees with petitioner that there would be no
basis in concluding that these lands have already become private. The presumption remains that
said properties remain part of the inalienable public domain and, therefore, could not become the
subject of confirmation of imperfect title.

Finally, while it is an acknowledged policy of the State to promote the distribution of alienable
public lands as a spur to economic growth and in line with the ideal of social justice, the law
imposes stringent safeguards upon the grant of such resources lest they fall into the wrong
hands to the prejudice of the national patrimony.37 The Court must not, therefore, relax the
stringent safeguards relative to the registration of imperfect titles.

WHEREFORE, the instant petition is GRANTED. The Decision of the Court of Appeals dated
September 14, 2001 in CA-G.R. CV No. 60671 is REVERSED and SET ASIDE. Respondent Tri-
Plus Corporation's application for registration and issuance of title to Lots 1061 and 1062,
Consolacion Cad-545-D, in LRC Case No. N-21 filed with the Municipal Trial Court of
Consolacion, Metro Cebu, is DISMISSED.

SO ORDERED.