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DSC3707 2012 101-E Fin
DSC3707 2012 101-E Fin
STUDY UNIT 2
Chapters 3 to 5
In this unit elementary nancial and economical problems are modelled and solved.
Chapter 3: Sequences, recurrences, limits
Purpose: To model and solve economical problems using rst-order recurrence equations.
Study hints
At the end of the chapter you should be able to:
Dene a rst-order recurrence equation.
Calculate the time-independent solution of the recurrence equation.
Determine the general solution of a recurrence equation.
Determine the solution of a recurrence equation if the initial condition is given.
Explain the behaviour of the general solution if t .
Model and solve problems using rst-order recurrence equations. See, for example, worked examples
3.4, 3.5 and 3.6.
Exercises: 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6
MuPAD: Computer 3, A.3, Study guide.
Maxima: Computer 3, D.3, study guide.
STUDY UNIT 3
Chapters 6 to 7
In this unit the differentiation rules covered in previous modules are revised.
Chapter 6: Introduction to Calculus
Purpose: To apply differentiation rules to polynomials.
Study hints
At the end of this chapter you should be able to:
Understand the denition of the derivative as the rate of change.
Apply the sum, product and quotient rules.
Apply the chain rule.
Determine and interpret marginal cost.
Exercises: Do at least exercises 6.2, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6
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COMPULSORY ASSIGNMENT 01
Complete compulsory Assignment 01. Please submit the compulsory assignment as soon as possible
and before the due date.
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STUDY UNIT 4
Chapters 8 to 10
Purpose: In this unit differentiation techniques for one variable are applied to describe, model and solve
economic problems.
General remark: In study unit 4 the mathematical techniques of the rst chapters are revised. However, the
important aspect is the application and interpretation in the economic environment.
Chapter 8: Introduction to optimisation
Purpose: To model and solve single variable optimisation problems.
Study hints
At the end of the chapter you should be able to:
Understand the meaning of the rst- and second-order derivatives.
Determine the critical points.
Classify critical points using the second-order derivative.
13 DSC3707/101/3
Determine the maximum and minimum values of a function on a closed interval and on an innite
interval.
Apply the optimisation procedure to maximise prot or minimise cost.
Exercises: 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7
MuPAD/Maxima: Plot the functions in exercises 8.3, 8.4 and 8.5.
For example, to plot the function 8.5 in MuPAD enter:
plotfunc2d(x*x*exp(-x),x=0..5)
In Maxima: Choose [Plotting] and then [plot2d]. Complete the pop-up menu and press [OK]. See also
the examples in the Maxima tutorial.
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SELF-EVALUATION EXERCISE
Complete the self-evaluation exercise 1. The self-evaluation exercise covers chapters 1 to 10 and is a good
revision exercise of the study material and the type of questions you may expect in the examination.
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STUDY UNIT 5
Chapters 11 to 13
In this unit differentiation and optimisation techniques are applied to functions of two variables.
Chapter 11: Partial derivatives
Purpose: To determine the partial derivatives of a function of two variables.
Study hints
At the end of the chapter you should be able to:
Determine rst and second order partial derivatives.
Apply the chain rule to a function of two variables.
Determine and interpret the marginal product of capital and labour (see bottom of page 115).
Exercises: 11.1, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6
MuPAD: Computer 4, A.4, Study guide.
Maxima: Computer 4, D.4,Study guide.
1 +
dy
dx
+ 2
1 +
dy
dx
= 0
dy
dx
e
x+y
+ 2
= e
x+y
2
dy
dx
=
e
x+y
2
e
x+y
+ 2
Example:
If x
4
+xy
3
y
4
= 0 determine
dy
dx
.
Method 1.
g(x,y) = x
4
+xy
3
y
4
g
x
= g
1
(x,y) = 4x
3
+y
3
g
y
= g
2
(x,y) = 3xy
2
4y
3
then
dy
dx
=
g
1
(x,y)
g
2
(x,y)
=
4x
3
+y
3
3xy
2
4y
3
=
4x
3
y
3
3xy
2
4y
3
Method 2.
16
x
4
+xy
3
y
4
= 0
Differentiate to x :
4x
3
+
1 y
3
+x 3y
2
dy
dx
4y
3
dy
dx
= 0
then
dy
dx
3xy
2
4y
3
= 4x
3
y
3
dy
dx
=
4x
3
y
3
3xy
2
4y
3
Exercises: 12.1,12.2,12.3 ,12.4.12.5, 12.6
MuPAD: Computer 7, A.5, Study guide.
Maxima: Computer 7, D.5, Study guide.
STUDY UNIT 6
Chapters 14 to 17
In this unit vector and matrix concepts are revised and applied to a variety of economic problems.
Chapter 14: Vectors, preferences and convexity
Purpose: To determine optimal bundles.
