Trainee Reference Book - AvSec Induction (NCASTP 2015)
Trainee Reference Book - AvSec Induction (NCASTP 2015)
Trainee Reference Book - AvSec Induction (NCASTP 2015)
Civil aviation is a powerful force for progress in our modern global society. A healthy and growing
air transport system creates and supports millions of jobs worldwide. It forms part of the
economic lifeline of many countries. It is a catalyst for travel and tourism and the world's largest
industry. Beyond economics, air transport enriches the social and cultural fabric of society.
In recent years the aviation industry has seen the emergence of world-wide attacks against the
safety and security of the travelling public, airports, aircraft and other persons working within the
aviation industry on and off airport and air navigation facilities.
The counter-measures to these acts against civil aviation can be effective only as long as the
people responsible for protecting civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference receive
appropriate training to carry out their jobs efficiently and effectively.
This Trainee Reference Book has been developed by The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS),
to enable trainees to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to be better able to implement
Aviation Security preventive measures. This is in accordance with the appropriate National Civil
Aviation Security Program, Airport / Airline Security Programs and Aviation Security Standards and
Recommended Practices prescribed by ICAO.
Annex – 17
Standard3.1.7 From 1 July 2013, each Contracting State shall ensure the development
and implementation of training programmes and an instructor certification system in
accordance with the national civil aviation security programme.
Standard 3.4.2: Each Contracting State shall ensure that the persons implementing
security controls possess all competencies required to perform their duties and are
appropriately trained according to the requirements of the national civil aviation security
programme and that appropriate records are maintained up to date. Relevant standards of
performance shall be established and initial and periodic assessments shall be introduced
to maintain those standards.
Standard 3.4.3 Each Contracting State shall ensure that the persons carrying out screening
operations are certified according to the requirements of the national civil aviation
security programme to ensure that performance standards are consistently and are
reliably achieved.
National Legislations
Order 12 / 2011 The objective of the National Civil Aviation Security Programme
(NCASP) is to safeguard Civil aviation operations against acts of
unlawful interference through regulations, practices and
procedures which take account of the safety regularly and
efficiency of flights.
Order 20/2011 The objective of the National Civil Aviation Security Training
Programme (NCASTP) is to provide a frame-work for the selection
and training of staff involved in Aviation Security by stipulating the
various responsibilities for ensuring this all-important activity.
The Basic Aviation Security Training is based on the Aviation Security Training Package
(ASTP) issued by International Civil Aviation Organisation
LIST OF MODULES
Module
Subject Page Number
No.
1 Introduction to the course 05 – 20
Attachments:-
Annexure- A: Sample course schedule
Annexure-B: Participant Profile
Module Objective
Teaching Methods
Slide Presentations
Lectures by BCAS certified instructors
Group discussions
Demonstrations
Role- playing and practical exercises
Site visits to the Airport
Tests and Homework
Overnight reading Assignments
Progress Tests
Mastery Test (Written)
Course Objective:
Terms that are defined in the International Civil Aviation Vocabulary (Doc 9713) and the
Annexes are used in accordance with the meanings and usages given therein. A wide
variety of terms are in use throughout the world to describe facilities, procedures and
concepts for airport operations and planning. As far as possible, the terms used in this
document are those which have the widest international use.
Accompanied hold baggage: Baggage which is accepted for carriage in the hold of an aircraft and which is
checked in by the passenger who is on board.
Acts of unlawful interference. These are acts or attempted acts such as to jeopardize the safety of civil
aviation, i.e., including but not limited to:
Aircraft: Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than
the reactions of the air against the earth’s surface.
Aircraft in flight: An aircraft from the moment when all its external doors are closed following embarkation
until the moment when such doors are opened for disembarkation.
Aircraft in service: A parked aircraft which is under surveillance sufficient to detect unauthorized access.
Aircraft not in service: An aircraft that either is parked for a period of more than 12 hours or is not under
surveillance sufficient to detect unauthorized access.
Aircraft security check: An inspection of the interior of an aircraft to which passengers may have had
access and an inspection of the hold for the purposes of discovering suspicious objects, weapons,
explosives or other dangerous devices, articles and substances.
Aircraft security search: A thorough inspection of the interior and exterior of the aircraft for the purpose
of discovering suspicious objects, weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles or substances.
Aerodrome: Any area in a Contracting State which is open for commercial aircraft operations.
Appropriate authority for aviation security: The authority designated by a State within its administration
to be responsible for the development, implementation and maintenance of the national civil aviation
security programme.
Apron: A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or
unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking or maintenance.
Annexure 17 (to the Chicago convention): Security specifications of the International Civil Aviation
Organization, applicable to all member states. The specifications are divided into Standards and
Recommended Practices (SARP’s).
Background check: A check of a person’s identity and previous experience, including, where legally
permissible, any criminal history, as part of the assessment of an individual’s suitability to implement a
security control and/or for unescorted access to a security restricted area.
Baggage: Personal property of passengers or crew carried on an aircraft by agreement with the operator.
Baggage Breakup Area: The area where all the arrival passenger’s bags are delivered to them.
Baggage sorting area: Space in which departure baggage is sorted into flight loads. (The area is also known
as Baggage Makeup Area)
Baggage storage area: Space in which checked/hold baggage is stored pending transport to aircraft and
space in which mishandled baggage may be held until forwarded, claimed or otherwise disposed of.
Behavior Detection (Profiling): Systematic observation of persons and baggage and questioning if
necessary to categorize them into two groups i.e. threatening and non-threatening so that more attention
can be paid to the threatening category.
Bomb alert: A status of alert put in place by competent authorities to activate an intervention plan
intended to counter the possible consequences arising from a communicated threat, anonymous or
otherwise, or arising from the discovery of a suspect device or other suspect item on an aircraft, at an
airport or in any civil aviation facilities.
Bomb threat: A communicated threat, anonymous or otherwise, which suggests, or infers, whether true or
false that the safety of an aircraft in flight or on the ground, or any airport or civil aviation facility or any
person may be in danger from an explosive or other item or device.
Cargo: Any property carried on an aircraft other than mail, stores and accompanied or mishandled
baggage.
Catering stores: All items, other than catering supplies, associated with passenger in-flight services, for
example newspapers, magazines, headphones, audio and video tapes, pillows and blankets, and amenity
kits.
Catering supplies: Food, beverages, other dry stores and associated equipment used on board an aircraft.
Check-in: The process of reporting to an aircraft operator for acceptance on a particular flight.
Co-mail: Abbreviation of aircraft operator company mail, shipped within the company’s network of
stations.
Co-mat: Abbreviation of aircraft operator company materials, shipped within the company’s network of
stations.
Contingency plan: A “proactive” plan to include measures and procedures addressing various threat levels,
risk assessments and the associated security measures to be implemented, designed in order to anticipate
as well as prepare all concerned parties having roles and responsibilities in the event of an actual act of
unlawful interference.
Corporate aviation: The non-commercial operation or use of aircraft by a company for the carriage of
passengers or goods as an aid to the conduct of company business, flown by a professional pilot employed
to fly the aircraft.
(Note that corporate aviation is a subset of general aviation.)
Courier service: An operation whereby shipments tendered by one or more shippers are transported as
the baggage of a courier passenger on board a scheduled aircraft operator service under normal passenger
hold baggage documentation.
Crew member: A person assigned by an operator to duty on an aircraft during a flight duty period.
Crisis management: Contingency measures implemented in response to increased threat levels as well as
implementation of measures and procedures in response to the emergencies to include acts of unlawful
interference.
Dangerous goods: Articles or substances which are capable of posing a risk to health, safety, property or
the environment and which are shown in the list of dangerous goods in the Technical Instructions or which
are classified according to those Instructions.
Deportee: A person who had legally been admitted to a State by its authorities or who had entered a State
illegally, and who at some later time is formally ordered by the competent authorities to leave that State.
Note. — The competent authorities may provide an escort for such persons.
Diplomatic pouch (bag): A shipping container having diplomatic immunity from search or seizure.
Disruptive passenger: A passenger who fails to respect the rules of conduct at an airport or on board an
aircraft or to follow the instructions of the airport staff or crew members and thereby disturbs the good
order and discipline at an airport or on board the aircraft.
Gate-no Show: Passenger who has checked in (may have registered baggage), but not reported for
boarding.
Hijacking: Any person who on board an aircraft in flight: (i) Unlawfully, by force or threat thereof, or by any
other form of intimidation, seizes, or exercises control of that aircraft, or attempts to perform any such act,
or (ii) is an accomplice of a person who performs or attempts to perform any such act, commits the
offence of hijacking that aircraft.
Inadmissible person: A person who is or will be refused admission to a State by its authorities. Such
persons normally have to be transported back to their State of departure, or to any other State where the
persons are admissible, by the aircraft operator on which they arrived. (See appropriate Standards in
Annex 9 — Facilitation, Chapter 5.)
Interline Passenger: Passenger who is transferred between aircraft of different air carriers during the
course of his journey.
In-flight security officer: A person who is employed and trained by the government of the State of the
Operator or by the government of the State of registration to be deployed on an aircraft with the purpose
of protecting that aircraft and its occupants against acts of unlawful interference. This excludes persons
employed to provide exclusive personal protection for one or more specific people travelling on the
aircraft, such as personal bodyguards.
Interline baggage: Baggage of passengers subject to transfer from the aircraft of one operator to the
aircraft of another operator in the course of the passenger’s journey.
Isolation Bay: A designated parking bay at the airport far away from the main passenger terminal,
exclusively designed for the purpose of parking the affected aircraft in order to handle contingencies and
other threat situations.
LAGs: Liquids, aerosols and gels, in any volume, for sale at airport outlets (excluding food and beverages
for consumption in the airport premises and not intended for carriage into the aircraft passenger cabin) or
on board aircraft during the day(s) of the journey, either in the airside area or in a security-restricted area.
Landside: That area of an airport and buildings to which both travelling passengers and the non-travelling
public have unrestricted access. (See also Non-restricted area.)
Mail: Dispatches of correspondence and other items tendered by and intended for delivery to postal
services in accordance with the rules of the Universal Postal Union (UPU).
Movement area: That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft,
consisting of the maneuvering area and the apron(s).
Non-restricted area: Areas of an airport to which the public have access or to which access is otherwise
unrestricted.
Person with disabilities (with reduced mobility):Any person whose mobility is reduced due to a physical
incapacity (sensory or loco motor), an intellectual deficiency, age, illness or any other cause of disability
when using transport and whose situation needs special attention and the adaptation to the person’s
needs of the services made available to all passengers.
Pier: A corridor at, above or below ground level to connect aircraft stands to a passenger building
Pilot-in-command: The pilot responsible for the operation and safety of the aircraft during flight time.
Regulated agent: An agent, freight forwarder or any other entity who conducts business with an operator
and provides security controls that are accepted or required by the appropriate authority in respect of
cargo, courier and express parcels or mail.
Restricted articles: Articles which are, in the specific context of aviation security, defined as those articles,
devices or substances which may be used to commit an act of unlawful interference against civil aviation or
which may endanger the safety of the aircraft and its occupants, or installations and the public.
Sabotage: An act or omission, intended to cause malicious or wanton destruction of property, endangering
or resulting in unlawful interference with international civil aviation and its facilities.
Screening: The application of technical or other means which are intended to identify and/or detect
weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles or substances which may be used to commit an
act of unlawful interference.
Security / Aviation Security: Safeguarding civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. This objective
is achieved by a combination of measures and human and material resources.
Security equipment: Devices of a specialized nature for use, individually or as part of a system, in the
prevention or detection of acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation and its facilities.
