Teacher's Grammar Sumary Life 2
Teacher's Grammar Sumary Life 2
Grammar notes
We use possessive ’s to show possession in English. We add
’s to the end of the noun that has possession.
Note that the position of ’s changes between singular and
plural nouns: My sister’s hat (one sister) but My sisters’ hats
(two sisters).
’s is pronounced /s/ after unvoiced sounds and /z/ after
voiced sounds.
My and your are first person singular possessive adjectives
(your can also be used as the plural form). His and her are
second person singular possessive adjectives. His (like he)
refers to a male possessor. Her (like she) refers to a female
possessor.
Note that its is used to show possession with animals,
objects, countries, etc.
Their is the third person plural possessive adjective. Our
is the first person plural possessive adjective. Unlike some
languages, their and our are used regardless of the gender
of the possessor.
In English, possessive adjectives do not change their
form depending on whether the noun they are showing
possession of is singular or plural, i.e., their mother and
their parents, NOT theirs parents.
158
Exercises 6 My parents ’ house is in the
^
center of town.
1 Complete the sentences with the correct
affirmative (+) or negative (–) form of be. ’s
7 Simon cars are blue and green.
^
1 I 'm a doctor. (+) 5 Complete the sentences with a possessive
2 She isn’t a student. (–) adjective.
3 He is from Sweden. (+)
4 I ’m not married. (–) 1 Marco and Samanta are married. Their
5 They 're on vacation. (+) hobbies are swimming and running.
6 We aren’t from France. (–) 2 He’s from Germany, but his father is
from Brazil.
2 Match the questions (1–6) with the short answers 3 We live in the US, but our
(a–f). grandparents live in Japan.
4 This is a language school. Its name is
1 Are you a teacher? d
“Study Center.”
2 Is he 20 years old? f
5 I’m 40 years old and my wife is 34
3 Are they from New Zealand? e
years old.
4 Is she single? a
6 A: What’s your job?
5 Are you both at the train station? c
B: I’m a filmmaker.
6 Am I late? b
a Yes, she is. 6 Complete the conversation with the words in the
b No, you aren’t. box. Use each word once.
c Yes, we are.
d Yes, I am. her his his my sister’s your
e No, they aren’t.
A: Hello, I’m Maia. What’s 1 your name?
f No, he isn’t.
B: I’m Martina. Where are you from?
3 Complete the conversations. Use contractions A: I’m from Portugal. And you?
when possible. B: I’m from Mexico, but 2 my husband is
from England. 3 His family are all in
1 A: How old are you? England.
B: I ’m 28 years old. his
A: What’s 4 job?
2 A: Where ’s she from? B: He’s a photographer.
B: She ’s from the UK. A: Oh, my sister’s a photographer. 5 Her
3 A: Are they at home now? name is Silvia. Do you have brothers and sisters?
B: Yes, they are . B: Yes, I do. My 6 sister’s name is Eva.
4 A: Is he at school?
B: No, he isn’t .
5 A: Are you a nurse?
B: No, I ’m not .
6 A: What ’s your name?
B: My name ’s Katie.
160
Exercises 4 Correct the mistakes in the plural forms in these
sentences.
1 Complete the sentences with the affirmative, people
negative, or question form of there is/are. Add any 1 There aren’t any persons in the café.
when necessary. boxes
2 Are there any boxs in his car?
1 There are two bedrooms in my new
babies
apartment. (+) 3 There are two babyes in the park.
2 There isn’t a table in the living room. (–)
sandwiches
3 Are there any good restaurants in this town? 4 Are there any sandwichs for the picnic?
Yes, there are .
women
4 Is there a garden? 5 The womans are from Russia.
No, there isn’t .
scarves
5 There aren’t any chairs in the living room. (–) 6 There are nice scarfs in the shop.
6 There's a swimming pool near my
train
house. (+) 7 There are two trains stations in my town.
2 Choose the correct options to complete the
conversation.
5 Choose the correct word to complete the
sentences. Use the information in parentheses.
A: How is your new house? (N) = the things/people are near. (F) = the things/
B: It’s nice. There 1 are / is four rooms—a living people are far.
room, a kitchen, a bathroom, and a bedroom.
