School Of Agriculture (Agriculture Officer 2021 Preparation)

Daily One liner notes (Basics of All Majors & Topics)

Consultant: Mr. Amin Lodhi (03006161592)

Major: Plant Pathology

➢ In hyperparasitism, the pathogen is directly attacked by a specific
biological control agent that kills it or its propagules. E.g. pasteuria
penetran against root knot nematode.
➢ Hypovirulence is the reduction in disease producing capacity of the
pathogen by another agent.
➢ The disease Banana Bunchy Top Virus was recorded in Fiji islands
as early as 1889.
➢ It is spread by Banana aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa).
➢ Xanthomonas campestris pv. Citri had been replaced with
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Citri.
➢ In Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Citri, the “pv” stands for pathovar,
a disease causing variant of a bacterium that affects a specific group
of plants.
➢ Fusarium spp., Phytophthora spp. And citrus nematode
(Tylenchulus semipenetrans) are collectively causing citrus slow
decline.
➢ Citrus quick decline is caused by citrus tristiza virus.
➢ The original observations of citrus greening disease were made by
farmers in southern China in the late 1800s (named as
Huanglongbing: yellow shoot) but it was confirmed in Florida (USA)
in 2005.
➢ The causative agent of citrus greening is a bacterium named
Candidatus libribacter. Its vector is Citrus Psyllid.
➢ It is named citrus greening as citrus fruit remained green on shade
side after its attack.
➢ A pathogen is an organism that can cause disease.

Note: Batch 2 Registration will start from 15th July, 2021

School Of Agriculture (Agriculture Officer 2021 Preparation)
Daily One liner notes (Basics of All Majors & Topics)
Consultant: Mr. Amin Lodhi (03006161592)

➢ A pest is an organism that competes with human beings for food

and shelter and may or may not cause disease.
➢ Pest is a broad category while pathogen comes under the umbrella
of this category.
➢ A disease is the deviation from the normal functioning of the
organism triggered by a causal agent.
➢ A symptom is the reaction of a host to infection of a pathogen.
➢ A sign is the physical presence of a pathogen or part of a pathogen
on or in diseased organism e.g. fungal hyphae, spores etc.
➢ Susceptible host, pathogen, favourable environment and time are
necessary for disease development and this is called disease
pyramid. When time is excluded this becomes disease triangle.
➢ Endemic disease is of regular occurrence from year to year in
moderate to severe form but is confined to a particular country,
region and locality.
➢ Epiphytotic disease rapidly affects many plants as of its sudden
outbreak in a specific area.
➢ Sporadic disease occurs at very irregular intervals and locations and
in relatively few instances.
➢ Pandemic disease occurs throughout country, continent or even
the world.
➢ In Epidemic disease, there is a widespread outbreak of an infectious
disease where many people are affected at the same time.
➢ Fungi cause approximately 75% of the biotic diseases.
➢ Hyphae is a thread like structure from which body of the typical
fungus is made up.

Note: Batch 2 Registration will start from 15th July, 2021

School Of Agriculture (Agriculture Officer 2021 Preparation)
Daily One liner notes (Basics of All Majors & Topics)
Consultant: Mr. Amin Lodhi (03006161592)

➢ A mass of hyphae is called mycelium.

➢ Bacteria are single cells surrounded by a cell wall and lack
chlorophyll.
➢ Plant parasitic bacteria are mostly rod shaped and reproduce by
binary fission.
➢ 11% of the diseases are caused by bacteria.
➢ Nematodes are roundworms with non-segmented body and lacking
circulatory system.
➢ The presence of a spear like mouthpart called a stylet differentiates
parasitic nematode from the non-parasitic one.
➢ The juvenile stage of nematode is completed in egg.
➢ The infectious stage of root knot nematode is J2 stage while total
are 4 stages and 5 moults.
➢ Phytoplasmas (formerly called mycoplasma like organisms) are
similar to bacteria but they have no cell wall. They reside in phloem
cells.
➢ The characteristic symptom of Phytoplasmas is witches, broom
(Broom like growth by clustering of branches).
➢ Dodder, Mistletoe, witchweed and Indian pipes are some examples
of seed bearing plants which lack chlorophyll and act as plant
parasites.
➢ Wilting is of two types. Permanent wilting (by pathogen attack) and
temporary wilting (by excess or deficiency of water).
➢ Mosaic (alternate light and dark green areas on leaves) is the
characteristic symptom of some viruses.
➢ In Mottling, no such alternate bands are formed as in mosaic.