Security programme: Written measures adopted to safeguard international civil aviation against acts of
unlawful interference.
Security Restricted Area: Those areas of the airside of an airport which are identified as priority risk areas
where in addition to access control, other security controls are applied. Such areas shall normally include,
inter alia, all commercial aviation passenger departure areas between the screening checkpoint and the
aircraft, the ramp, baggage make-up areas, including those where aircraft are being brought into service
and screened baggage and cargo are present, cargo sheds, mail centre’s, airside catering and aircraft
cleaning premises.
Security test: A covert or overt trial of an aviation security measure which simulates an attempt to commit
an unlawful act.
Sterile area: That area between any passenger inspection or screening control point and aircraft into which
access is strictly controlled. (Also known as Security restricted area.)
Terminal: The main building or group of buildings where the processing of commercial passengers and
freight and the boarding of aircraft occurs.
Transit passengers: Passengers departing from an airport on the same flight as that on which they arrived.
Travel document: A passport or other official document of identity issued by a State or organization which
may be used by the rightful holder for international travel.
Unaccompanied baggage: Baggage that is transported as cargo and may or may not be carried on the
same aircraft with the person to whom it belongs.
Unclaimed baggage: Baggage that arrives at an airport and is not picked up or claimed by a passenger.
Unidentified baggage. Baggage at an airport, with or without a baggage tag, which is not picked up by or
identified with a passenger.
Unruly passengers: Persons who commit on board a civil aircraft, from the moment when the aircraft door
is closed prior to take-off to the moment when it is reopened after landing, an act of:
• assault, intimidation, menace or wilful recklessness which endangers good order or the safety of
property or persons;
• assault, intimidation, menace or interference with a crew member in the performance of duties or
which lessens the ability to perform duties;
• wilful recklessness or damage to an aircraft, its equipment, or attendant structures and equipment
such as to endanger good order and safety of the aircraft or its occupants;
Vulnerable point: Any facility on or connected with an airport, which, if damaged or destroyed, would
seriously impair the functioning of the airport. Example ATC, Fuel storage area etc
Section 5 A Power to issue directions (DGCA or any other officer empowered by Central Govt)
Section 10 Penalty for act in contravention of Rule made under Section 5 of the Aircraft Acts.
(2-3 years imprisonment or fine upto Rs. 10 Lakhs or both)
Section 11 A Penalty for failure to comply with directions issued under section 5A (2 years
imprisonment or fine upto Rs. 10 Lakhs or both)
Section 11 B Penalty for failure to comply with direction issued under Section 9A (2 years
imprisonment or fine upto Rs. 10 Lakhs or both)
The Aircraft Rules 1937, extends to the whole of India and apply also (unless the contrary intention
appears)-
(a) To, and to persons on, aircraft registered in India wherever they may be, expect cases falling under
sub-rule (4).
(b) To, and to persons on, all aircraft for the time being in or over India.
National legislations
Security of Aircraft
Aircraft Search (Pre-flight anti sabotage Checks)
Security of parked / idle aircraft.
Screening of Registered Baggage
For security and surveillance in BMA and for accompanying the screened baggage up to aircraft.
Security in Baggage break-up area.
Screening and escorting of screened cargo / unaccompanied baggage
Secondary security checks.
Surveillance in departure hall
Security of catering items.
Security of Control Room (including bag tags, boarding cards, etc.)
National legislations
Aviation (Security) Rules 2011
Rule 13 Aviation Security Group (ASG)
Rule 14 Duties of Chief Aerodrome Security Officer (CASO)
Wherever the State / Union Territory Police is responsible for security they are termed
as Airport Security Unit (APSU)
The In-charge of CISF at an airport is designated as the Chief Aerodrome Security Officer
(CASO) and is responsible for enforcement of security measures at an airport.
Anti-hijacking unit:
Guarding of access control points to prevent unauthorized entry.
Pre-embarkation checks of passengers and hand baggage.
Security of sterile area, apron and ramp policing
Guarding of aircraft on ground.
Protection Unit:
Protection of perimeter, ATC.
Carry out mobile and foot patrols.
Guarding of cargo complex.
Guarding of terminal buildings.
Cordoning of aircraft in case of in case of unlawful interference.
Support Unit:
Control room which will work round the clock.
Administrative work.
National legislations
NCASP 2011
Chapter 4.3.2 The AVSEC responsibilities of Airport Operators
Security staff should learn how to recognise suspicious patterns of behaviour, while understanding the
importance of avoiding racial and ethnic stereotyping.
The following are examples of possible suspicious behaviours which may be an attempt at reconnaissance
or the beginning of an actual attack:
Unknown persons photographing procedures or facilities
Vehicles with personnel in them loitering and perhaps taking photographs or creating diagrams of
procedures or facilities
Unknown persons attempting to gain access to facilities
Unknown contractors trying to gain access to facilities to repair, replace, service, or install equipment
Unexpected package drop offs or attempted drop offs
Unknown persons loitering in the vicinity of facilities for extended periods of time. These persons may
be attempting to plant explosive devices, observing how long it takes for someone to notice them and
take action or even be participating in suicide bomber activities.
Attempts to gain information about procedures:
Out-of-the-ordinary telephone phone calls by unknown persons trying to ascertain security,
personnel, or standard operating procedures.
Module Objective:
Teaching Methods
Slide Presentations
Lectures by certified instructors
Group discussions
Demonstrations
Role- playing and practical exercises
Overnight reading Assignments
Progress Tests
Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )
International Legislations
Annex 17
Standard 3.1.3 Each Contracting State shall keep under constant review the level
of threat to civil aviation within its territory, and establish and
implement policies and procedures to adjust relevant elements of
its National Civil Aviation Security Programme accordingly, based
upon a security risk assessment carried out by the relevant
national authorities
National Legislation
NCASP 2011
Chapter 12 Adjustment of programme
The primary objective of the Aviation Security is the safety and security of passengers, crew, ground
personnel, general public, airports, aviation installations and all other matters relating to safeguard against
acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation operations.
Aviation Security Principles
Civil Aviation shall operate from a Safe and Secure environment;
Develop and implement Legislation and procedures necessary to ensure a safe and secure
environment;
Security measures shall be consistent with Standards
Prosecute or extradite persons who carry out acts of unlawful interference
Nature of Threats
Sabotage of Aircraft
Sabotage of Airports
Hijacking of aircraft on the ground or in flight; and
Armed attacks on / off airport facilities.
TERRORISM
Terrorism is an act of placing someone in extreme fear. It is the unlawful use of violence against the Public
to intimidate a Government.
Religious factors
Economic conditions of a country
Natural disasters
Political factors
Social recognition
Financial support
Motivated manpower
Terrorists are generally people who feel alienated from society and have a grievance or regard
themselves as victims of an injustice.
Terrorists are devoted to their political or religious cause and do not regard their violent actions as
criminal.
Terrorists are ruthless and show no fear, pity or remorse.
Characteristics of Terrorists
Characteristics of Criminals
Attacks on Civil Aviation by criminal groups or individuals are rare and their motivation is
Monetary gain or
Extortion
Personal gains
Difficult to classify
Unpredictable
Chemical warfare
Biological warfare
Radioactive substances
Nuclear weapons
A growing concern among security professionals is that terrorists will someday use CBRN materials, in an
attack against an unsuspecting public.
Chemical weapons are those that are effective because their chemical action can cause death, permanent
harm or temporary incapacity.
Some toxic chemicals, such as phosgene, hydrogen cyanide and tear gas, may be used for both civil and
peaceful, and hostile purposes. When they are used for hostile purposes, they are considered chemical
weapons.
Biological weapons are weapons that achieve their intended effects by infecting people with deliberate
release of dangerous bacteria, viruses or fungi, or biological toxins (e.g. Anthrax, Small pox, ricin, a natural
toxin occurring in plants).
Radiological weapon is designed to spread radioactive material such as uranium, plutonium etc with the
intent to kill and cause disruption upon a city or nation.
Nuclear: Death and injury caused from caused from the effects of an explosion that includes blinding light,
intense heat (thermal radiation), initial nuclear radiation, blast, fires started by the heat pulse, and
secondary fires caused by the destruction.
Instant Publicity
Aircraft is mobile
Different nationalities on board
Aircraft can be easily taken in control
Aircraft itself can be used as a missile
Small amount of explosive is sufficient to cause huge damage to aircraft
Adverse impact on tourism thereby furthering the terrorist cause
Excellent Means of extortion
Economic damage to the country
Economic damage to the airline
Airline carry the flag of the nation
Large number of people in a confined area
In order to execute a hijack of an aircraft, the perpetrator must be able to coerce the pilot-in-command.
Therefore, it is necessary to:
• Smuggle weapons onto the aircraft (examples of how this has been done ranges from concealment in
toys to false prosthetics)
• Possible collusion with or bribery of airport or airline staff
• Armed assault. This has been has been used on several occasions
The types of weapons used vary and may include pistols, automatic weapons, explosive charges, knives, or
flammable material.
SABOTAGE
Sabotage techniques
Most sabotage devices targeted against aircraft are either explosive or incendiary devices and can even be
a combination of the two.
The saboteur needs to have access to the aircraft to plant the device or place the device on the aircraft
using passenger baggage, air cargo, catering or other stores loaded onto the aircraft prior to flight. The
most common means of infiltrating sabotage devices in the past have been:
Infiltration of device into baggage;
Collusion with airport or airline staff to place device on aircraft;
Subterfuge, use of an unsuspecting dupe
Sabotage of airports
Certain critical areas of an airport are vital to the continued operation of an airport, namely:
Runway;
Passenger terminal buildings;
Navigational aids;
Electrical power supplies;
Air Traffic Control communications;
Aviation fuel storage;
Rescue and fire-fighting services.
Any sabotage to the above facilities can seriously impair the functioning of the airport.
While most successful saboteurs move away from the event of the device activation the suicidal saboteur
is ready to kill himself for the cause.
Whether a religious, political or nationalistic fanatic, these individuals or groups present a formidable
threat to today’s security measures.
These offenders may endeavor to achieve sabotage by:
• Carrying the device on their person; or
• Providing the means to have a device boarded through their checked baggage.
1 First hijacking in the world The first recorded aircraft hijack took place on February
21, 1931 in Lima, (Peru).
2 1969 Year of maximum Hijackings – 87 Aircrafts hijacked, 71
from Cuba.
3 First hijacking in India 30th Jan, 1971, Indian Airlines flight from Srinagar to
Jammu taken to Lahore.
4 Post First Hijacking in India Rule 8 A of Aircraft Rule 1937 was being implemented.
5 Second hijacking in India Indian Airlines Aircraft hijacked on 10th Sep, 1976,
Mumbai to Delhi taken to Lahore.
6 Post Second hijacking in India Shri B.D. Pandey committee was formed in 1976
7 18th Jan, 1978 Formation of DCAS as a cell under DGCA on the
recommendation of Shri B.D. Pandey Committee
8 2nd August, 1984 A Bomb Explosion at Chennai (Meenabakkam) airport.
9 Post Chennai Airport Explosion Bomb Threat Contingency Plan was Implemented.
10 23rd Jun, 1985 Sabotage of Air India aircraft Kanishka Tragedy over
Atlantic Ocean.
Explosion at Narita airport (Japan) during transfer of
baggage to Air India aircraft.
11 Post Kanishka Tragedy Justice B.N Kirpal, Commission was setup.
Following security measures were introduced
Identification of baggage-Mandatory
Reconciliation of baggage was introduced
Re-identification of registered baggage on
National regulations on Aviation Security shall comply with the specifications made in the international
conventions and in ICAO's Annex 17.