Study hints
At the end of the chapter you should be able to:
Dene a vector.
Dene vector addition, multiplication by a scalar and the dot product.
Use vector notation to represent a bundle and prices of items in a bundle.
17 DSC3707/101/3
Determine a budget constraint.
Represent the budget set graphically.
Explain what a utility function is.
Rank bundles in order of preference.
Explain what an indifference curve is.
Sketch an indifference curve.
Dene a convex combination of two vectors.
Dene a convex set.
Determine the optimal bundle subject to a given budget constraint. Represent the optimal bundle
graphically.
Exercises: 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4 (Mick and Charlie).
In exercise 14.2 Micks utility function is u
M
= 10x
1
+x
2
.
MuPAD/Maxima: Use MuPAD/Maxima to plot the utility and indifference curves in the exercises. To plot
Charlies indifference curve, x
1
x
2
= 1, enter the MuPAD instruction:
plot(plot::implicit(x*y=1,x=0..10,y=0..10))
Maxima instructions:
load(implicit plot)
implicit plot(x*y=1,[x,0,10],[y,0,10])
1 2
3 4
and b =
1
2
20
Chapter 20: Determinants
Purpose: An introduction to determinants.
Study hints
At the end of the chapter you should be able to:
Understand the concept of the determinant of a matrix.
Understand the relationship between the determinant of a matrix A, the invertibility of A and the
solution of a system of equations Ax = b.
Calculate the determinant of a 2 2 matrix.
For a 2 2 matrix the following formula is easy to memorise and to apply:
Let A =
a b
c d
d b
c a
.
See also section 18.4 of the textbook.
Exercise: Write the set of equations in exercise 20.6 in matrix notation Ax = b. Calculate the determinant
of A, inverse of A, and x = A
1
b. Show that x solves the system of equations.
Note that you do not need to use Cramers rule and Cramers rule will not be asked in the examination.
If det(A) = 0, A
1
does not exist and the system does not have a unique solution (it may either have
innitely many solutions or may have no solution). If det(A) = 0, A
1
exists and the system has an unique
solution.
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SELF-EVALUATION EXERCISE 2
Complete the self-evaluation exercise 2. The self-evaluation exercise covers chapters 11 to 20 and is a
good revision exercise of the study material and the type of questions you may expect in the examination.
Time: 4 hours
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NBNBNBNBNBNBNBNBNBNBNBNBNBNBNBNBNBNBNB
COMPULSORY ASSIGNMENT 02
Complete compulsory Assignment 02. Please submit the assignment as soon as possible and before the
due date.
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21 DSC3707/101/3
STUDY UNIT 7
Chapters 21,22, 23 and 24
This unit describes discrete-time models to solve specic economic problems.
Chapter 21: Constrained optimisation
Purpose: To model and solve constrained optimisation problems using Lagrange multipliers.
Study hints
At the end of the chapter you should be able to:
Model the cost of a rm in terms of the capital and labour.
Understand why and when Lagrange multipliers are used.
Determine the Lagrangean equations to solve an optimisation problem subject to a constraint.
Determine and solve the Lagrangean equations when a rm has a Cobb-Douglas production function
with known parameters and subject to a budget constraint.
Determine the supply function of an efcient small rm.
Exercises: 21.1, 21.3, 21.4, 21.5, 21.6, 21.7
Chapter 22
Purpose: To apply Langrean-multipliers to consumer choice problems.
Study hints
At the end of the chapter you should be able to:
Maximise the utility subject to a budget function.
Understand why the gradient of the budget line and the indifference curve are equal.
Determine the indirect utility function.
Determint and interpret the marginal utility of income.
Exercises: 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, 22.4, 22.5, 22.6
Chapter 23: Second-order recurrence equations
Purpose: To solve and apply second-order recurrence equations.
Study hints
At the end of the chapter you should be able to:
Model a simplied national economy in terms of investment, production, income and consumption.
Understand what a second-order recurrence equation is.
Solve a linear homogeneous recurrence equation.
(Note that the general solution to the homogeneous equation is determined by the properties of the
roots of the auxiliary equation.)
22
Determine the general solution of a non-homogeneous recurrence equation.
Apply initial conditions to nd the specic solution.
Exercises: 23.1, 23.2, 23.4, 23.5, 23.7, 23.9, 23.10 (Note the equations is: y
t
t
t1
= 3x
t1
; x
t
= 3y
t1
+3)
MuPAD: Computer 8, A.6, Study guide.
Maxima: Computer 8, D.6, Study guide.
STUDY UNIT 8
Chapters 25-28
In this unit integral calculus is applied to economic problems.
Chapter 25: Areas and integrals
Purpose: To apply the rules of integration to determine areas.
Study hints
At the end of the chapter you should be able to:
Apply standard integration rules.
Calculate the enclosed area between functions.
Sketch the consumer surplus area.
Calculate the consumer surplus.
