Resurvey - FAQ's

1) What is Legality of Hakku Pathram?

 Hakku Pathram & the related record like Town Survey Registers and
Property Tax Registers will be published in AP Gazette U/s 13 of A.P
Survey & Boundaries Act 1923 and Amendments made to other relevant
Acts duly following the due procedure.

2) What is the action plan if Property Owner not willing to cooperate

for Resurvey and even not accept to collect the Notices?
 Under section 9(2) of Survey & Boundaries Act (S&B Act) -1923 notices
of information will be communicated to the property owners, under
acknowledgements. If not accepted by the owner, it can be pasted on
wall/Compound wall and can take a photo for the purpose of evidence,
duly conducting Panchanama.

3) Whether Hakkupatram given to Gift Deed Land / Area?

 No, All the gifted deed lands are vested with ULBs.

4) What is the Site area or Built-up area of a Structure in case of Road

Widening Before Online System?
 In case of Master Plan roads- As per the Road Development Plan (RDP)
prepared and approved by the competent Authority for that particular
road.
As per the authentic record held by the respective ULB can be taken in to
consideration if it is Non Master Plan road. In case of non availability of
record, the Actual ground measurements recorded through drone image
shall be verified with the title deed and width of road on ground. Consent
of owner is very much required while finalising the net site area.

5) What is the Site area or Built-up area of a Structure in case of New

Master Plan Roads yet to be formed/widened on Ground?
 As per the ownership document, until the Government acquires the land
for specific purpose under the relevant Acts.
6) Shall we do Resurvey and generate LPMs again for newly merged
villages in case of Resurvey and generation of LPMs were completed
in the same merged village by Rural Resurvey team?
 Only one survey will be considered for generation of L.P.Ms

7) What to do if the Site Area is Less than the Document area?

 Measurements will be recorded from images as per possession and the
ULB is not responsible for the area which is unavailable on ground.

8) What to do if the Site Area is More than the Document area?

 Will be recorded as per the valid document.

9) In case of Exemptions for Ex-service man, Freedom Fighter etc., how

can we confirm it? By G.O or Council Resolution or in any type?
 Specific proceedings issued by the competent Revenue authorities has to
be taken in to consideration.

10) Can be sold the land given by the Government in case of Ex-service
man, Freedom Fighter, Sports Persons?
 verify the competent Authority Orders and other Conditions mentioned in
the proceedings.

11) What is the extent of Road Encroachment / Building in case of ERP

data Extent is More than Document Extent?
 Road width mentioned in Town survey records (or) Street survey records
(or) in any layout pattern(sanctioned) by Competent Authority shall be
followed. Will be recorded as per the valid document only.

12) How to enter multiple owner’s details?

 It will be provided at the time of Ground truthing.

13) What are the guidelines for Un-surveyed land?

 Un-surveyed lands will have no allotted survey numbers under the section
25 of A.P Land & Registration Act; The said Un-surveyed area vested
with Government and shall be treated as Government lands.
14) What to do for fabricated documents in case of layout open spaces?
 All layout open spaces vested with ULBs and Hakku Pathram shall not be
given.

15) If Plot arrangement in Layout has disturbed, subsequently

Encroachment of Road takes place by the road side Plot Owner then
how to resolve?
 As per the documents measure the area with the help of Land/Survey
Records.

16) If Govt land is Encroached and enjoying from so many years, can we
give Hakkupathram to them?
 No. Hakku Pathram will Not be given to Encroached Government Lands.

17) If Govt land is Encroached many years ago and various transactions
were made, what kind of action need to be taken?
 Hakku Pathram will Not be given to Encroached Government Lands.

18) What is Plinth Area? Is it measured from Column to Column or

from the Edge of the Projection to the edge of projection?
 Column to Column or all Basements of the Building. (Refer act Once)

19) If the data is edited in Form 16A Screen, will it be updated in

Existing ERP data?
 NO.