For example, training programmes, quality control programs, airport and airline security programs can
contribute to optimal aviation security on a national level.
The civil aviation industry has developed various countermeasures to counter the threats. These
countermeasures can be categorized as:
Legislative
Technical
Physical
Legislative Measures
International Conventions (Legal Instruments)
International Conventions are International legal Instruments by which Contracting States affirm their
intention to enforce the terms and provisions contained in these Conventions.
ICAO has legislative powers by means of the SARPs provided by Annex 17. It also organises obligatory
security audits at States worldwide. The ICAO Security Manual contains guidelines on how to implement
the SARPs as provided by Annex 17.
International Conventions
Chicago Convention1944
The governments that signed this convention agreed on certain principles and
arrangements to allow a safe and orderly development of International Civil
Aviation. Furthermore, this convention defines that international air transport
services should be established on the basis of equal opportunities.
The Tokyo Convention was established in 1963. The official name of the convention is the Convention on
Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft. The Tokyo convention only applies to
offences that are committed on board an aircraft in flight.
This convention grants certain rights to the pilot in Command (PIC), in order to ensure the safety and
order on board of his aircraft:
Restrain passengers when they cause problems.
Allow the crew to ask assistance from other passengers to overpower unruly passengers.
Disembark unruly passengers at the next port of call.
This convention also contains some obligations. The State of landing should:
Restore the control of the aircraft to the pilot in charge.
Allow the pilot in charge to disembark unruly passengers, disregarding the State's visa or immigration
requirements.
Take delivery of unruly passengers.
Take unruly passengers into police custody until the prosecution or extradition is accomplished.
The official name of the Hague Convention, established in 1970, is the Convention
for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft. This convention made the
unlawful seizure of an aircraft (hijacking) an international offence.
The convention came into being following a year in which hijackings peeked: 73 acts
of unlawful seizure, mainly on flights from the USA to Cuba.
The official name of the Montreal Convention, established in 1971, is the Convention for the Suppression
of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation. The primary focus of this convention was the
sabotage of an aircraft.
This convention, established the term aircraft in service, A parked aircraft which is under surveillance
sufficient to detect unauthorized access.
In the early 70s, the number of acts of sabotage increased considerably. These acts of sabotage
were mainly aimed against Israeli targets.
Contents of the Montreal Convention
This protocol was created following a series of attacks on international airports that occurred after the
creation of the Montreal Convention in 1971.
This convention allows the use of existing vapour detection technology to detect plastic explosives.
Marking agents should be added to plastic explosives by the manufacturer.
This convention obliges the States to:
Prevent the production of unmarked explosives
Prevent the movement of unmarked explosives through their territory
National Legislations
Other National laws related to implementation and enforcement of National Civil Aviation Security
Programme and other related matters are as under:-
The Aircraft Act, 1934
The Aircraft Rules, 1937
The Aircraft (Carriage of Dangerous Goods) Rules 2003
The Aircraft (Security) Rules 2011
The Airport Authority of India Act. 1994
The Restricted Areas Act
The Prohibited areas Act
The Immigration Act
The Explosive Act
Official Secret Act - 1926
The Other Minor Acts connected with crimes against civil aviation and related matters.
Orders and regulations
o Gazette Notifications, AVSEC Orders, AVSEC Circulars and Directions issued by appropriate
authority to implement ‘National Civil Aviation Security Programme’.
o Airports Authority of India Regulations, 2000
Annex 17
Annex 17 to the Chicago Convention was adopted in 1974 by the Council of ICAO. Its
purpose is to safeguard International Civil Aviation against acts of unlawful
interference.
RECOMMENDED PRACTICE: Specification desirable for the interest of safety and regulatory of
international air navigation. ICAO contracting states will endeavour to conform in accordance with the
Chicago Convention. When a state does not comply with a Recommended Practice, they are invited to
inform ICAO about this. In annex 17, recommended practices always contain the word should.
Examples of recommended practice:
SLPC
Deployment of IFSO (Sky Marshals)
Use of Body scanners
Contracting states must notify ICAO about every difference to a standard.The Standards and
Recommended Practices are adopted and incorporated as Annexes to the Convention on International Civil
Aviation. There are 18 Annexure to the Chicago Convention
Annex 17 deals with safe guarding civil Aviation against the act of unlawful interference. The first edition of
Annex 17 was being issued on 22nd March 1974 and the current edition (9th) was issued in March 2011 to
be implemented from 01st July 2011.
ICAO conducts Security Audit of each contacting state in order to review the compliance of Annex-17.
The ICAO Security Manual for Safeguarding Civil Aviation against Acts of
Unlawful Interference, (Doc 8973) Restricted, is the principal guidance
document developed by ICAO to assist States in the implementation of the
technical specifications contained in Annex 17.
International legislation
Annex 17
Standard 2.1.1 Each Contracting State shall have as its primary objective the
safety of passengers, crew, ground personnel and the general
public in all matters related to safeguarding against acts of
unlawful interference with civil aviation.
Standard 2.2.1 Each Contracting State shall apply the Standards and shall
endeavor to apply the Recommended Practices contained in
Annex 17 to International civil aviation operations.
Standard 2.2.2 Each Contracting State shall ensure that measures designed to
safeguard against acts of unlawful interference are applied to
domestic operations to the extent practicable, based upon a
security risk assessment carried out by the relevant national
authorities.
Standard 4.1.1 Each Contracting State shall establish measures to prevent
weapons, explosives or any other dangerous devices, articles or
substances, which may be used to commit an act of unlawful
interference, the carriage or bearing of which is not authorized,
from being introduced, by any means whatsoever, on board an
aircraft engaged in civil aviation.
National legislation
Aircrafts (Security Rules) 2011
NCASP 2011
Chapter 01 Primary Objective
Annex 17
Standard 2.1.2 Each Contracting State shall establish an organization and develop
and implement regulations, practices and procedures to safeguard
civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference taking into
account the safety, regularity and efficiency of flights.
Standard 2.1.3 Each Contracting State shall ensure that such an organization and
such regulations, practices and procedures:
a) Protect the safety of passengers, crew, ground personnel
and the general public in all matters related to
safeguarding against acts of unlawful interference with
civil aviation; and
b) are capable of responding rapidly to meet any increased
security threat.
History
The BCAS initially set up as Directorate of Civil Aviation Security (DCAS) on 18 Jan, 1978, as a cell under the
DGCA on the recommendation of the B D Pandey Committee, in the wake of the hijacking of Indian airlines
on the 10th Sept 1976.
The BCAS was organised into an independent organisation on 01st April 1987 under the Ministry of Civil
Aviation on the recommendation of Justice Kirpal Commission formed to investigate Kanishka tragedy.
BCAS is the regulatory authority for civil aviation security in India. It is headed by an officer of the rank of
Director General of Police and is designated as Commissioner of Security (Civil Aviation).
Director General (BCAS) is the appropriate authority for implementation of Annexure-17 to Chicago
convention of International Civil Aviation Organization.
Director General (BCAS) is responsible for the development, implementation and maintenance of
NCASP.
International Legislation
Annex 17
Standard 3.1.5 Each Contracting State shall establish a national aviation security
committee or similar arrangements for the purpose of
coordinating security activities between the departments,
agencies and other organizations of the State, airport and
aircraft operators, air traffic service providers and other entities
concerned with or responsible for the implementation of various
aspects of the national civil aviation security programme.
Laying down AVSEC norms in accordance with ICAO Annex-17 to Chicago convention for Airport Operators,
Airline operators and their security agencies responsible for implementation AVSEC measures.
Monitoring the implementation of Security rules and regulations and carrying out survey of security needs.
Ensure that the persons implementing security controls are appropriately trained and possess all
competencies required to perform their duties.
Planning policy on civil aviation as per ICAO guidelines, to prepare contingency plan, to prepare NCASP and
formulation of Policies.
Conducting surprise / dummy checks to test professional efficiency and alertness of security staff.
Conducting mock exercise to efficacy of contingency plan and operational preparedness of various
agencies.
Responsibilities of COSCA:
International Legislation
Annex 17
Standard 3.1.2 Each Contracting State shall designate and specify to ICAO an
appropriate authority within its administration to be responsible
for the development, implementation and maintenance of the
national civil aviation security programme.
Standard 3.1.4 Each Contracting State shall require the appropriate authority to
define and allocate tasks and coordinate activities between the
National legislation
Aircraft Security Rules 2011
Rule 03 Duties of COSCA
Establish, Develop, implement, maintain and review the NCASP, NCASTP, NCASQCP in India in
accordance with Annexure 17.
Issue necessary directions on AVSEC
Respond immediately to meet any increased security threat
Allocate the responsibilities and ensure coordination amongst various agencies responsible for
implementation of the various aspects of the NCASP.
Designate an authority at each aerodrome serving Civil Aviation who shall be responsible for
coordinating and implementation of security controls.
Establish Aerodrome Security Committee (APSC) at each aerodrome serving civil aviation for
coordinating the implementation of security controls and procedures as specified in the airport /
aerodrome security programme.
Arrange for security audit, test, survey and inspection to be conducted on a regular basis
International legislation
Annex 17
Standard 3.1.1 Each Contracting State shall establish and implement a written
national civil aviation security programme to safeguard civil
aviation operations against acts of unlawful interference, through
regulations practices and procedures which take into account the
safety, regularity and efficiency of flights.
National legislation
National legislation
Aircraft (Security) Rules 2011
Rule 03 (f) Duties of COSCA
Establish, develop and implement NCASTP
NCASP 2011
Chapter 09 Personnel
Chapter 9.2 AVSEC Training
Establish, develop, and implement, a NCASTP for personnel of all entities involved with or responsible for
the implementation of various aspects of the NCASP which shall be designed to ensure the effectiveness of
the Security Programme.
International Legislation
National legislation
International Legislation
National legislation
Screening and protection of registered baggage until loaded into aircraft hold
Identification / Reconciliation of registered baggage
Anti sabotage check of aircraft at originating station
Guarding of aircraft
Access control of aircraft
On the job supervision by airline staff
Security of air crew baggage / aircraft document bags / fuel
Security of personnel
Airport entry permit (AEP) / Airport Entry Card (AEC) issued after security vetting/background checks
Display of AEP/AEC to detect misuse
Frisking of all AEP/AEC holders before entry to airside
Never leave your baggage unattended
Never lend your uniform / AEP to others
Never accept a packet for carriage without screening
On the job supervision / surveillance
Always display a positive security attitude
Teaching Methods
Slide Presentations
Lectures by certified instructors
Group discussions
Demonstrations
Role- playing and practical exercises
Overnight reading Assignments
Progress Tests
Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )
International legislations
Annex 17
Standard 2.3 Security and facilitation.
Standard 3.2 Airport operations
Standard 4.2 Measures relating to access control
National legislations
Aircraft Rules 1937
Rule 90 Entry into public aerodromes
Catering Establishment
When moving about the airside areas of the airport either on foot or in a vehicle all security personnel:
MUST know the boundaries between airside, landside, SRA and Controlled areas.
MUST know the location and correct name of all airport buildings, services and aircraft operating
areas.
The airport permit system is a set of rules which controls the access of people and vehicles to restricted
areas
Visitor’s Name
REGISTERED NUMBER
OF VEHICLE
LOGO
AND
AIRPORT
NAME
PERMIT
SERIAL NUMBER
NAME OF ‘AIRSIDE’
AGENCY/ APPROVED
ORGANIZATION SAFETY STATUS
Actual size.