A: Is there a yard? 1 A: What’s that / this on your arm? (F)
B: No, there 2 isn’t / aren’t. But there a park 3 next to / B: It’s my new watch.
in the house. 2 Is this / that your key? (N)
A: And how is your bedroom? 3 I like these / those boots. (N)
B: It’s OK. There’s a big bed. There aren’t 4 any / 4 Is this / that Max’s car there in the parking lot? (F)
no pictures on the wall. 5 Who are those / that people in front of the
A: 5 There is / Is there a TV in your bedroom? station? (F)
B: Yes, there is. There is a cabinet 6 opposite / under 6 A: Is this / that your jacket? (N)
the bed, and the TV is 7 on / between the cabinet. B: No. It’s Eduardo’s jacket.
A: Are there any windows? 7 Are these / this Teresa’s glasses? (N)
B: Yes, there’s a window 8 above / in the cabinet. 8 What are those / these buildings over there? (F)
between in front of on
on the left on the right under
162
Exercises 4 Write the third person singular (he/she/it) form of
the verbs.
1 Put the words in order to make affirmative and 1 do does
negative simple present sentences. watches
2 watch
1 apartment / live / I / an / in 3 be is
I live in an apartment. 4 go goes
2 have / don’t / a pet / they 5 come comes
They don’t have a pet. 6 finish finishes
3 to work / go / by train / we 7 have has
We go to work by train. 8 speak speaks
4 don’t / swimming / like / I 9 want wants
I don’t like swimming. 10 fly flies
5 eat / in that restaurant / lunch / Julia and Carlo 11 study studies
Julia and Carlo eat lunch in that restaurant.
6 our friends / meet / we / on the weekend / don’t 5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of do
We don’t meet our friends on the weekend. to make negative sentences or questions.
1 John and Fay don’t like living in a big
2 Read the sentences and write questions with you city.
or your. does
2 What time the class start?
1 I like going into the city. 3 Jack doesn’t speak Spanish.
Do you like going into the city ? 4 What do they study in college?
2 I’m 32 years old. 5 She doesn’t know a lot of people.
How old are you ? 6 We don’t watch many movies.
3 I watch TV after work. 7 Does he have a sister?
When do you watch TV? / What do you do after work ?
4 My city is polluted. 6 Use the words in parentheses to write sentences in
Is your city polluted ? the simple present.
5 I like that café. 1 I like watching basketball.
Do you like that café ? (I / like)
6 I live in a small town.
Where do you live? / Do you live in a small town ? 2 Do you want pasta for dinner?
(you / want)
3 Complete the conversation with the simple present 3 We don’t work on the weekend.
form of the verb. (we / not work)
A: 1 Do you go (go) to work by 4 Does she read in the evenings?
car? (she / read)
B: No, I 2 don’t have (not have) a car. I go to
5 He finishes work at 7:00 p.m.
work by bus. And you?
A: Well, I come by car because I (he / finish)
3
don’t live (not live) near my office. 6 My town doesn’t have a lot of parks.
B: What time 4 do you (my town / not have)
finish (finish) work?
7 Some people speak a lot of different
A: At 6 p.m. What 5 do you
languages. (some people / speak)
do (do) after work?
B: I6 like (like) meeting friends.
Sometimes, we 7 go (go) to a
restaurant for dinner. And you?
A: I drive home because I 8 ’m (be)
always tired!
164
Exercises 5 Write questions for the sentences in Exercise 4.
Use how often.
1 Write the -ing form of the verbs. 1 How often do you go for walks?
1 make making 2 How often do they go on vacation?
2 watch watching 3 How often do you use social media?
3 go going 4 How often does she meet her friends?
4 come coming 5 How often do you visit your parents?
5 swim swimming 6 How often do you go to the gym?
6 shop shopping
7 play playing 6 Complete the conversation with these words and
8 write writing phrases. Use the -ing form of the verbs.
2 Complete the sentences with the -ing form of browse every go often swim
these verbs. once or twice a month three or four times a week
Grammar notes
We use a lot of (or, more colloquially, lots of) in affirmative
sentences with both countable and uncountable nouns.