20) What to do if the property owner is not available/not traceable?

 Needs to be informed by collecting the addresses through different
sources like address recorded in the registered document, from
neighbours etc

21) SOP for Agricultural Land.

 Shall be taken from CSSLR/Method adopted by them

22) SOP for Gramakantam Land.

 As per the Urban SOP
Technical Queries-Tools & Techniques of Resurvey

1) What is GNSS?
 A GNSS, or Global Navigation Satellite System, is a generic name for a
group of artificial satellites that send position and timing data from their
high orbits. The GPS, or Global Positioning System is just one of the
many different sets of satellites that can provide such data.

2) What is GNSS Rover?

 It is a GPS instrument receives radio signals from GNSS. It consists
receiver and controller units.

3) What is the use of GNSS rover?

 A GNSS Receiver is a tool to observe Geo-Coordinates of a given point
with reference to selected datum and geodetic system. The position of the
given point is in X, Y, Z Geo-coordinates with designed accuracy. The
accuracy depends the specifications of the instrument.

4) What is Reference Station?

 It is a base-station, where a GNSS receiver is installed at a known
location. The location is pre-surveyed using highest precision GNSS
receiver observed for long time preferably not less than 36 hours. The
reference-station records Geo-coordinates in real time at fixed frequency
and send to central control station for corrections. Then the correction
factor will be calculated in the central control station by comparing the
actual Geo-cods of the reference or known point and the Geo-cods of
specific time.

5) What is CORS (Continuous Operating Reference Station) Network?

 A network of permanently installed GNSS receivers at reference stations
and raw GPS satellites observations are continuously send to central
servers. The central server processes and analyses the reference stations
data and provide its data & corrections through internet or mobile
communication to authorized users.
6) Is CORS available 24X7?
 Yes, the CORS network is available 24x7.

7) What is accuracy of CORS network?

 There is no specific accuracy of CORS Network, it has range upto which
base line length it works. It gives accuracy depending upon the Rover
synchronized and in general varies X, Y positional accuracy from 20 mm
to 40 mm.

8) What is the advantage of CORS?

 There is no need of setting up own reference station every time for
corrections, CORS provides real time positioning service with an
accuracy of 20 mm to 40 mm.

9) What are geo- coordinates?

 Geodetic coordinates: Latitude (Y) and Longitude (X) and Height (Z) in
specific geodetic system. Since 1984, all mapping services adopts Datum:
WGS 84 and Projection: UTM

10) Can I measure length and areas using geo- coordinates in Latitude
and Longitude?
 The curved geo-coordinates in latitude and longitude coordinates are
transformed to plane coordinates (in meters) using appropriate projection
system. In India UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator projection) is used
for maps.

11) What is GCP?

 Ground control point (GCP) is a point fixed on the ground with known
geo-coordinates and precisely pinpoint in the image to geo-reference the
image and photogrammetric processing and to generate an Ortho
Rectified Image (ORI).
Further, these GCPs are useful as primary control points for the CORS
Network in absence of the CORS network and can also be used as a
reference point for coordinate network using DGPS, Total Station
equipment.
12) Why are planting of stones for important before drone flying?
 The stones are planted so that can be clearly visible in the drone image
and therefore can be used in the processing of ORI, ORI quality check
and in ground truth & ground validation.

13) Is it necessary to white wash the stones identified for GCPs?

 Yes. The whitewashed stones as GCPs can clearly and accurately be
identified on the image (while image processing) to generate ORIs.

14) What is the ideal location for planting stone for GCPs?
 It is not necessary to locate GCPs on Village/ULB boundary. The
importance is to locate the GCPs in such a way that the selected GCPs
shall uniformly distributed in a given flying area and the number of GCPs
depending upon the size and shape of the area flown. However, in
cadastral surveys, the boundary stones along Village/ULB boundary are
permanent in nature. Hence, it is preferred to select the GCPs along
Village/ULB boundary or even inside the Village/ULB wherever
permanent marks are available as per the flight plan.