Module Objectives
Teaching Methods
Slide Presentations
Lectures by certified instructors
Group discussions
Demonstrations
Role- playing and practical exercises
Overnight reading Assignments
Progress Tests
Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )
Access control means the security procedure applied to ensure that only authorized persons, authorized
vehicles and authorized items carried by such persons or transported in such vehicles are allowed access
into the premises, area or zone being controlled.
International Legislation
Annexure 17
Standard 4.2.1 Each Contracting State shall ensure that the access to airside areas
at airports serving civil aviation is controlled in order to prevent
unauthorized entry.
Standard 4.2.2 Each Contracting State shall ensure that security restricted areas
are established at each airport serving civil aviation based upon a
security risk assessment carried out by the relevant national
authorities.
Standard 4.2.3 Each Contracting State shall ensure that identification systems are
established in respect of persons and vehicles in order to prevent
unauthorized access to airside areas and security restricted areas
Standard 4.2.5 Each Contracting State shall ensure that the movement of persons
and vehicles to and from the aircraft is supervised in security
restricted areas in order to prevent unauthorized access to
aircraft.
Standard 4.2.6 Each Contracting State shall ensure that persons other than
passengers, together with items carried, being granted access to
security restricted areas are screened.
Recommended 4.2.8 Each Contracting State should ensure that identity documents
issued to aircraft crew members provide a harmonized and reliable
international basis for recognition and validation of
documentation to permit authorized access to airside and security
restricted areas by conforming to the relevant specifications set
forth in Doc 9303, Machine Readable Travel Documents.
National Legislation
NCASP
Chapter 6 Access Control Persons
6.4.1 No person shall enter or be in the terminal building of any licensed
aerodrome or part of such building or any other area, including the
movement area but excluding runway, unless he is a benefice passenger or
a crew member embarking, dis-embarking or in transit or holds a valid
aerodrome entry permit issued by the Commissioner, provided that (a) the
6.4.2 All staff, including crew, together with items carried by them shall be
screened before being allowed access into security restricted areas. The
screening procedure shall ensure that no prohibited article is carried and
the methodology shall be the same as for screening of passengers and
hand baggage.
Defence in Depth
Layers of security measures build upon each other to protect civil aviation operations. Therefore if one
layer fails or is deficient, another will hopefully prevent the act of unlawful interference.
The first line of defence is the integrity of the airport perimeter and landside / airside boundaries, while
other protective measures for Security Restricted Areas provide another layer.
To control the movement of people and vehicles from landside (non-security restricted areas) into airside
(controlled and security restricted areas)
Must be manned at all times they are open or in use, or otherwise locked or closed.
All persons working at the airport must use the SRA access points when entering SRA, (includes aircraft
crew and airline employees).
Physical
o Controlled by security guard using equipment such as a turnstile for people and a drop-arm
barrier for vehicles
Airport Employees
Airline & Tenant Employees
Employees of other Airport Organizations( Police/customs/immigration)
National Government Representatives
Diplomatic Representatives
Emergency Services
Visitors
Passengers
TYPICAL STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE (SOP) FOR A SPECIFIC ACCESS CONTROL POINT, EITHER
WITHIN A BUILDING OR EXTERNAL, WILL INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS:-
The security personnel on duty at an access control point must ensure that only authorized persons
and embarking passengers, properly documented, are allowed access into an airport restricted and
controlled area.
Security personnel shall check that all persons entering a controlled area are in possession and
displaying a valid airport identification permit.
Security staff will also check that embarking passengers are in possession of valid travel documents
including an airline boarding card which indicates the airline flight and passenger details.
In the event that any person gains or attempts to gain unauthorized access to an airport restricted
area, security personnel will endeavor to prevent such entry and will immediately notify the security
supervisor.
Details of all incidents will be recorded in the access control point log.
Note: This typical SOP is to be replaced by the local Standard Operating Procedures.
LOG ENTRY:
NAME OF VISITOR:
COMMENTS: ___________________________________________________________________
12 Dec 2008 15:30 Took over checkpoint 6 from D Shift. I Guard. All Mr. ABC
equipment listed in SOP accounted for and serviceable.
Comms check to security control. OK
12 Dec 2008 15:30 Took over checkpoint 6 from D Shift. I Guard Mr. ABC
12 Dec 2008 15:30 All equipment listed in SOP accounted for and serviceable.
Comms check to security control. OK
12 Dec 2008 16: 30 Visit to check point by B shift supervisor. All in order I Supervisor
12 Dec 2008 16: 30 Comms check to security control. OK
12 Dec 2008 17:43 A green Toyota car reg. AA - A- 1234 approached Mr. ABC
checkpoint.
Driver requested directions to main cargo terminal. Driving
License MH – 02 – 12 -34567 Name G Driver.
Directions given as requested.
12 Dec 2008 18: 10 Handed over checkpoint to N I Guard Mr. ABC
12 Dec 2008 18: 10 Took over check point 6 from AN Other. All equipment N I Guard
listed in SOP accounted for and serviceable.
12 Dec 2008 18:30 Comms check to security control. OK N I Guard
Module Objectives
Teaching Methods
Slide Presentations
Lectures by certified instructors
Group discussions
Demonstrations
Role- playing and practical exercises
Overnight reading Assignments
Progress Tests
Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )
General Principles
Access to airside or Security Restricted Areas must be allowed only to those vehicles with a clear
operational requirement.
The admission of vehicles to airside areas should be restricted for reasons of security and safety
and to avoid congestion on aircraft movement areas
International Legislation
Annex 17
Standard 4.2.3 Each Contracting State shall ensure that identification systems
are established in respect of persons and vehicles in order to
prevent unauthorized access to airside areas and security
restricted areas
Standard 4.2.5 Each Contracting State shall ensure that the movement of
persons and vehicles to and from the aircraft is supervised in
security restricted areas in order to prevent unauthorized access
to aircraft.
Standard 4.2.7 Each Contracting State shall ensure that vehicles being granted
access to security restricted areas, together with items contained
within them, are subject to screening or other appropriate
security.
Chapter 6.5.3 Each authorizing agencies shall ensure that the drivers of vehicles
issued with restricted area vehicle permit are qualified to drive the
appropriate class of vehicle and have been given instructions in all
safety requirements for the operation of a vehicle in the airside.
Chapter 6.5.4 The aerodrome operator may issue aerodrome entry permit for
vehicles required to operate in the airside on operational,
emergency and maintenance purpose. The permit shall be specific
to the vehicle and affixed on it conspicuously. The vehicle permit
shall contain at a minimum:
Registration No. of vehicle.
Duration of permit.
Owner of vehicle.
Issuing authority.
Chapter 6.5.6 Ambulance and other emergency service vehicles requiring access
to airside may be permitted only after a temporary permit is
issued by the Aerodrome Operator.
Chapter 6.5.8 All vehicles, occupants and supplies thereon to be conveyed to the
airside or other security restricted areas shall be admitted only
after having been inspected by the security staff to prevent
Challenges
Authorized Vehicles
The security personnel taking over duty at an access control point should always make sure of the
operational status of the access point by checking that all equipment at the control post is in working
order.
All motorized vehicles and equipment used on the airside in the vicinity of aircraft should be “safety
inspected” prior to the issue of an airside access permit. Permits for vehicles should contain the following
information:-
Search of a vehicle will require a trained vehicle searcher and specialist equipment, but effective checks
can be made by well briefed staff who may not have received formal training on detailed searching. Before
commencing a search of a vehicle, the searcher must have the authority to search and search for the
restricted article. The following search equipment should be available to conduct the search effectively:-
Some vehicles such as those carrying bonded goods, high value cargo or in-flight catering will often
be sealed.
The driver however is often in possession of a document that shows the number of the seal that
was affixed when the load area was sealed.
By ensuring that the serial number of the seal corresponds with that shown in the document and
shows no sign of being tampered with, access may be granted without further search or check.
Crash Rated Electro-hydraulic Bollard System Crash Rated Electro-Hydraulic Tyre Killer
The procedures for dealing with irregularities, or security incidents at an access control point. In case of
discovery of suspect explosive device
GUIDELINES FOR THE CONTENTS OF A LOCAL STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE (SOP) FOR DEALING
WITH A PROHIBITED OR “SUSPECT” ITEM DISCOVERED DURING SEARCH OF A VEHICLE.
Remain calm and polite.
Do not alarm vehicle driver.
Do not allow the vehicle to enter the airport.
Do not try to restrain the driver or use physical force.
Immediately notify supervisor.
NOTE: These guidelines are to be replaced with the local airport Standard Operating Procedures
Module Objective:
Teaching Methods
Slide Presentations
Lectures by certified instructors
Group discussions
Demonstrations
Role- playing and practical exercises
Overnight reading Assignments
Progress Tests
Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )
Legal framework
International legislation
Convention 1991 Montreal Convention on Marking of Plastic Explosives 1991
Annex 17
Standard 4.1.1 Each contracting State shall establish measures to prevent
weapons, explosives or any other dangerous devices, articles or
substances, which may be used to commit an act of unlawful
interference, the carriage or bearing of which is not authorised,
from being introduced, by any means whatsoever, on board an
aircraft engaged in civil aviation.
National Legislation
Prohibited Articles
“Articles which are, in the context of aviation security, are defined as those articles, devices or substances
which may be used to endanger the safety of the aircraft and its occupants, or installations and the public”.
Prohibited articles are not allowed to be carried in the cabin of an aircraft, or taken into the Security
Prohibited Area of an airport, except by authorized persons who require them to undertake essential tasks.
Such essential tasks may concern the operation of airport, aircraft operation, engineering, airline/airport
catering facilities and restaurants. Authorized persons may include aircraft crew members who require the
prohibited item for the performance of normal in-flight duties or as part of mandatory emergency/survival
or medical equipment.
Some Prohibited articles though prohibited from carriage in the cabin of an aircraft may be transported by
passengers in their hold baggage so long as the articles will not endanger the aircraft, are properly packed,
and are authorized for carriage by the airline operator concerned.
Persons tasked primarily with the detection of prohibited articles should also be aware that there are
certain articles or substances which are classified as “dangerous goods” by the ICAO Technical Instructions
for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air. (Doc 9284).
Some or these articles and substances classified as prohibited articles will also fall under the classification
of dangerous goods. With the exception of a small number of permitted items, dangerous goods must not
be carried by passengers on their person or in their carry-on baggage or hold baggage.
States may in reaction to intelligence about a particular threat also decide that other articles not normally
classified as Prohibited articles or described below should also be excluded from carriage by passengers or
any other person in the cabin of an aircraft or in hold baggage, or carried into the Security Prohibited Area
of an airport.
In some States, many prohibited articles may be carried by the public legally, but could be used to commit
an act of unlawful interference or would endanger the safety of the aircraft when carried in the aircraft
passenger cabin, should be processed in one of the following ways:
Placed in the passengers hold baggage, unless the item would endanger the safety of the aircraft.
Confiscated and subsequently properly disposed of or destroyed.
Confiscated and kept in storage by the airport authorities or relevant aircraft operator for later return
to the passenger.
Removed and once properly prepared and packaged, transported in the hold of the aircraft for later
return to the passenger at his ticketed destination.
1 Weapons
2 Dangerous Articles
3 Dangerous substances
4 Explosives
Handguns, flare guns, blow guns and dart guns, electric dart guns, rifles, shotguns, pellet guns, spear guns,
knives with blades over 10 cms long, mace, tear gas, liquids/ powders in canisters or disguised as pens,
martial arts weapons, blades or spiked finger rings and wrist bands, sword canes and umbrella swords.
Any article that can be used to threaten the safety of the aircraft.
