Covid-19

A pneumonia outbreak of unknown origin was reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December
2019. Epidemiological evidence connected instances of pneumonia to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale
Market. After inoculating respiratory samples into Vero E6 and Huh7 cell lines, which are used to study
human airway epithelial cells, a novel respiratory virus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 was discovered. Its genome analysis revealed that it was a novel coronavirus related to
SARS-CoV. (SARS-CoV-2). The betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the subgenus Sarbecovirus.
The World Health Organization declared a pandemic on March 12, 2020, due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus's
widespread distribution and the thousands of deaths brought on by COVID-19, a coronavirus illness. To
date, the epidemic has cost the globe dearly in terms of lost human lives, negative economic effects, and
rising levels of poverty. In this review, we cover epidemiology, genetic and serological diagnostics, the
genesis of SARS-CoV-2 and its capacity to infect human cells, as well as safety concerns. Then, we
concentrate on the COVID-19 treatments that are already available, the creation of vaccinations, the use
of artificial intelligence in managing the pandemic and stopping the virus' spread, the effects of the
COVID-19 epidemic on our way of life, and preparing for a potential second wave. {1}

COVID-19 Vaccine Development

Despite the precautions taken in case of a pandemic, the number of SARS-CoV-2 patients continues to
increase in the majority of European nations. The best chance for public health is prevention in limiting
the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus as the present antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapy techniques
are primarily supportive and have limited effectiveness. It is assumed that a successful immunization
against SARS-CoV-2 infection might activate the innate and adaptive immune responses and offer
protection against severe COVID-19 illness. Various tactics were used as the race for an efficient and
secure vaccination got underway. The main vaccine types examined in clinical trials to date include
those based on protein, genetic, attenuated, and viral vectors. Although more than 80 clinical studies
have been started, only 18 vaccines have progressed to the clinical phase II/III or III, and only 4 vaccine
candidates are now being considered or have already received approval for use. Additionally, in
randomized prospective clinical studies with SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, the protective benefit of the
off-target vaccinations, such as Bacillus Calmette-Guérin and measles vaccine, is being investigated. In
order to shed additional light on the ongoing clinical studies, we examine the most promising anti-
COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials as well as several immunization approaches in this review. {2}

Distribution Of COVID-19 Vaccine

It has been necessary to build a new infrastructure in order to create and distribute a COVID-19
vaccination that is both safe and effective. It is essential to take into account potential challenges, such
as a lack of supply, issues with transportation and storage, and patient adherence, especially if more
than one dose is necessary. Globally, the WHO created a system for allocating and prioritizing COVID-19
vaccinations across and within countries that was approved by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts
(SAGE).{3}

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in coordination with the Advisory Committee on
Immunization Practices, decides how vaccinations should be distributed optimally across the United
States (ACIP). Numerous independent organizations, including the WHO64, The National Academies of
Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, were
involved in developing the recommendations for the COVID-19 vaccines. These organizations took into
account epidemic trajectory models that forecast the overall burden that can be avoided with various
target populations.{4}

Globally speaking, it is realistic to expect that, like with many other vaccinations, obtaining, distributing,
and administering vaccines in low- and middle-income countries may be challenging. {5} In low-income
nations that are still afflicted by diseases that have been wiped out in most of the globe, organizations
like Shot at Life aim to expand vaccination availability. {6} A new difficulty for low- and middle-income
nations is the requirement to increase the availability of the recently created COVID-19 vaccine. One of
the three pillars of the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator, COVAX, was created as a response
to this. Their main goal is to ensure that everyone, regardless of where they live or how wealthy their
nation may be, has fair access to COVID-19 vaccinations and treatments. {7} However, the majority of
COVID-19 vaccination doses worldwide have been pre-ordered by high-income nations. Only 700 million
of the 2 billion vaccination shots that COVAX hopes to distribute by the end of 2021 have reportedly
been procured. This could undermine equal distribution and make low- and middle-income COVAX
member countries dependent on donations from high-income member countries. {8}

Conclusion

While the prospect of widespread SARS-CoV-2 vaccination looks to be on the horizon, it will probably be
accompanied with difficulties and a certain amount of hope that society may resume some semblance of
normalcy. Regardless of geography, financial class, or political allegiance, continuing masking, hand
cleanliness, and social seclusion will be essential to avoid virus transmission for the foreseeable future.
Some of us are attempting to withstand the "second wave" of COVID-19 while dealing with the negative
effects of "COVID weariness," reduced social distance standards, and a false feeling of security in the
United States and many other parts of the world. We cannot rely just on immunization to combat this
pandemic. Our proactive, multifaceted approach to illness treatment and prevention must continue.

References
1.Ciotti, M., Ciccozzi, M., Terrinoni, A., Jiang, W.C., Wang, C.B. and Bernardini, S., 2020. The COVID-19
pandemic. Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences, 57(6), pp.365-388.

2. Kashte, S., Gulbake, A., El-Amin III, S.F. and Gupta, A., 2021. COVID-19 vaccines: rapid development,
implications, challenges and future prospects. Human cell, 34(3), pp.711-733.

3. World Health Organization. WHO SAGE values framework for the allocation and prioritization of
COVID-19 vaccination. [Accessed December 2, 2020]. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/334299.

4. Biggerstaff M on behalf of the Data, Analytics, and Modeling Task Force for ACIP. Modeling strategies
for the initial allocation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. [Accessed December 2, 2020].
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2020-10/COVID-Biggerstaff.pdf.

5. World Health Organization. Global vaccine action plan 2011. 2020. [Accessed December 2, 2020].
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/78141.
6. Shot at Life. About our work. [Accessed December 2, 2020]. https://shotatlife.org/about/

7. Berkley S. COVAX explained. [Accessed December 2, 2020].https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/covax-

8. Mullard A. How COVID Vaccines are being divvied up around the world. [Accessed December 2,
2020]. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03370-6. [PubMed]