We can use much (with uncountable nouns) and many
(with countable nouns) in negative sentences or with
questions.
Note that native speakers do use a lot of in negative
sentences (I don’t have a lot of time) and many in
affirmative sentences (There are many ways to do this)
but, at this level, it’s best to stick to the basic rules given.
166
Exercises 5 Complete the questions with how much or
how many.
1 Complete the sentences with a/an or some. 1 How many texts do you send in a day?
1 We have a pet cat. 2 How much juice do the school children drink?
2 She wants some pasta for dinner. 3 How much meat do they eat every day?
3 There’s a car outside my house. 4 How many movies does he watch in a week?
4 He always likes some salt on his food. 5 How many bags of rice does she have?
5 I normally meet some friends for lunch. 6 How many kilos of flour do we need?
6 I have an apple in my bag. 7 How much water do they drink?
7 You need some rice to make this dish. 8 How much sauce do you want with your food?
2 Choose the best word to complete the sentences. 6 Complete the conversation with these words and
phrases.
1 Can I have some / any coffee, please?
2 I don’t have some / any vegetables in the fridge. how many a an any
3 Are there any / some people on the bus? how much some much some
4 He has some / any new boots.
5 Do you want some / any tea? A: What do we need to buy?
6 She doesn’t want some / any food because she B: Well, we need 1 a bottle of olive oil
isn’t hungry. and 2 some pasta.
3 Complete the conversation with a/an, some, or any. A: 3 How much pasta do you want?
B: Let’s get two packages.
A: Are you hungry? Do you want 1 some A: OK, here they are. Do we need 4 any
food? tomatoes?
B: Yes, good idea. Can I have 2 some B: Yes, get two. Also, we don’t have 5 much
sandwiches? coffee left—there’s only half a bag. So let’s buy
A: No, sorry. I don’t have 3 any bread. I 6
some .
can make you 4 a salad. A: Here’s the coffee.
B: Thanks, that’s perfect. I can help you. B: OK, and we also need 7 an onion.
A: OK, we need 5 some lettuce, A: Only one?
6 some tomatoes, and 7 an B: Yes, we already have two at home. Right, let’s
onion. go to check out.
B: Oh, no. There aren’t 8 any tomatoes A: OK, 8 how many bags do we have?
or onions in the fridge. I have a good idea. B: One. That’s enough.
Let’s go out for lunch! Are there 9 any
restaurants near here?
A: Yes, there are. Come on, let’s go!
Grammar notes
The simple past negative is formed with didn’t + base verb.
As many languages form the past with a word equivalent
to not in front of the past form, watch out for errors
from students which may include: I no(t) traveled, I don’t
traveled, I didn’t traveled, etc.
Irregular verbs in English tend to be the most common
verbs. There are no rules as to why one verb changes to
another (e.g., make/made, take/took, sit/sat, hit/hit). They
simply have to be learned and memorized.
168
Exercises 5 Write simple past sentences using these ideas.
1 we / not go / on vacation / last year
1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of We didn't go on vacation last year.
was/were. Use the negative when you see (–) in
2 Magda / not like / the movie
parentheses. Magda didn't like the movie.
1 Was he a famous actor? 3 they / live / in the US / for ten years
2 I was a good student at school. They lived in the US for ten years.
3 A: Was the bus late yesterday? 4 Mike / make / a big mistake
B: No, it wasn’t . (–) Mike made a big mistake.
4 There weren’t many people at 5 she / not buy / a ticket
the concert. (–) She didn't buy a ticket.
5 Were the tickets expensive? 6 I / speak / to Bogdan / this morning
6 Clive and Sarah were born in I spoke to Bogdan this morning.
the sixties.
7 We weren’t at the gym this morning. (–) 6 Write simple past questions using these ideas.
8 Were you at home yesterday evening? 1 you / live / in a house or an apartment?
Did you live in a house or an apartment?
2 Write the simple past form of the verbs. 2 What / they / do last night?
1 live lived 6 play played What did they do last night?
2 work worked 7 want wanted 3 Where / Anton / study?
3 travel traveled 8 like liked Where did Anton study?
4 finish finished 9 stop stopped 4 you / watch / the soccer game last night?