Any article that can be used to threaten the safety of the aircraft Starter pistols, toy guns when carried by
an adult and if they are realistic when Carried by children, sharp pointed scissors and letter openers,
chisels ,ice picks, large Screwdrivers and knitting needles, pocket knives with blades over 4cm but less than
10cms.
A risk assessment made by individual member states may indicate that certain aircraft operations are at
higher risk of an act of unlawful interference being committed against them. In these circumstances
individual member states may wish to include one or more of the following items in the states’ list of
Prohibited articles which may not be carried on the person and within cabin or hold baggage as
appropriate.
Knitting needles
Knives with blades less than 6 cm
Metal cutlery
Scissors with blades less than 6 cm
Liquid Aerosol and Gels (LAG)- each item not exceeding 100ml, total 1litre allowed
Material that causes a sudden, almost instantaneous, release of gas, heat, and pressure, accompanied by
loud noise when subjected to a certain amount of shock, pressure, or temperature.
The vast majority of explosives manufactured are lawfully used. The armed forces use propellants to
propel bullets, shells and rockets and explosives to destroy a target. Pyrotechnic materials are used in
signaling, in safety devices such as car air bags, and for entertainment in the form of fireworks and
theatrical pyrotechnics
Low explosives
For many years, black powder was the most common low explosive used throughout world. But black
powder or gun powder as it was commonly called, produced a large amount of smoke and was
dangerous to use.
Pyrotechnic materials and propellants are often known as low explosives. The main distinction between
these materials and high explosives is in the way that they produce their effect.
Pyrotechnics and propellants, when initiated by heat, rapidly change from a small volume solid or liquid to
a large volume of hot gases. Pyrotechnic materials and propellants are easily bought in the form of
matches, fireworks or firearms propellants or can be improvised. They are therefore commonly misused by
High explosives
As far as explosives detection is concerned, most modern high explosives fall into several groups:
Nitro-glycerinebased. Nitro-glycerine based explosives consist of mixtures of the liquid explosives
nitro-glycerine (NG) and ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) with solid materials such as wood pulp which
reduce the sensitivity of the explosives to shock. Because they have a long history of industrial use they
are often called “commercial explosives”. Trade or generic names for Nitroglycerine explosives include
“Dynamite”, “Gelignite”, “Blasting Gelatine”, “Special Gel” and “Frangex”, and usually come as paper-
wrapped sticks.
TNTbased. TNT (trinitrotoluene) is a hard, yellowish white solid that can easily be melted and cast. For
this reason it has long been used to fill bombs and shells. It may be mixed with other explosives which
are not castable but more powerful. TNT is sometimes found as blocks and is often supplied in the
form of flakes. Terrorists have sometimes disguised TNT by casting it into ornaments and decoratively
painting them.
Plasticexplosives. Plastic explosives are usually mixtures of the powerful explosives RDX (cyclonite or
hexogen) or PETN (pentaerithritol tetra nitrate) with oil or grease, making a puttylike material. Plastic
explosives are easily moulded into any shape and have many military and industrial uses. They are
commonly used by terrorists. It is well known that a few hundred grammes of plastic explosives can
destroy an airliner. “C4”, “PE4” and “Semtex H” are well known plastic explosives.
Fuel/oxidantmixtures. Fuel/oxidant mixtures comprise something that burns, such as oil, and an
oxygen-containing chemical which liberates oxygen quickly on heating, such as ammonium nitrate.
Many fuels (sugar, charcoal, sulphur and powdered aluminium to name but a few) and many oxidants
(most inorganic nitrates, chlorates, perchlorates and permanganates) will work. Mixtures of almost any
fuel with any oxidant will produce either a pyrotechnic or high explosive effect.
Most modern commercial explosives are fuel/oxidant mixtures. ANFO (ammonium nitrate and fuel oil) and
“Powergel” are examples. Some contain water and are known as “slurries”, “gels” and “emulsions”. They
It burns It explodes
Civil Explosives
An IED is the explosive device designed, fabricated, placed and activated with an intention of causing
injury/death or to create panic and chaos amongst public or to cause intensive damage to property. IED’s
could be of any size and shape.
IED could be manufactured in any innocuous objects such as Brief case, Suitcase, Tiffin carrier, Sweet
packet, Gift item, Radio, Laptop computer, TV, VCR, Telephone, Cycle, Scooter, Car, Vehicle etc. It may be
operated electrically or mechanically and designed to explode while handling or by use of any delay
mechanism or remote control etc. Its components are:
• Explosive material (main charge)
• Detonator
• Power source
• Switch Mechanism
To attack the aviation industry the terrorist will prefer using high explosive as it is safe to carry, small
quantity is sufficient to cause a huge damage, it is also easy to conceal.
Detonator
Non Electric detonators are open at one end. A fuse is inserted into the open end and the spark from
the fuse impinges on the initiating explosive and fires the detonator. The plain detonator is sometimes
used with percussion caps and other devices which can produce a flame. This is half filled and half empty
for inserting safety fuse.
Electric detonators have wires emerging at one end. They are fired by passing an electric current
through the wires. In legitimate use this current is provided by a hand-held device called an exploder.
In terrorist and criminal use, a battery together with an improvised electrical delay circuit (timer and
power unit or TPU) is commonly used to fire the detonator.
Power Sources
Power sources of bomb could be from normal batteries such as 1.5V, pencil and
torch cells, 6V, 9V etc. There are flat batteries, which can be used for letter
bombs. Latest batteries manufactured in pure plastic containers, which are
difficult to view in x-ray machine.
DELAYED
Delayed Bombs delay was achieved by normal clockwork mechanism like watch or timepiece. Delay can
also be used by chemicals cleverly concealed in ordinary objects and these chemicals when come in
contact with Improvised explosives causes fire or explosion. Chemicals such as sulphuric acid, cupric
chloride, nitric acid slowly eats away the metal, the breaking of metallic wire will trigger the firing
mechanism.
Remote Control
Normal remote control bombs are activated by transmission of electromagnetic waves.
EFFECTS OF EXPLOSION
a) Blast Effect
High pressure -Up to 40, 00,000 PSI.
Velocity of Detonation of TNT -25,000 KMPH.
b) Fragmentation
Speed of fragments may be up to 6000 KMPH.
c) Thermal
High Temperature of 3000 – 4000 0 C.
d) Translation
Bodies are lifted above ground level and thrown away.
e) Concussion
In the air a vacuum or suction effect is created behind the moving blast wave.
g) Secondary effects
Fire, damage to building, vehicles etc
It is estimated that 50 PSI of pressure cause eardrum to rupture and 250 PSI of pressure applied on lungs
of a human being, can cause his death. The high pressure of 40 lakh pounds per square inch (PSI) and high
velocity of atmosphere moving at thousands of KMPH will cause death to anyone situated in the blast
zone. This is why we find many people are killed beyond recognition at the point of detonation.
IED IID
Four components (Explosives , detonator , power Three components (Low Explosives , Initiator and
source and switch) Incendiary material)
BOMB IED
Used by Army & Security forces (SFS) for safety & Used by ANES to kill innocent public & create
security of the country terror in public
Methods of Concealment
It can be Disguised, Dismantle & Camouflaged Disguised Dismantle (Self Loading Pistol Dismantled)
DO’s
Notify Supervisor
Evacuate men immediately to a safe distance.
Open all windows and doors
Place sand bags around the suspected object
Inform bomb disposal squad.
Inform fire brigade, hospital and ambulance.
Handle the package alone if you are duty bound to handle.
DONT’s
Do not touch
Do not pass any Metallic Objects
Do not throw Water
Do not open
Do not unwrap
Do not shake or handle
Do not turn or unscrew
Do not cut strings
Do not lift or remove covers
The explosive detection system generally involves detection of explosives from head space by vapour,
trace particulate or bulk detection system which employs technology for detection and identification of
explosives.
Most explosives consist of organic compounds of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen
The explosive detector is designed to detect these organic compounds. When contraband has narcotics or
explosives are handled by a person it leaves microscopic particles behind the hand and clothes. The same
person if touches the handle of bag, zip or lock may harbour microscopic quantities of substances. These
microscopic substances can be detected with help of explosive vapour / trace detectors.
The explosive vapor detectors are designed to capture vapor emitted from the explosive. Success of these
explosive vapor detectors depend upon sensitivity, selectivity, vapor concentrations and residence time in
which the bomb is concealed and placed in the environment.
Working principle:
The gaseous samples enter an ionisation chamber where particles are ionised.
The explosive vapour traces collected are fed into the chamber, ionized and converted into electrically
charged molecules.
These molecules move at different speed, depending upon the molecular structure and size which help
in the identification of explosives.
Equipment collects vapor or particulate matter from surface contamination to detect a wide range of
explosives including plastic explosives. Samples are collected via hand vacuum for vapor or directly from
the surface by wiping it with trap material. Once the sample is collected either in the form of vapor or trace
from surface, then it is processed by placing it in an intensifier for analysis. The result is obtained instantly.
In this method, the particles/ traces of explosives are taken from surfaces. Collection of sample from
surface of bag is very important for better detection. A specialized paper disk known as sample trap is used
to wipe the contaminated surface and inserted into the desk top analyzer for analysis. The analyzer then
identifies the sample. Indication is given both audible and visual alarm. The analysis can be stored and
printed for any evidence.
ION track instrument has now developed another portable hand held detector working on the same
principle as vapour tracer i.e. ION Trap Mass Spectrometry. The equipment is developed with support of
US department of defense on behalf of TSA, customs service and cost guard. It is easy to use 5 button
keypad and LCD display. The instrument requires little operator training. The instrument is capable of
detecting microscopic quantities of explosives both in vapour and particulate mode.
Advantages:
Portable
Auto-calibrated.
Ready to operate in less than 10 seconds.
Constant adjustment of operating conditions in line with the changes in the atmosphere.
Disadvantages:
As a machine it may malfunction.
It may give false alarm.
Expensive
Only trained staff can operate.
Airtight materials will defeat sampling technique, vapour will not be available.
Module Objective
Describe building and search area procedure
List the three basic types of “sterile” passenger holding areas
Conduct a physical search of a holding area for prohibited items
Understand response action to deal with “suspect” items located in a holding area in accordance with
Standard Operating Procedures
Maintain the sterility of a holding area
Teaching Methods
Slide Presentations
Lectures by certified instructors
Group discussions
Demonstrations
Role- playing and practical exercises
Overnight reading Assignments
Progress Tests
Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )
International Legislations
National Legislation
For searches to be effective they should be conducted systematically by staff familiar with the area
concerned. The main reason for this being that outside personnel will be unlikely to know the layout of the
aircraft or terminal building and the various places in which a device could be concealed and therefore will
not so easily be able to spot anything which is out of place or unfamiliar. Search plans should be prepared
in advance and staff trained to use them. A search Coordinator must be nominated to provide control of
the search process and if necessary take the decision to evacuate.
Searches should be briefed on action to be initiated if suspicious object is found. When a suspect device is
discovered the possibility of secondary devices should not be discounted.
The use of hand-held communications is useful for coordination of the search and is often the only way of
ensuring appropriate and speedy lifesaving procedures for search and evacuation. However, once a
suspect device has been located those using hand-held communications should immediately move away
and ensure that they and anyone else in the area move outside the cordon as quickly as possible. Radios
should not be used to transmit within 25 metres of a suspect device.
Before starting the search, strict control of access must be implemented in the area being searched, this is
necessary to ensure devices are not introduced into the area once it has been cleared.