15) Is the drone flying possible before planning stones for GCPs?
 Technically it is possible to take up drone flying before planting GCP
stones. But it is preferable to adopt pre pointing before flying. The pre
pointing definitely improves the accuracy and productivity of the image
processing. Further, it is useful for ORI quality check and ground truthing
for creation of survey records.

16) What are the reasons for gaps in drone image?

 There are two main sources of error:
Village/ULB boundary. kml file may not be correctly generated
covering complete Village/ULB area & check datum set for *.kml file
set in WGS84.
The drone flight flying planning should ensure coverage as per the
*.kml file coordinates. There may be some operational problems like
drifting of drone from the flight path while flying due to winds or set-
 up of flying parameters. The pilot should check complete coverage of
Village/ULB area before closing the flying.

17) What is the ideal day time for drone flying?

 Drone flying is suggested before noon for better sun illumination to avoid
shadows and slow wind speed.

18) What is the solution for cloud patches in drone images?

 Drone flying should be avoided in cloudy areas. Re-flying is suggested to
cover the cloud areas.

19) What is an Ortho Rectified Image?

 The Ortho Rectified Image (ORI) is a two dimensional ortho projected
image and rectified the errors due to distortions caused by terrain relief,
camera tilts and flow shift. These errors are removed and accurately
referenced to ground coordinates using GCPs and DEM.
ORI has uniform scale and is accurately referenced to the ground
coordinates, so that it can be used to measure position, lengths and areas
accurately with designed Ground Sample Distance(GSD), just like any
other maps.

20) Are ORIs generated tile wise or Village/ULB wise?

 All frames of drone images of entire Village/ULB are processed in a
photogrammetric software using GCPs to generate single geometrically
seamless and color balanced ortho-rectified image.

21) What are the parameters to be checked for ORI quality?

 The following parameters are to be checked before using ORI for survey.
ORI visual interpretation quality: The image quality should be such that
all the ground features especially land parcel bunds, stones, land parcel
junctions, planted stones shall clearly be identified. GSD should be 5
cms/px.Check for any image blurring or low contrast, cloud patches,
geometric distortions.
 Geometric quality: The Geo-coordinates (X, Y) of
planted stones with GNSS rover may be compared with that of the ORIs
at different locations of Village/ULB. The difference in X, Y geo-
coordinates of rover observed and ORI generated should not be more than
10 cms for any length throughout the Village/ULB.
Measured lengths between two stones with rover/ETS and in ORI: The
length difference should be less than 10cms.

22) Should all the ORIs sheets/tiles in a Village/ULB be set aside, if some
of ORI are bad?
 Yes, ORI should be seamless geometrically for entire Village/ULB. If
some ORIs are bad and not meeting quality check parameters, all the
ORIs of that particular Village/ULB should not be considered and request
should be made for reprocessing.

23) Can GNSS rover can be used for survey for generation LPM instead
from ORIs?
 Technically yes. But the use of rovers in place of ORIs will be very time
consuming and cumbersome. It will also be operationally difficult to
extend to large number of Village/ULBs as many more field surveyors
and rovers will be required for the purpose.

24) Why are the digital ORIs blurred and not useful for vectorization for
LPMs and generation of digital spatial map?
 The supplied ORIs are in *.ecw format, which is a highly compressed
image format, not suitable for land survey. The SoI may be requested to
supply ORIs in geo-tiff format to meet the quality requirement for
vectorization for LPMs and generation of digital spatial map. It is
required to provide a web map service to avoid transmission of larger
data.

25) Can QGIS be used for vectorization of LPMs?

 Yes, QGIS is an open source GIS software. Even though the drone
images are processed and ORIs are generated using AGISOFT
 METASHAPE, or ARC/GIS commercial software, QGIS supports all
user-friendly image processing & GIS functionalities required for
vectorization, generation of maps, textual attributes.