5 start started 10 watch watched Did you watch the soccer game last night?
5 the food / taste good?
3 Complete the text with the simple past form of the Did the food taste good?
verbs in parentheses. 6 How / they / build their houses?
Gabrielle-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil How did they build their houses?
1
was (be) a famous scientist. She
2 was (be) born in Paris, France, in 1706.
7 Complete the conversation with the simple past
form of the verbs in parentheses.
She 3 got (get) married when she was 19
and 4 had (have) three children. But at A: What 1 did you do (you / do) over the
the age of 27, she 5 started (start) to study weekend?
mathematics and physics. She was famous in the B: I 2 visited (visit) my parents on their
world of science and she sometimes farm.
6
worked (work) with the famous French A: I 3 didn’t know (not know) your parents
philosopher Voltaire. She 7 wrote (write) have a farm!
a translation of a famous book by the British B: Really? I 4 grew (grow) up on that
scientist Isaac Newton, and people still use it farm!
today. She 8 died (die) at the age of 42. A: Wow! 5 Did you like (you / like) living
there?
4 Write the simple past form of the verbs. Write R B: Yes, it 6 was (be) great! We
after the verb if it is regular, and I if it is irregular. 7 played (play) outside all day with the
1 go went I animals.
2 grow grew I A: 8 Did you have (you / have) many animals?
3 make made I B: Yes, we 9 did (do). But we
4 do did I
10 didn’t have (not have) many friends
5 find found I because our farm 11 wasn’t (not be)
6 talk talked R near any other houses.
7 buy bought I
8 see saw I
9 paint painted R
10 write wrote I
11 read read I
12 move moved R
13 have had I
14 meet met I
15 listen listened R
Superlative adjectives
Grammar notes
We add -est to adjectives with one syllable and use the in
front of the superlative form (e.g., the greatest movie).
With longer adjectives, we use most.
Examples of two-syllable adjectives: busy—busiest,
modern—most modern, narrow—narrowest.
Examples of irregular superlatives: good—best, bad—
worst, far—farthest/furthest, little—least, much—most.
The fact that English (betraying both its North Germanic
and its Norman French roots) has two types of comparative
and superlative forms often confuses students. Speakers
of romance languages often say, more/most big, more/
most young, etc., while speakers of German often say,
*intelligenter or *moderner (* indicates an ungrammatical
construction). It’s worth getting students to compare how
their language forms comparatives and superlatives.
170
Exercises 4 Complete the sentences with the superlative form
of the adjective.
1 Correct the mistakes in these sentences. 1 The blue whale is the biggest (big)
than
1 My car ride was longer as your bus ride. animal on Earth.
taller 2 The giraffe has the longest (long)
2 My sister is more tall than me. neck of all animals.
happier 3 This is the worst (bad) program
3 She feels happyier in the summer. on TV.
hotter 4 The cheetah is the fastest (fast)
4 Today is hoter than yesterday. animal in the world.
more dangerous 5 Mount Elbrus is the highest (high)
5 Cars are dangerouser than planes. mountain in Russia and Europe.
better 6 Australian football is one of the
6 He’s a gooder cook than me. most dangerous (dangerous) sports in
Australia.
2 Write comparative sentences using these ideas. 7 He is the happiest (happy) person
1 The new restaurant in town / good / I know.
the old restaurant.
The new restaurant in town is better than the old restaurant. 5 Look at the information and complete the
sentences using comparative and superlative
2 German / difficult to learn / English.
German is more difficult to learn than English. forms of the adjectives.
3 The book / interesting / the movie.
The book is more interesting than the movie. Fun animal facts heavy light
African elephant 5,000 kg
4 The weather today / bad / the weather yesterday.
The weather today is worse than the weather yesterday. hippopotamus 2,000 kg
crocodile 1,100 kg
5 She / busy / than her husband.
She is busier than her husband.
1 The African elephant is heavier than
6 Traveling by train / nice / traveling by bus.
Traveling by train is nicer than traveling by bus. the hippopotamus.
2 The hippopotamus is lighter than
7 Josh’s house / big / my house.
Josh’s house is bigger than my house. the African elephant.