Effective and systematic searching takes time, if the warning received indicated a possible detonation time
for the device which will prevent a thorough search being conducted then the best and safest option is
evacuation of all personnel to a safe area and waiting for the arrival of specialist explosive disposal
personnel.
Decentralized
Screening Points at Boarding Gates
TERMINAL
1 2 3
Concourse Pier 4
7 6 5 Screening
Points
Boarding Gates
Screening of passengers is carried out immediately before boarding at the boarding gate, jet-way or
terminal door leading directly to an aircraft or adjacent apron area. Passengers screening takes place when
the passenger boarding process begins.
Semi-centralized
Screening Points at Holding Areas
Screening
Points
1 2 3 Mobile
Lounge
Concourse Pier
4
7 6 5
Boarding Gates
Screening of passengers is carried out at the entrance to an area designed to hold all passengers for a
particular flight. This holding area is secured (i.e. made “sterile”) by means of walls or suitable barriers,
together with controlled access points. The holding area may also be a vehicle designed to carry
passengers to a distant aircraft. Screening takes place as passengers arrive at the holding area and
passengers remain within the holding area until the boarding actually begins.
Centralized
Screening Point at Concourse
TERMINAL
1 2 3
Pier 4
7 6 5
Screening
Point Boarding Gates
Screening of passengers is carried out at the entrance to a concourse, finger or satellite containing several
gates, with no specific relationship to a particular flight. Screening can therefore take place a considerable
time before a particular flight is due to depart Passenger remain in the concourse area until a short time
before their flight commences.
Initiation of a Search
It is difficult to give guidance to search teams about the appearance of suspect explosive devices as they
can be disguised in many ways.
Briefing of Searchers
Search Plans
It is vital to have search plans prepared in advance, and staff trained in them. The objective is to make
sure that the whole terminal building is checked as quickly and effectively as possible.
Search plans must be readily available at all times, architect’s drawings, checked for accuracy and
appropriately adapted, are suitable for this purpose. Sufficient spare copies should be available for use
during search operations. Searchers and the Coordinator can then eliminate sections from the plan as they
are declared clear.
There are three types of search procedure/technique. Before searching an area, searcher first should
divide the area into three level.
The first step in preparing a search plan is to divide the terminal building into Sectors. The building may
already be segregated into various zones and therefore it may be convenient make these the sectors. Each
sector must be of manageable size for the number of searchers nominated to it. Remember that effective
and systematic searching takes time.
The sector may be one large room - such as a check-in area, concourse, baggage reclaim area , or perhaps
a number of small airline operations offices in an office suite. It is most important that cloakrooms, stairs,
corridors and lifts are included in the search plans and also car parks and other areas outside the building.
Search Teams
Search teams should be formed from staff nominated to search those areas with which they are most
familiar. Numbers required will depend upon the size of the search task. Reserves should be appointed in
case of absence. Staff should be trained and rehearsed.
Search Priorities
Those areas which are to be used as evacuation assembly areas, together with those areas where the
greatest number of the public or staff are likely to be vulnerable, should be searched first. Consider also,
as a priority, those public areas to which the perpetrator may have had easy access such as restrooms,
elevators, stairways and hallways. Those areas to which access is normally controlled may be searched last.
Do not overlook car parks, the outside area of the terminal building and the perimeter.
The conduct of searches will depend on local circumstances and local knowledge. The overriding principle
is that they should be conducted in a systematic and thorough manner so that no part is left unchecked.
The searchers need to practice, to get a feel for the logical progression through their area (whether it be in
a terminal building, baggage reclaim area or administrative or operations office suite) and the length of
time it will take.
With this in mind the method outlined in this typical example is of a Room Search in a sector, it should be
adapted to reflect the peculiarities of the actual area being searched.
If anything unusual is seen, the searcher or team should alert the Coordinator who will decide whether to
evacuate the building.
If nothing unusual is seen, the search should begin.
The search should be conducted methodically, moving in one direction around the area to be searched. It
should be carried out in three sweeps.
The first sweep is to work around the edges of the room, taking in the walls from top to bottom and
the floor area immediately beneath the wall. Look inside fireplaces, behind curtains and window
blinds, behind and beside furniture around the edges of the room. The sweep should finish at the
doorway where it began.
The second sweep should take in the furniture and the floor. Furniture should not be removed but
drawers should be opened and searched and gaps in and under furniture should be explored. If the
floor covering shows signs of recent disturbance, it should be lifted.
The third sweep should cover the ceiling, if it is of a kind in which objects might be concealed. Start at
one corner and systematically search the whole surface.
After the search has been completed, and if nothing has been found, the Coordinator should be informed
immediately so that the sector can be marked ‘CLEAR’ on the search plans.
Searching should continue until the whole area has been cleared. Do not forget that secondary devices are
not unknown.
If the item located is an explosive device or object that appears to be an explosive device:
Do not touch the object;
Mark the location; and
Notify the search coordinator (supervisor).
Record the following details in screening point log, when an item is found
Location of holding area
Time and date searched and by whom
Result of Search
Details of item(s) detected
Action taken on finding the item(s)/object(s)
Name of person notified of find
Time and date of notification
Action taken for safeguarding/disposal of item(s)/object(s)
Teaching Methods
Slide Presentations
Lectures by certified instructors
Group discussions
Demonstrations
Role- playing and practical exercises
Overnight reading Assignments
Progress Tests
Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )
International Legislation
Annex 17
Standard 4.8 Each contracting State shall ensure that security measures in
landside areas are established to mitigate possible threats of act
of unlawful interference in accordance with a risk
assessment carried out by the relevant authorities
Standard 4.2.3 Each contracting state shall ensure that identification systems are
established in respect of persons and vehicles in order to prevent
unauthorised access to airside areas and security prohibited areas.
Identity shall be verified at designated checkpoints before access
is allowed access to airside areas and security prohibited areas.
National Legislation
• DETER
Observable security infrastructure such as fences, lights, sensors and CCTV and the obvious presence
of well trained and technically skilled security personnel, contributes to this profile.
• DELAY
Security fences, anti-climbing devices, installation security, and securing of the aircraft doors can
contribute to delay, sufficient to increase the likelihood of apprehension by security personnel, other
airport personnel
• DETECT
Preventing acts of unlawful interference by detecting. Detecting attempts by unauthorized persons to
gain access to aircraft, security restricted areas or controlled areas; detecting prohibited articles on
persons and baggage. Deployment of security personnel at static security posts or mobile security
patrols, may contribute to the detection process.
• RESPOND
Effective response to a security incident requires the availability of security personnel at short notice
to attend the scene of the occurrence within the time bought by the delay and detection systems in
place.
To deter an unlawful act against civil aviation requires the presentation of a security profile, sufficient to
persuade a would-be perpetrator that the airport, airline or air cargo is a "hard target" and that there is a
high risk of failure and/or apprehension.
Defence in Depth
Defence in Depth (also referred to sometimes as layers of security) and that layers of security measures
build upon each other to protect aviation and operations. Therefore if one layer fails or is deficient, next is
designed to prevent the act of unlawful interference being successful.
PHYSICAL BARRIERS
SECURITY GUARDING
Dress
Security Guards assigned to patrol duties are to be dressed smartly in a clean uniform; a high standard of
personal appearance is required at all times. They are to ensure that their actions comply with the Security
Unit code of conduct and always present the [state name of airport] in a positive way.
Patrol Area
[Describe area to be patrolled e.g SRA Apron Area & Controlled Area]
Duration of duties
These duties are to be carried out during the hours of [state time frame – example 06:00 to 20:00hrs]
unless instructed otherwise by the Security Team Leader.
Duties to be performed
When on duty personnel are to:
Carry out a mobile / foot patrol of the area shown in the attached map.
Before starting patrol duties and using a vehicle carry out a search of the vehicle and immediate area
for Prohibited items.
Ensure the vehicle is serviceable and note any unserviceable equipment in the log book. If the vehicle
is considered dangerous to drive then it is not to be used and the situation reported to the team
leader.
Ensure that the vehicle has a serviceable orange anti-collision light which is to be switched on when
the vehicle is moving within the SRA or controlled area.
Wear a high visibility jacket or vest at all times when operating the vehicle or moving around the SRA
or Controlled area on foot.
When on patrol carry out the following specific duties: examples
The vehicle and all security equipment is to be operated properly as instructed during training. Any
break down or unserviceable equipment that occurs during the shift is to be reported in writing to the
security manager through the team leader.
Any unserviceable equipment or tasks not completed are to be briefed to the relief shift on take over.
If an unauthorized person attempts to gain access to the SRA or Controlled Area inform the duty team
leader and police by the quickest possible means then detain the person if possible.
Communication
Communication from this post is to be made using the radio using the call-sign. [ state radio call-sign for
post ].
A communications check is to be carried out every 60 minutes with [ the central security control centre] to
ensure the communications equipment is serviceable.
All security incidents and other occurrences, which may become the subject of a complaint or comment
about [state name of airport], are to be made both verbally and in writing according to the standard
security department report format and procedures.
The chain of command for reporting procedures is [state chain of command – example Security Team
Leader - Deputy Security Manager – Security Manager.]
Dress
Security Guards assigned to patrol duties are to be dressed smartly in a clean uniform; a high standard of
personal appearance is required at all times. They are to ensure that their actions comply with the Security
Unit code of conduct and always present the [state name of airport] in a positive way.
Patrol Area
[Describe area to be patrolled e.g SRA Apron Area & Controlled Area]
Duration of duties
These duties are to be carried out during the hours of [state time frame – example 06:00 to 20:00hrs]
unless instructed otherwise by the Security Team Leader.
Duties to be performed
Carry out a mobile / foot patrol of the area shown in the attached map.
Before starting patrol duties and using a vehicle carry out a search of the vehicle and immediate
area for Prohibited items.
Ensure the vehicle is serviceable and note any unserviceable equipment in the log book. If the
vehicle is considered dangerous to drive then it is not to be used and the situation reported to the
team leader.
Ensure that the vehicle has a serviceable orange anti-collision light which is to be switched on
when the vehicle is moving within the SRA or controlled area.
Wear a high visibility jacket or vest at all times when operating the vehicle or moving around the
SRA or Controlled area on foot.
The vehicle and all security equipment is to be operated properly as instructed during training. Any
break down or unserviceable equipment that occurs during the shift is to be reported in writing to
the security manager through the team leader.
If an unauthorized person attempts to gain access to the SRA or Controlled Area inform the duty team
leader and police by the quickest possible means then detain the person if possible.
Rest and toilet breaks are to be taken as notified by the Team Leader.
Communication
Communication from this post is to be made using the radio using the call-sign. [state radio call-sign for
post ].
A communications check is to be carried out every 60 minutes with [the central security control centre]
to ensure the communications equipment is serviceable.
Note: Communications check every 30 minutes during times of darkness.
All security incidents and other occurrences, which may become the subject of a complaint or comment
About [state name of airport], are to be made both verbally and in writing according to the standard
security department report format and procedures.
The chain of command for reporting procedures is [state chain of command – example Security Team
Leader - Deputy Security Manager – Security Manager.]
The attached safety rules are to followed by all security unit personnel whilst operating within the SRA
and Controlled areas of [state name of airport],
When moving about the airside areas of the airport either on foot or in a vehicle all personnel:
• MUST know the boundaries between airside, landside, SRA and Controlled areas.
• MUST know the location and correct name of all airport buildings, services and aircraft operating
areas.
• MUST maintain radio contact with the airport ground operations control (or ATC) when moving in
the vicinity of taxiways and runways.
• MUST observe airport speed limits and comply with movement rules.
• MUST follow prescribed vehicle routes on the apron and other aircraft maneuvering surfaces.