26) In certain cases, the positional error ranges from 1.2m to 6m and
area error up to 10 cents is observed with ORIs. What is the
solution?
 Reject the ORIs and request drone agency for geometric (position and
length) quality checked ORIs.

27) The soft copy of the ORIs are very poor, image is blurred &
pixelated. Is the problem that of QGIS or Arc/GIS?
 The problem is with the quality of ORIs and not with QGIS or Arc/GIS.
If ORIs are in original resolution, QGIS can be used for enhancing visual
interpretation quality.

28) Are ORI and rovers useful for survey in tall plantation and forest
areas?
 In thick tree plantation and forest areas, ORI does not show the ground
and land parcel bunds, junctions. The rovers may also not give accurate
measurements due to GPS signal fragmentation. In such cases, rover with
longer duration about 10 min to 15 min observation gives acceptable
positional (X, Y) a ation/ forest leaf canopy geometry & density and
terrain condition.
In such areas, due to technological limitations, traditional ground survey
methods like ETS, chain survey may be conducted to meet the timelines.
However, additional manpower will be required to be deployed in such
Village/ULBs.

29) In case of land parcel boundaries that are not visible in the ORI,
what is procedure to be followed?
 The GNSS rover can be used to observe the Geo- coordinates of such
boundary points. Prescribed format should be used to fill these boundary
Geo-coordinates.
30) In some cases, the over lay of Geo-referenced cadastral map on ORI
is showing positional shift of more than 10 m and there is difficulty in
matching land parcels with corresponding survey numbers. What is
the solution?
 The geo-referenced cadastral maps may have positional error up to 3m to
4m, because cadastral maps were made long back using different survey
technologies.
In such cases, topo features may be interpreted to match land parcel and
the corresponding survey Numbers.

31) What is ORI vectorization?

 ORI vectorization is the digitization of all parcel boundaries marked on
ORIs and preparation of Village/ULB GIS vector map using GIS
software (QGIS, Arc/GIS or any GIS software). Each land parcel in a
given Village/ULB level will be given a unique LP number.

32) What is Village/ULB map?

 The Village/ULB map is a geospatial vector GIS data having each land
parcel of the entire Village/ULB with the corresponding unique LP
numbers. The LP number is associated with its area, extent, geo-
coordinates and other attributes data. The Village/ULB map can be over
laid on the ORI as required during ground truthing & ground validation.
The post ground truth Village/ULB map over laid on an ORI is an
essential document for ground validation process.

33) What is a correlation map?

 Correlation map is a geospatial vector GIS map; LP number is associated
with old Survey number/Sub division number. Village/ULB map can be
over laid on ORI as per requirements. Post ground truthing, the
correlation map over laid on ORI is an essential document for ground
validation process.
 Technical Queries- Resurvey Phases

1) What is Ground Truthing?

 Ground Truthing is the process of demarcation of individual land parcel
boundaries and marking on ORI and writing the Field Register in the
prescribed format. The Field Level survey team should conduct ground
truthing duly inviting all the registered land holders, concerned officials
of Government departments and all interested parties as per the schedule
Dates-S&B Act.1923, Section 9(1).

2) In case of joint holders, should the division of land parcel be taken up

during ground truthing?
 First of all, assess whether they are joint-patta holders as per Adangal or
joint cultivators on ground. If they are Joint Patta Holders of a Hindu
Joint Family, then it is their choice to split or continue to be as Joint Patta
holders. Otherwise, split the Joint Pattas as per the AP Splitting up of
Joint Pattas Act 1965.
The Joint land holders shall submit application in Form-19. Then the
Village/ULB survey team shall conduct survey using rover/ETS for
division of lands as per the mutual consent of joint holders.