3 The crocodile is the lightest .
3 Complete the conversations with the comparative
Airplane tickets to Peru cheap expensive
form of these adjectives.
AirPeru $ 550
boring easy expensive fast hot short Flink Air $ 690
Am Travel $ 725
1 A: Are lions faster than horses?
B: No, they aren’t. Lions are slower. 4 Am Travel is the most expensive .
2 A: I paid $100 for my shoes. 5 Flink Air is cheaper than Am Travel.
B: They are more expensive than my shoes. My 6 AirPeru is the cheapest .
shoes only cost $60.
3 A: Your hair is shorter than it was
Lakes short long
Caspian Sea 1,199 km
yesterday.
Lake Superior 616 km
B: Yes, I went to the hairdresser’s!
Lake Victoria 322 km
4 A: Was your meeting interesting this week?
B: No! It was more boring than the meeting
7 Lake Superior is shorter than the
last week. I wanted to go to sleep!
Caspian Sea.
5 A: Was the weather nice on your vacation?
8 Lake Superior is longer than
B: Yes, it was hotter than it is here. I
Lake Victoria.
went to the beach every day.
9 The Caspian Sea is the longest .
6 A: Do you want to walk or go in the car?
B: It’s easier to walk because there’s a
lot of traffic on the roads.
172
Exercises 3 Complete the conversation with the simple present
or present continuous form of the verb.
1 Write present continuous sentences using these A: Hi! What 1 are you doing (do) here?
ideas. ’m shopping
B: Hi! I 2 (shop).
1 I / wear / my favorite shirt today. A: That’s nice. I 3 ’m going (go) to work!
I’m wearing my favorite shirt today. B: On a Saturday! Why?
2 you / stay / at a hotel downtown? A: Oh, I always 4 work (work) on
Are you staying at a hotel downtown? Saturday! I usually start at 11 a.m. and I
3 She / not work / this morning. 5 finish (finish) at 3 p.m.
She isn’t working this morning. B: Oh. That’s terrible!
4 We / wait / for our train now. A: I know! So, did you buy some new clothes?
We’re waiting for our train now. B: Not clothes—I bought a new bag! Here, look …
5 Claudia and Martin / watch / TV? 6 Do you like (you / like) it?
Are Claudia and Martin watching TV? A: Oh, I love it! 7 Are you going (you / go)
6 I / not go / to class at the moment. home now?
I’m not going to class at the moment. B: No, I 8 want (want) to buy more
7 They / not stay / here for long. things!
They aren’t staying here for long.
8 he / learn / a new language? 4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of be
Is he learning a new language? or have.
1 The boys in my class are tall.
2 Complete the sentences with the present 2 She has long legs.
continuous form of these phrases. have
3 The performers make-up on their
wait for her rain outside
faces.
4 His skin is tanned.
computer not work talk to someone else
5 I have blue eyes.
wear a T-shirt stay at home today
live with my parents browse the internet 6 He ’s well-built.
Infinitive of purpose
Grammar notes
In English we use the infinitive to express purpose. It
answers the question Why? or What for? Errors students
make include trying to use for or for to instead of simply
to. In formal English, in order to or so as to are also used
to express purpose.
174
Exercises 4 Match the beginnings of the sentences (1–6) with
the endings (a–f).
1 Correct the mistakes in four sentences. Two 1 I’m going to call the waiter f
sentences are correct.
2 He’s going to the store d
I'm
1 I going to meet my friend later. 3 She’s writing her best friend a text
to finish message c
2 We’re going finish work early today. 4 Let’s go to a café e
5 I’m calling my doctor a
3 He’s going to call you after his appointment.
6 The student waited until after the lesson b
aren't
4 They don’t going to watch the soccer game a to make an appointment.
tonight. b to speak to his teacher.
5 Tommy’s going to take his exams next week. c to say “happy birthday.”
d to buy a present for his wife.
Are
6 Do you going to travel by car tomorrow? e to get coffee.
f to ask for a menu.