This chapter is a revision of the basic integral calculus covered in the previous modules. The important
aspect is the application of integral calculus to determine the consumer surplus.
Exercises: 25.1, 25.2, 25.3, 25.4, 25.5, 25.6
MuPAD/Maxima: Use MuPAD/Maxima to plot the functions and identify the areas in the above exercises.
23 DSC3707/101/3
ln x
x
=
ln(x) x
1
2
dx
= ln(x)
x
1
2
1
2
1
x
x
1
2
1
2
dx
x
5
e
x
3
dx =
x
3
x
2
e
x
3
dx
= x
3
1
3
e
x
3
3x
2
1
3
e
x
3
dx
MuPAD: Verify your solutions using the MuPAD instruction:
int(f(x),x)
with f(x) the given function.
Maxima: Choose [Calculus], then [integrate] and complete the pop-up menu to verify your solutions.
(t) = dt +e;
if f(t) is a polynomial of degree 2 (for example f(t) = t
2
), try the particular solution // y
(t) =
ct
2
+dt +e;
if f(t) = e
kt
try the particular solution y
(t) = ce
kt
.
Discuss the behaviour of the solutions.
Note the similarities and differences between the solution of homogeneous second-order differential equa-
tions and the solution of homogeneous second-order recurrence equations. The solutions depend on the
characterisation of the roots of the auxiliary parabola.
Exercises: 28.1, 28.2, 28.3, 28.4(note: q = 4820p7
dp
dt
+
d
2
p
dt
2
) and 28.5 (note: q = 9210p+10
dp
dt
+
d
2
p
dt
2
)
MuPAD: Computer 10, A.8, Study guide.
Maxima: Computer 10, D.8, Study guide.
(q; p)|p +q
2
5q = 100
where p is the price per unit and q is the number of units. The upper limit on the production is 50 units.
1.1 Determine the level of production which maximises the rms prot and determine the maximum prot.
Justify you answer.
1.2 Determine the level of production which minimises the the rms prot and determine the minimum
prot. Justify your answer.
1.3 Draw a graph the cost function on the interval [0; 50].
1.4 Draw a graph of the prot function on the interval [0; 50].
Question 2
Suppose the Cobb-Douglas production function is
u(k; l) = 2k
1
4
l
1
2
where k is the units of capital and l is the units of labour needed to produce u(k; l) products.
2.1 Draw a graph of at least two isoquants u(k; l) = c with c > 0. Use a suitable scale on the axis.
2.2 What is the equation of the contour (or isoquant) through the point (1; 1)? Determine the gradient of
this isoquant in the point (1; 1).
2.3 Suppose the the capital and the labour vary in time t as follows:
k(t) = 2t and l(t) = t
2
+ 1.
Determine the rate at which production changes with time.
Question 3
3.1 Determine the (x; y; z) coordinates of the critical values of the function Z = f(x; y) = x
4
8xy 2y
2
3
and classify them. Justify all your answers.
3.2 Use a computer package to sketch the function.
31 DSC3707/101/3
Question 4
Three homeowners Mike, Dan and Bob, each with certain skills, agreed to pool their talents to make repairs
on their houses. Mike spent 20% of his time on his own house, 40% of his time on Dans house and 40%
of his time on Bobs house. Dan spent 10% of his time on Mikes house, 50% of his time on his own house,
and 40% of his time on Bobs house. Bob spent 60% of his time on Mikes house, 10% of his time on Dans
house and 30% of his time on his own house. After the project has been completed they want to decide
how much money each should get for his work, including the work performed on his own house, so that
each person comes out even. They agreed in advance that Bobs wage should be R3 000.
Suppose x
1
is Mikes wage, x
2
is Dans wage and x
3
is Bobs wage. For a fair system the total amount paid
out by each one is equal to the total amount received by each one. For example, Mikes expenditure for
work done on his house is 0,2x
1
+ 0,1x
2
+ 0,6x
3
, thus the rst requirement is x
1
= 0,2x
1
+ 0,1x
2
+ 0,6x
3
.
4.1 Determine the equations to represent the wages of Dan and Bob.
4.2 Write the equations in matrix form.
4.3 Solve the system using elementary operations and express x
1
and x
2
in terms of x
3
. If x
3
= 3 000, what
are the wages of Mike and Dan?
Question 5
Please give us feedback on your experience using computer technology to complete the assignments and
exercises in this module. This question does not have a correct solution, any comments are welcomed.
5.1 Where do you have computer access? (At home/at work/at a Unisa centre/not at all)?
5.2 Which computer package(s) do you use in this module? (for example Maxima/MuPad/Excel)
5.3 Did the use of a computer package improves your understanding of the study material?
32
APPENDIX B. ASSIGNMENTS FOR SECOND SEMESTER
ONLY FOR SEMESTER 2 STUDENTS
ASSIGNMENT 01
DSC3707
FIXED CLOSING DATE: 3 SEPTEMBER 2012
This assignment is for students registered to complete the module in the second semester.