3) In case some of the ORIs are poor quality and not passed in the QC
in a particular ULB, can ground truthing be taken up for the area
where the ORIs are good?
 Case-1: The ORIs are good quality showing boundaries but failed in QC:
The ORI will be rejected to reprocess and the same ORI shall be used for
ground truthing, however should not be used for vectorization to generate
LPMs. The vectorization shall only be taken up in the reprocess ORI only
after re-quality check.
Case-2: No. The ORIs are poor quality to demarcate boundaries, but
passed in QC: Such type of ORIs shall totally be rejected for re-flying to
capture fresh images.
Case-3: ORI of good quality to demarcate boundaries and QC passed.
Such ORIs shall be used for both ground truthing and vectorisation to
generate LPMs.
4) Who has to do the Quality Check (QC) of ground truthing work done
by Ward Level survey team?
 5% and 1% Quality Checks are proposed by the officers.

5) How to add any info not clearly depicted in ORIs, or any structure
covered by vegetative cover and not clearly visible?
 Area extent variations may be recorded in Form -17, form 18 and
difference in attributes may be recorded.

6) How should we identify the boundaries of the occupied lands where

records are not available?
 The boundaries of the occupied lands can be identified with the help of
Village/ULB map, FMBs, D Sketches and from enquiry of ryots who
have land in the surrounding area.

7) What is a Correlation Statement?

 Correlation statement establishes the relation between the Land Parcel
(LP) Number and the old Survey number/Sub division number. Each LP
number refers to corresponding land parcel geo-coordinates and area
extent.

8) Industrial areas/ auto nagars/industrial development Areas,

developed by APIIC or privately developed is to be surveyed as
habitation or land with topo details?
 Such lands of huge extent developed by either Government or private
individuals shall be surveyed as habitations.

9) Private institutions like colleges/ private hospitals/ industries is to be

surveyed as habitation or land with topo details?
 All institutional lands either private or Government shall be surveyed as
separate land parcel only.
10) Farm-houses on agriculture lands is to be surveyed as habitation or
land with topo details?
 Survey any non-agricultural land parcels which may exist within the
agricultural land parcel, separately.

11) What procedure is to be adopted when finalizing the habitation

boundary If the habitation expands in approved /un -approved house
site layouts (covered with houses) around the existing Village/ULB
sites (grama kantam) - existing habitation boundary to be considered
or the old Village/ULB site?
 The Village/ULB site boundary shall be surveyed as per land use in
contiguous possession and restrict upto non-agricultural lands, but avoid
too many bends while perambulating. Anyhow the Village/ULB site
boundary is dynamic in nature and not at all a permanent one. Therefore,
some agricultural land parcels may also be included to avoid too much
zig- zag shape.
It may include old Village/ULB site boundary, patta lands, poramboke
lands, acquired lands etc. The detailed Village/ULB site survey will be
conducted in due course or individual land parcel will be recorded at the
time of registration whichever takes place earlier. A separate series of
land parcel numbers shall be assigned for all non-agricultural land parcels
and land parcels converted in due course.

12) What is the sequence or order of the Land Parcel (LP) numbers?
 For each Revenue Village, the LP numbers are allotted sequentially from
north-east corner to south- west corner. Whenever any division happens
in land parcel after completion of giving LP numbers, the new LP number
will be assigned to sub-division parcel from the next sequential number
from the last parcel of south-west corner LP number of the Village/ULB
map.
13) What are the step by step procedures to be followed in conducting
resurvey in Village/ULBs where there are no legacy records available
(neither in district office nor in Commissioner (SS & LR) Office)?
 The survey/resurvey includes all incidental operations required to
demarcate, measure and map a boundary or boundaries of a land parcel.
One of the basic principles of survey/resurvey is that survey follows
enjoyment. Conduct survey as per factum of possession on ground as
shown by the interested parties and invite objections, if any by issuing
9(2) notices. Consider the documentary evidences produced by the parties
concerned and dispose of the appeals if any.