2 Match the questions (1–8) with the answers (a–h). 5 Rewrite the two sentences as one sentence. Use the
1 Is Sara going to come to our house? e infinitive of purpose.
2 When are we going to watch the movie? f
1 I went to the store. I bought some new shoes.
3 Who are you going to meet this evening? a I went to the store to buy some new shoes.
4 Is he going to get a new car? c
5 How long are they going to be away? d
6 Where are you going to have lunch? g 2 He called the restaurant. He reserved a table.
He called the restaurant to reserve a table.
7 Are you going to work today? h
8 What are we going to do tonight? b
3 Helen is going to the pool. She’s going to take a
a My friend Poppy. swim.
b We’re going to watch a movie. Helen is going to the pool to take a swim.
c Yes, he is.
d For a few hours.
4 They went online. They reserved tickets for the
e No, she isn’t. She doesn’t have time.
movie.
f Tonight. At about 8:00 p.m.
They went online to reserve tickets for the movie.
g In a café near my house.
h No, I’m not. I’m going to stay at home.
5 She went to the supermarket. She got some
3 Complete the conversation with going to and a food for dinner.
verb from the box. She went to the supermarket to get some food for dinner.
176
Exercises 4 Choose the correct option to complete the
sentences.
1 Write the past participle form of the verbs. 1 Have you spoken to Anna yesterday / today?
Check (✓) the forms that are the same as the
2 Terry has been / went to the US in 2003.
simple past form.
3 We haven’t seen / didn’t see our friend Mary at
1 do done the party last night.
2 begin begun 4 My vacation started / have started two days ago.
3 be been 5 I’ve called her a few times this week / last week.
4 see seen 6 Our class ended / has ended at 11 o’clock this
5 watch watched (✓) morning.
6 hear heard (✓)
7 speak spoken 5 Number the sentences in order to make two
8 eat eaten conversations.
9 make made (✓) Conversation 1
10 get gotten a Yes, I have. I forgot my wife’s birthday! She
11 buy bought (✓) was very angry with me! 2
12 wake woken b Oh, no! Did you buy her something nice
13 understand understood (✓) afterwards? 3
14 know known c Yes, I did. I booked a trip to Paris! 4
15 learn learned (✓) d Have you ever forgotten something
16 work worked (✓) important? 1
2 Make affirmative and negative present perfect Conversation 2
sentences using these ideas. e Yes, maybe. I need to go back and look. 5
f Oh, no! When did you last use it? 2
1 I / not travel / on an airplane.
g I’ve lost my phone! 1
I have not traveled on an airplane.
h OK. Did you leave it in your classroom? 4
2 They / not see / the new movie.
i I think I sent a message to a friend during my
They have not seen the new movie.
last class. 3
3 He / forget / his friend’s telephone number.
He has forgotten his friend’s telephone number. 6 Complete the conversation with the present
4 Isabel / start / a language class. perfect or simple past form of the verbs.
Isabel has started a language class. or: Did, see
5 Leo / become / a member of a gym. A: 1 Have you seen (see) the news
Leo has become a member of a gym. story about this man? It says he
2 's lost / lost
6 She / not eat / her dinner. (lose) his memory—he can’t
She has not eaten her dinner. remember his name or where he’s from!
7 We / not play / any games. B: That sounds terrible.
We have not played any games. A: I know. It says he 3 went (go) into a
8 Our train / leave / the station. police station yesterday and 4 asked (ask)
Our train has left the station. for help.
B: And 5 did the police
3 Complete the questions with the present perfect form help (help) him?
of these verbs. Then complete the short answers. A: No, they couldn’t. He 6 didn't have (not have)
any ID, so they couldn’t do anything.
buy find finish meet write visit B: I’m sure someone is looking for him. A friend
or relative.
1 Have the students finished their A: Yes. The police 7 have spoken (speak) about him
exams? Yes, they have . on all the local radio stations today. And they
2 Has Marcos found a new job? 8
have also put (put) his photo
No, he hasn’t . on Facebook and Twitter. Here’s the photo on
3 Has she ever visited China? Yes, Facebook.
she has . B: Ah, yes. That’s good. I’m sure someone is going
4 Have they bought their plane to recognize him soon.
tickets? Yes, they have .
5 Have you ever met my friend
Carla? Yes, I have .
6 Have you written a text message
to Sarah? No, I haven’t .