• MUST NOT stand, walk, move, park or drive close to an aircraft when the red revolving light on
top and below the aircraft is lit (shows that engines are running, or that start-up, push-back or
towing is about to take place).
• MUST NOT assume that it is safe to cross a taxiway or runway because it appears to be clear.
MUST NOT cross a runway unless you have received clearance from ground control or ATC tower
even when responding to a security incident [does not apply if the runway is closed].
Module Objectives:
Teaching Methods
Slide Presentations
Lectures by certified instructors
Group discussions
Demonstrations
Role- playing and practical exercises
Overnight reading Assignments
Progress Tests
Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )
International Legislation
Annex 17
Standard 4.3.1 Each Contracting State shall ensure that aircraft security checks of
originating aircraft engaged in commercial air transport
movements are performed or an aircraft security search is carried
out. The determination of whether it is an aircraft security check
or a search that is appropriate shall be based upon a security risk
assessment carried out by the relevant national authorities.
Standard 4.3.2 Each Contracting State shall ensure that measures are taken to
ensure that any items left behind by passengers disembarking
from transit flights are removed from the aircraft or otherwise
dealt with appropriately before departure of an aircraft engaged in
commercial flights.
Standard 4.3.3 Each Contracting State shall require its commercial air transport
operators to take measures as appropriate to ensure that during
flight unauthorized persons are prevented from entering the flight
crew compartment.
National Legislation
Aviation (Security) Rules 2011
Rule 27 Security Search of an Aircraft
NCASP
PROTECTION OF AIRCRAFT
Guarding Duties
Establish the integrity of the aircraft upon taking up duty
Search for suspect explosive devices in immediate area.
Challenge all persons approaching aircraft
Check authorization of persons claiming a need to access the aircraft
Make visual inspection of the exterior
Aircraft Intrusion
A Security Search of aircraft must be conducted
Carried out by airline personnel or security staff who are properly trained for aircraft type
In accordance with airline’s specific procedures
When to search?
There are 4 instances when searches are usually conducted:
Pre-flight;
Transit Flight;
Aircraft operators shall conduct pre-flight security checks only after all maintenance and cleaning staff
have vacated the aircraft and prior to passengers embarking;
Flight and cabin crew, besides engineering and security staff, may conduct these checks provided they
are adequately trained.
A security checklist shall be use by airlines staff during such pre flight security checks.
Aircraft operators shall ensure that an aircraft is protected from unauthorized interference from the
time the aircraft search or check has commenced until the aircraft departs.
Passengers remaining on board must identify their belongings before the search commences.
If no passengers disembark, remain in a sterile area and access is limited to persons authorized and
supervised by the airline or its handling agent, no search may be required
Post-flight searches are usually conducted of the areas to which passengers may have had access to
ensure that nothing is left on board that may cause a hazard to the aircraft.
When an aircraft that has disembarked passengers and has had a post-flight search it may not need to
be searched again before departure provided that access has been controlled throughout the time it is
on the ground. (local procedures will apply)
Flight crew and designated airline engineer staff are usually responsible for searching all those areas that
have a direct bearing on the safe operation of the aircraft including:
Cabin Crew and/or trained Security staff are usually responsible for searching the interior of the aircraft
including:
Passenger cabins;
Seats;
Baggage storage lockers
Lavatories / WC;
Galleys; and
Other areas such as the baggage hold A Checklist should be employed and samples will be provided
later in module.
Action by supervisor:
Inform airline manager
Inform crew if already on board
Inform airport manager(Airport Operator)
Inform BDDS
Module Objective
Teaching Methods
Slide Presentations
Lectures by certified instructors
Group discussions
Demonstrations
Role- playing and practical exercises
Overnight reading Assignments
Progress Tests
Mastery Test (Written and Practical )
International Legislations
Annex 17
Standard 4.7.1 Each Contracting State shall develop requirements for air carriers
for the carriage of potentially disruptive passengers who are
obliged to travel because they have been the subject of judicial or
administrative proceedings.
Standard 4.7.3 Each Contracting State shall ensure that the aircraft operator and
the pilot-in-command are informed when passengers are obliged
to travel because they have been the subject of judicial or
administrative proceedings, in order that appropriate security
controls can be applied.
National Legislation
NCASP
Chapter 7.6 Carriage of prisoners / person under judicial custody /
Administrative control.
Authorised visitors
Deportees and inadmissible passenger
Medical patients and accompanying personnel
Persons in custody
VIPs.
The primary responsibility for the movement of people is that of the agency as mentioned below.
Unruly passengers – Persons who commit on board a civil aircraft, from the moment when the aircraft
door is closed prior to take-off to the moment when it is reopened after landing ,an act of :
Assault, intimidation, menace or wilful recklessness which endangers good order or the safety of
property or persons;
Assault, intimidation, menace or interference with a crew member in the performance of duties or
which lessens the ability to perform duties;
Wilful recklessness or damage to an aircraft, its equipment ,or attendant structures and equipment
such as to endanger good order and safely of the aircraft or its occupants;
Communication of information which is known to be false, there endangering the safely of an aircraft
in flight;
Disobedience of lawful commands or instructions for safe, orderly or efficient operations.
The passenger who creates or has the potential to create disturbance either on board the aircraft or on
ground and in the process could endanger the safety of the aircraft, fellow passengers, crew members,
airline staff or property thereby hampering the operations.
Although such incidents are small as compared to number passengers we carry, it must be recognized that
some of these disruptive and unruly passengers have the potential to jeopardize the safety and security of
our operations.
Besides other factors, the following are the main causes for a passenger becoming unruly,
Excessive drinking
Nicotine starvation due to smoking restriction
Resentment of authority.
Unreasonable high expectations
Flying phobia and
Travelling in crowded environment for extended time.
Unruly passengers are the concern of airline staff involved in one of the many activities of a flight
operation. It begins at check-in and ends at the arrival of a flight at the destination. It is therefore
necessary to have a coherent policy and procedures for all services involved, be it on ground and in the air.
Procedure on ground:
Staff should at all the times be observant during check-in/lounge/boarding of any unusual passenger
behaviour, if noticed the same should be promptly brought to the notice of the immediate supervisor.
If the station manager/Duty manager considers him unfit to fly and safety risk he/she should be denied
boarding.
Procedure in air:
Oral warning to be given to the passenger by senior crew member and also remove any alcohol.
A printed warning letter by the commander to be issued to the unruly passenger by the In-flight
Manager.
The following general guidance material refers to persons in lawful custody i.e. persons under arrest or
convicted criminals under escort.
Procedure:
No aircraft operator shall allow a prisoner and escorting officers as passengers unless prior permission
is obtained from the BCAS by the concerned policing authority that is responsible for transportation of
such prisoner with escorts by air.
The policing authority requiring transportation of a prisoner by air shall send their request in writing to
the Commissioner/Regional Dy Commissioner of Security(CA),BCAS at least 7(seven) days in advance.
The policing authority responsible for carriage of a prisoner by air shall indicate classification of such
prisoner as dangerous or otherwise in their application addressed to BCAS.
A prisoner should not be transported on board an aircraft unless escorted by one or more policing
authority officers.
Policing authority officers or other authorized persons should notify a responsible representative of
the operator well before the date it is proposed to transport a prisoner or as soon as practicable in an
emergency, the identity of the person being escorted, the flight on which transportation has been
arranged, and whether or not the escorted person is considered dangerous.
Escorting officers shall ensure that a prisoner does not carry contraband, weapons, matches or other
potentially dangerous items.
Escorts shall be equipped with adequate restraining devices to be used in the event they determine
that restraint is necessary .Under normal circumstances a prisoner should not be shackled to any part
of the aircraft, including seats, tables etc.
Escorts shall adequately identify themselves to security personnel, security check points, flight
attendants and pilot in command.
Any other security personnel and passengers authorized to carry firearms on board the aircraft should
be made aware of the transportation of a prisoner and escorts and their location.
A prisoner along with escorts should be boarded before all other passengers and disembarked after all
other passengers have left the aircraft.
They should be seated as far as to the rear of the passenger cabin as is possible but not in a lounge
area or next to /directly across from an exit.
They should only be seated in a row for two or more seats and at least one escort should sit between
the escorted person and any aisle.
They should be accompanied at all times and kept under surveillance including visits to the lavatory.
No intoxicating beverage shall be served to escorts or prisoner while on board the aircraft.
Prisoner may be served food at the discretion of escorts by should not be provided with metal utensils
or a knife.
Aircraft operator should not accept a prisoner and escort(s) as passengers unless concurrence has
been obtained in advance from the BCAS and other operators that may be involved en route and at the
intended final destination. In such cases sufficient advance notification must be given to operator so
that prior agreements can be obtained.
Dangerous Prisoners
At least two escorts should be required for each prisoner considered dangerous by the escorting agency or
in the judgment of a responsible representative of the operator. Not more than one such prisoner and
escorts should be carried on any one flight.
A person suffering from mental illness that is deemed to be a threat to the safety of a flight may be
accepted for transportation if accompanied by an attendant physically capable of coping with untoward
actions by that person during the flight and skilled in administering sedatives as required and authorized by
an appropriate doctor. If a mentally disturb person requires sedation prior to departure each portion of
the flight should last no longer than the effective duration of the sedative administered. The aircraft
operator, on the advice of representatives of the operators medical and security staffs, as appropriate,
should be permitted to deny boarding to such a person.
A person who had legally been admitted to a State by its authorities or who had entered a State illegally,
and who at some later time is formally ordered by the competent authorities to leave that State.
Each request for transportation should be evaluated and the operators consulted to determine if the
person is threat to the safety of the flight or if additional measures such as escorts are necessary.
The administrative and financial arrangements for removal of such persons are the responsibility of the
government ordering the deportation.
The primary responsibility of escorting a deportee is of immigration Law Enforcement Agency of the
deporting country
A person who is or will be refused admission to a State by its authorities. Such persons normally have to be
transported back to their State of departure, or to any other State where the persons are admissible, by
the aircraft operator on which they arrived.
Refusal Room:
Any passenger refused entry into India is handed over to the concerned air-carrier for removing him from
Indian soil at the earliest as per ICAO convention. Thereafter, it becomes the responsibility of the air-
carrier to hold the passenger with them till his eventual removal. However, till such time the airline could
arrange for removal, such passenger is detained in the Refusal/detention Room. (Eg:
deportee/inadmissible) Refusal room is guarded by the armed guards of the ASG/APSU persons at the
airport till the passenger is taken out for boarding the aircraft.
Inflight Security Officers also known as Sky Marshals are deployed for the purpose of securing the safety of
aircraft operation. In India the National Security Guards (NSG) are specially selected and trained, taking
into account the safety and security aspects on board an aircraft and they are deployed according to the
threat assessment of the Competent Authority.
Salient features
Travel as per flight schedule given by BCAS
AEP / AEC all airports
Medical certificate-company doctor of the airline
Briefing of crew prior to departure carried out by IFSO.
Weapon authorization Card (WAC) issued by BCAS
Travel documents (Tickets)
All documents verified by ASG Incharge and processed through by the concerned airline security.
Staff carrying out Secondary Security Checks are informed by the security incharge
Cockpit Crew informed on number of IFSOs and seats
PRIMARY responsibility for movement of consignment will be that of the airline or agency involved.
SECURITY is responsible to assist airline/police/other agency for the safe movement of the consignment.
Personal Property of passengers or crew for which the sole custody is taken by the aircraft operator &
claim tagged is issued.
Any baggage which has weapon in it will be escorted in restricted area. The following people are
authorised to carry weapon in their register baggage.