Note: Batch 2 Registration will start from 15th July, 2021

School Of Agriculture (Agriculture Officer 2021 Preparation)
Daily One liner notes (Basics of All Majors & Topics)
Consultant: Mr. Amin Lodhi (03006161592)

➢ Gall is an abnormal growth or swelling produced as a result of

pathogenic invasion.
➢ Progressive death of shoots, branches and roots sometime leading
to complete death of the plant is called dieback.
➢ Disintegration of tissues is called rot. In case of wet rot,
disintegration is accompanied with release of cell fluid but in dry
rot tissues are crumbled to a dry mass.
➢ In smut, grains are replaced with soot like spore masses but in
Ergot, grains are replaced with dark hard bodies of fungal hyphae.
➢ Damping off is the collapse and rot of seedlings near soil level
before emergence or soon after emergence caused by Pythium
spp., Phytophthora spp. And Fusarium spp.
➢ Mostly plant viruses are RNA viruses.
➢ Tobacco and Tomato mosaic virus (TMV) and Potato potyvirus X
and Y are single stranded RNA viruses (ssRNA).
➢ Banana bunchy top virus is ssDNA virus.
➢ Tomato yellow leaf curl, cotton leaf curl and chilli leaf curl viruses
are transmitted by white fly (Bamesia tabaci).
➢ Banana bunchy top, potato potyvirus Y, Potato leaf roll and Chilli
mosaic virus are mostly transmitted by aphids.
➢ Conducive soils are those where a pathogen develops well and
cause severe diseases while in case of suppressive soils, pathogen
develops less and causes much milder disease.
➢ Hypersensitive response of the host plant comes in the form of
rapid cell death of host plant tissues.

Note: Batch 2 Registration will start from 15th July, 2021

School Of Agriculture (Agriculture Officer 2021 Preparation)
Daily One liner notes (Basics of All Majors & Topics)
Consultant: Mr. Amin Lodhi (03006161592)

➢ Restriction of spread of pathogen after infection is called delayed

active defence.
➢ Beijernck is called the “Father of Plant Virology” and he used the
word “virus” (from venom meaning poison) for the first time to
describe it.
➢ The year 1935 was the beginning of Modern Plant Pathology when
Stanley isolated and crystallized Tobacco mosaic virus and got
Nobel Prize.
➢ Plant viruses are obligate parasite as they can only live on living
host and therefore cannot be cultured on media in laboratory just
like other pathogens.
➢ ELISA stands for Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and it
involves the reaction of antigen and antibody in vitro in the
presence of enzyme Alkaline Phosphatase with p-nitrophenyl
phosphate as substrate.
➢ In hyperparasitism, the pathogen is directly attacked by a specific
biological control agent that kills it or its propagules. E.g. pasteuria
penetran against root knot nematode.
➢ Hypovirulence is the reduction in disease producing capacity of the
pathogen by another agent.
➢ The disease Banana Bunchy Top Virus was recorded in Fiji islands
as early as 1889.
➢ It is spread by Banana aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa).
➢ Xanthomonas campestris pv. Citri had been replaced with
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Citri.

Note: Batch 2 Registration will start from 15th July, 2021

School Of Agriculture (Agriculture Officer 2021 Preparation)
Daily One liner notes (Basics of All Majors & Topics)
Consultant: Mr. Amin Lodhi (03006161592)

➢ In Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Citri, the “pv” stands for pathovar,

a disease causing variant of a bacterium that affects a specific group
of plants.
➢ Fusarium spp., Phytophthora spp. And citrus nematode
(Tylenchulus semipenetrans) are collectively causing citrus slow
decline.
➢ Citrus quick decline is caused by citrus tristiza virus.
➢ The original observations of citrus greening disease were made by
farmers in southern China in the late 1800s (named as
Huanglongbing: yellow shoot) but it was confirmed in Florida (USA)
in 2005.
➢ The causative agent of citrus greening is a bacterium named
Candidatus libribacter. Its vector is Citrus Psyllid.
➢ It is named citrus greening as citrus fruit remained green on shade
side after its attack.
➢ A pathogen is an organism that can cause disease.
➢ A pest is an organism that competes with human beings for food
and shelter and may or may not cause disease.
➢ Pest is a broad category while pathogen comes under the umbrella
of this category.
➢ A disease is the deviation from the normal functioning of the
organism triggered by a causal agent.
➢ A symptom is the reaction of a host to infection of a pathogen.
➢ A sign is the physical presence of a pathogen or part of a pathogen
on or in diseased organism e.g. fungal hyphae, spores etc.

Note: Batch 2 Registration will start from 15th July, 2021