Grammar notes
Should is a modal auxiliary verb. It forms negatives by
adding n’t or not, and it forms questions by inverting with
the subject. It’s used to express a mild obligation or strong
advice or a strong recommendation.
Notice its pronunciation: should /ˈʃʊd/, shouldn’t /ˈʃʊdənt/
Indefinite pronouns
Grammar notes
These words are used as pronouns.
somebody = one person (but we don’t know who), nobody
and not anybody = no people. We can also use one in
place of body (someone, no one, anyone).
Similarly, somewhere = one place (but we don’t know
where), nowhere and not anywhere = no place. Something
= one thing (but we don’t know which), nothing and not
anything = no thing.
Note that the expressions There’s nothing in the fridge
and There isn’t anything in the fridge have the same
meaning. We don’t use not with nothing (English avoids
double negatives). We can use no- words at the start of a
sentence: Nothing will be the same again. However, you
can’t start a sentence with Not anything.
We can use any- when we mean to say that it doesn’t
matter who or where (e.g., Anywhere near here is great
for a picnic).
We use singular verbs after indefinite pronouns, e.g.,
Everywhere was silent. / Nobody is perfect.
178
Exercises 3 Complete the conversation with can, can’t, or the
correct form of have to.
1 Complete the sentences with a form of have to, and A: What time 1 do you have to be at
complete the short answers.
the airport?
1 A: Do you have to go (you / go) to B: Two hours before my flight. But we still have lots
work by car? of time, so we 2 don't have to leave immediately.
B: No, I don’t . A: OK. How many bags do you have?
2 My son doesn't have to go (my son / not go) B: Two—a big suitcase and a small bag. But I
to school today because the school’s closed. 3
can only take one small bag with me
3 A: What time does Irene have to be on the plane.
(Irene / be) at the train station? A: 4 Can you take food and drink on the
B: At 4 p.m. plane?
4 A: Do people have to get (people / get) a B: No, you 5 can’t . You 6 have to buy
visa to work in this country? food on the plane. It’s a new rule!
B: Yes, they do . A: That’s terrible! Where can I park the car?
5 I don’t have to cook (I / not cook) B: You 7 can’t park. Just leave me near the
tonight because we’re going to eat in a restaurant. entrance. I can go in by myself.
6 A: Does he have to turn off (he / turn off) A: OK, fine.
his cell phone during the exam?
B: Yes, he does . 4 Match the sentences with the advice. Then
7 Julie doesn’t have to wake up (Julie / not wake complete the advice with should or shouldn’t.
up) early tomorrow because it’s the weekend. 1 He feels very tired all the time. c
2 She has a bad cold. e
2 Complete the sentences with can/can’t and a 3 There’s a lot of traffic on the roads. b
correct verb from the box.
4 Hanna’s face is very red. d
eat or drink leave park speak take use
5 They want to get fit. a
a They should play sports together.
1 2 b You should take the train.
c He shouldn’t go to bed so late.
d She shouldn’t sit out in the sun all day.
e She should go to the doctor’s.
Names
Grammar notes
The way English names places may be counterintuitive to
many students—why say Lake Vostok but the Black Sea,
for example? Why not Vostok Lake or Sea Black? In some
languages, the word for lake, sea, or ocean may be the
same. It’s a good idea to get students to think about the
differences and similarities between their language
and English.
180
Exercises 4 Write the places in the correct column in the table.
1 Choose the correct option to complete the Beijing Czech Republic Green Road
sentences. Himalayas Indian Ocean Kalahari Desert
Lake Garda Lake Victoria Ganges River
1 We think we will / won’t visit Mount Etna next San Francisco South Korea
year. It is easy to go there.
2 I will / won’t be busy tomorrow, so you should
the no article
come and see me now.
3 There will / won’t be many children in the park Czech Republic Beijing
today because it’s raining.
4 She doesn’t think she will / won’t have time to Himalayas Green Road
study over the weekend.
Indian Ocean Lake Garda
5 I think the number of college students will /
won’t decrease because college is so expensive. Kalahari Desert Lake Victoria
6 He will / won’t come to our dinner party. He
has too much work to do. Ganges River San Francisco
7 They will / won’t go camping with us because
they prefer to stay in hotels. South Korea