1. PSO’s of VIP
2. PSO’s of High Risk Dignitaries
3. Any person on bonafide duty
4. Passenger having valid license
When such persons are traveling with weapon, they will declare the weapon and ammunition prior to
screening of the passenger register baggage in prescribed format given by the aircraft carrier. Original copy
of the form will be retained by aircraft operator at boarding station, second copy will be kept in flight file
and third copy will be given to passenger. Duly authorized person of concerned airline will determine the
weapon is in unloaded condition, to transport that weapon in register baggage of passenger, before
But due to safety of VVIPs / SPG Protectee, Personnel Security Officers of VVIPs and SPG protectee are
allowed to carry unloaded weapon in passenger cabin of the aircraft when they are escorting the
concerned VVIP’s and SPG protectee.
Also the security of register baggage is primary responsibility of concerned aircraft operator. The SOP for
securing any register baggage from any unauthorized access will include the following points.
List the different types of emergency/ emergencies involving aircraft / airport and response
Describe typical response to a bomb threat involving an aircraft / airport/Facility
Describe the procedure for searching an area in respect to a bomb threat
Specify the action to be taken when a suspect item is located.
Contingency plan to deal with unlawful interference
Teaching Methods
Slide Presentations
Lectures by certified instructors
Group discussions
Demonstrations
Role- playing and practical exercises
Overnight reading Assignments
Progress Tests
Mastery Test (Written and Practical)
International Legislations
Annex 17
Standard 5.1.4 Each Contracting State shall ensure that contingency plans are
developed and resources made available to safeguard civil aviation
against acts of unlawful interference. The contingency plans shall
be tested on a regular basis.
Standard 5.1.5 Each Contracting State shall ensure that authorized and suitably
trained personnel are readily available for deployment at its
airports serving civil aviation to assist in dealing with suspected, or
actual, cases of unlawful interference with civil aviation.
National Legislation
NCASP
Chapter 10 Management of response to acts of unlawful interference
Bomb threat can be received to any aircraft which is on ground or in flight, at any airport, vital installation,
or any civil aviation facility like ATC, cargo facility, navigational aid area or any person. The call received can
be genuine, politically motivated hoax, malicious call to disturb safe operation of flight .Bomb threat is also
conveyed by any helpful person who informs concerned airline or airport agencies regarding bomb threat,
which he overheard or came to know, etc.
Whenever we receive a bomb threat call for any aircraft or any civil aviation facility, there are four phases
of handling that bomb threat
Receipt
Report
Risk Assessment
Response
We often get hoax calls at airport Analysis of these calls reveals that such calls are given by delayed
passengers, those who has been denied seats by airlines, drunken people, trickster, media crazy people,
jilted lovers, dismissed or suspended employees, love birds, competitors, politically motivated people etc.
In case if you ask these callers about the details of bomb or reason for bombing, their name, place or
telephone number etc they will immediately put the receiver down.
It is therefore suggested that telephone operators, Control room staff etc are to be trained to ask following
questions:-
Supervisor to interview the receiver of threat call in order to complete the bomb threat report form (BTRF)
and relay the information without delay to the BTAC coordinator.
The response to the above questions and background details will help the bomb threat assessment
committee members to evaluate the call to “SPECIFIC” or “NON SPECIFIC”
As per BCAS instruction all operational telephone must have caller ID. Officers should check the
serviceability of caller ID frequently.
Rush to attend the BTAC meeting after leaving instructions to next senior official to execute actions given
as under
(a) Where passengers have fully/partially boarded, quickly disembark such passengers/ crew in an
orderly manner with hand baggage and bring them back to SHA through departure hall for further
action.
(b) Ask crew and ground staff on board / in cargo hold to look for and report any unidentified article
before they themselves finally disembark due to bomb threat. (The crew and ground staff should be
Evaluation of Call
The Bomb Threat Assessment Committee (BTAC) shall be established at each airport in India in accordance
with the Bomb Threat Contingency Plan notified by the BCAS vide AVSEC Order 17/2011:
Bomb Threat Assessment Committee shall consist of the following officials with respective status as
mentioned against each:-
* (Should be present in case threat relates to international terminal, international airlines or import/export
cargo terminal)
The procedure of building of an assessment system to lead the bomb warning assessors to a logical
conclusion to classify the threat is called as POSITIVE TARGET IDENTIFICATION (PTI)
SPECIFIC THREAT: A warning where the threat permits identification of a specific target, or where the
caller has positively identified himself or the organization involved and is judged credible.
The BTAC evaluates the call based on the information given by the caller and threat perception. The call is
evaluated as “Specific”, if the information is of serious and elaborate nature.
NON SPECIFFIC THREAT: A warning that can be related to one or more targets but where there is doubt
about its credibility or about the effectiveness of the existing counter measures.
The call is evaluated as “Non Specific”; if the call is of general nature such as there is a bomb in the evening
flight ‘or’ flight going to Mumbai has a bomb.
HOAX CALL: A warning that may not identify a target or a specific group of targets or which otherwise lacks
credibility.
ASG/APSU will cordon the aircraft from a safe distance of 50m and control the movement of
unauthorized people.
Deploy airline security staff at ladder point to frisk/check belongings of all authorised persons
entering isolation bay / affected aircraft.
Airline (GSD) will ensure sufficient loaders, bus trolleys are available for speedy off loading.
Offload Catering items/ bonded stores and place them in the catering vehicle. Catering vehicle to be
parked 100 meters away from the aircraft and searched.
First aid kits and Engineering stores to be subjected to thorough search. First aid kit may be opened
and resealed by BDDS if doctors are not available for resealing.
Detail and ensure that senior airline officials from Security, Flight Crew, Engineer, Catering Cargo,
Commercial, GSD, etc. with sufficient staff are available to assist anti sabotage check.
Thorough search of aircraft will be conducted by BDDS, Airline Engineers, Airline Security, ASG/APSU,
Airworthiness Officer, etc. They work as a team and conduct aircraft search with checklist.
Cargo, unaccompanied baggage, mail will not be reloaded unless it is X-rayed or sniffed by dog. It will
be kept in a protected area.
Re- issue of fresh boarding cards and hand baggage tags to passengers who have deplaned and
brought back to departure hall.
Crowding of too many employees and parking of vehicles near aircraft to be avoided.
Agencies carrying out search will sign a completion certificate and which is given to ATC by airline.
Rescreen passengers and their 100% hand baggage check by airport security and hold crew/
passengers in security hold until clearance is received from the coordinator from isolation bay.
Deploy sufficient staff to cross check baggage tag numbers on hold baggage, with counterfoils held
with crew/ passengers and ensure proper and uniform marking of identified hold baggage.
Upon receiving clearance from coordinator at isolation bay, arrange to escort crew in airline coaches
to isolation bay. Ensure crew alights from bus at a safe distance of 100 M and after identification of
hold baggage, crew proceed towards aircraft for secondary ladder point frisking /100% hand baggage
check by airline security before boarding the aircraft.
Arrange to escort passengers in airline coaches (one coach at a time) to isolation bay. Ensure
passengers alight at a safe distance of 100 M and not more than 10 passengers at a time should
proceed with their baggage coupons/boarding pass to identify their hold baggage without carrying
their hand baggage.
Upon identification of hold baggage, ensure that crew / passengers proceed to aircraft under airline
escort and do not loiter on airside.
Secondary ladder point frisking /100% physical hand baggage check by airline.
Ensure that only identified hold baggage is reloaded in baggage containers for loading into the
aircraft.
Ensure that hold baggage containers are not released for loading in cargo hold until passengers /
baggage reconciliation is done and head count of passengers in aircraft matches with those checked
in and number of boarding card stubs collected at the ladder point.
Make efforts to track the passenger of hold baggage which remain unidentified from details of
passenger on baggage tag and through announcement inside aircraft.
Note: Under no circumstance will unidentified baggage be taken inside the aircraft for identification
by the passenger or baggage loaded on aircraft with verbal reconciliation arrived on board between
the passengers and airline staff).
Detail a security officer to accompany BDDS when unidentified baggage is decided to be moved to
explosive disposal area.
Cargo, mail, courier, catering, bonded stores, medical / first aid boxes, company stores etc, which is
searched/checked/cleared by anti-sabotage check team only will be loaded in the aircraft.
If any of the above mentioned stores cannot be searched / checked / cleared the same will not be
loaded on the aircraft. Such stores will be further subjected to 24 hrs cooling off under airline
arrangement and shall be subjected to a thorough screening/physical check.
Arrange to get clearance certificate and get the same signed off by airline engineer, airline security,
ASG, airworthiness (DGCA), BDDS, coordinator and hand over one copy of the same to coordinator
for giving RT/telephone clearance to ATC. Thereafter, hand over one copy each to ATC, BDDS and
other agencies for their record.
Inform every agency and ask them to search their own area and report.
Get confirmation from all about the search having been completed.
Request BDDS and DGCA to stand-by near aircraft / building under threat until search is over and
clearance certificate is signed by all agencies.
By Air Carrier
Alert staff at X - ray.
Carry out inspection of aircraft.
Look for suspected baggage.
Increase physical inspection of registered baggage / mail / cargo.
Proper baggage identification by passengers and crew.
Coordinator will make continuous announcement on central PA system and in different languages
for evacuation of the terminal building.
Announcement made should be deliberate and tactful so as to avoid panic ex. “due to security
reasons all passengers/staff are requested to evacuate the terminal building and proceed to safe
holding area.”
All heads of airlines, agencies and departments should evacuate their passengers/staff quietly to the
pre designated safe assembly areas.
Passengers who are not security checked will evacuate to city side.
Passengers/staff in Security Hold will evacuate to airside.
All heads of airlines, agencies and departments will ensure to hold back few staff who are thoroughly
familiar with their work area for subsequent search.
All passengers/staff will carry their baggage/personal belongings with them.
Staff will leave all doors and windows open and switch off AC’s/unwanted lights.
Coordinator will ensure to switch off central AC.
Coordinator will ensure to open all Emergency doors.
Unclaimed suspect article if spotted during search shall not be handled but reported to BDDS.
All airports are required to have dedicated BDDS and dog squads. The BDDS should be well equipped with
necessary manpower and equipment to deal with any type of threat.
The four generic steps to be taken by BDDS on finding a suspicious item during a search is as under:
CONFIRM that the item found actually look like a suspicious item and needs attention of security
CLEAR the area by evacuating all persons including search teams to a safe distance of 100 meters
CORDON the area to prevent anyone gaining access to the suspect item
CONTROL the situation until specialised staff arrive and take command
Module Objective
Improving attitude of security staff for pax interface
Personal Presentation:
Good Appearance
Posture / gesture while dealing with the passenger.
Clothing – pressed, neat and clean (good turnout)
Facial expression / body language
Good and effective communication skills.
Conversation with passenger- Fresh breath, voice tone /voice modulation
Right staff at right place at the right time.
Passenger Profile:
VVIPs/ VIPs / CIPs
Diplomats
Business Traveler
Celebrities
Tourists
Group travelers
Airline / airport employees
Families
Emergency Traveler
Students
Unaccompanied Minors
Positive Attitude
Well conversation
Smiling face
Honesty
Cooperation with the passenger
DON”T’s
Don’t chew, eat during dealing with passenger
Don’t give wrong information
Don’t relax during duty
Don’t irritate on the behavior of pax.
Don’t lose temper
Assessment of the trainees will be carried out by Bureau of Civil Aviation Security through examination
conducted at the end of the course.
A feedback shall be taken from participants by respective ASTI’s on the feedback form provided by along
with the STP.