Question 1
Suppose the supply and the demand functions for a product is:
q
S
(p) = 10 000p 25 000
q
D
(p) =
90 000
p
where p is the price in rand and q is the number of products.
Calculate the equilibrium price and quantity.
(Maxima: Choose [Equations], then [Solve algebraic system]. Sketch (plot) the functions, and notice
that the demand is not a linear function.)
Questions 2 to 5 refer to the the demand function
q
d
(p) =
8 000
p
2
+ 1
, 0 p 10,
where p is the price per unit and q the number of units per hour.
Question 2
Sketch the function on the interval [0; 10].
(Maxima: Choose [Plot2D] and complete the pop-up menu. Note that you should change the variable
x to p in the pop-up menu. You could also plot the function on the interval [5; 5] to notice the interesting
shape.)
Question 3
Determine the gradient of the demand function.
(Maxima: Choose [Calculus] and then [Differentiate].)
Question 4
For which values of p will the demand be equal to 1560?
(Maxima: Choose [Equations], then [Solve].)
Question 5
Determine
8 000
p
2
+ 1
dp.
(Maxima: Choose [Calculus] then [Integrate].)
33 DSC3707/101/3
Questions 6 and 7 refer to the following problem:
Suppose that the population of a country has a growth rate of 5% per year. Newcomers due to
immigration are limited to 0,1 million per year. If the current population is 15 million, what will
the population be in t years? Formulate and solve the recurrence equation, then answer the
following questions.
Question 6
Determine the population y(t) after 5 years. Describe the behaviour of y(t) if t tends to innity.
(In Maxima: See page 63, Tutorial letter 101. Dene y(t) and calculate y(t), for a few t values. What do
you notice? )
Question 7
When will the population be equal to 40 million?
(Maxima: Choose [Equations], then [Solve numerically]. Note the boundaries t
1
and t
2
asked by the
pop-up menu in Maxima should satisfy y(t
1
) > 0 and y(t
2
) < 0.)
Questions 8 to 10 refer to the following function. The cost function to produce x products is
c(x) =
ln x
40 3x
x 1.
Question 8
Sketch the function.
(In Maxima: the function log(x) indicates the logarithmic function with base e, thus is used to indicate
ln(x). Also exp(x) indicates e
x
. Use Maxima to investigate the shape of the function on the interval [0,1; 5]
although the function is only relevant for x 1. )
Question 9
Determine the marginal cost.
Question 10
Determine marginal cost if x = 1,2, . . . 5. Discuss the behaviour of the rate of change.
(Maxima: Calculate c
(1), . . . c
13
2
x
2
and classify them. Justify all your answers.
3.2 Use a computer package to sketch the function.
Question 4
Suppose a country has three productive sectors: agriculture (x
1
), manufacturing (x
2
), and services (x
3
).
Suppose the output of each sector is sold to the other sectors (including itself), which use its output as
an input in their production process, and to nal consumers. For example the output of the manufacturing
sector may be sold
35 DSC3707/101/3
as input to the agriculture sector (eq. agricultural machinery);
as input to the manufacturing sector itself (eq. machine-tools);
as an input tot the services sector (eq. hair-dressing equipment);
to nal consumers (eq. cars).
Each sector has an inow of inputs purchases from each sector and an outow of its output which is sold
to other sectors(including itself) and to nal consumers (i.e. nal demand).
Suppose the input-output matrix is
A =
1
5
1
3
0
1
4
1
3
1
2
0
1
5
1
5
.
The rst row indicates the output from agriculture to the different sectors, the second row the output from
manufacturing and the third row the output from services. The rst column indicates the output used by
agriculture, the second column the output used by manufacturing and the third column the output used by
services.
To interpret the matrix, the second column shows that the production of one unit of manufacturing requires
1
3
units of agriculture input,
1
3
units of manufacturing input and
1
5
units of services input. The rst row
indicates
1
5
units of agriculture are used by agriculture,
1
3
units of agriculture are used by manufacturing
and 0 units of agriculture are used by services. Suppose a
ij
is an element of A, then a
ij
indicates how
much of the ith output is used as an input in the production of each unit of the jth output. Suppose x
1
is
the total output of agriculture, x
2
is the total output of manufacturing and x
3
is the total output of services.
Then a
12
=
1
3
indicates that
1
3
units of x
1
is used as an input in the production of each unit of x
2
.
Suppose the nal customer demand for agriculture, manufacturing and services are denoted by d
1
, d
2
and
d
3
respectively.
4.1 Represent the three-sector input-output system by a matrix equation to model the output levels of the
three sectors. Show why you need to determine the inverse of (I A), where I is the identity matrix, to
determine the output levels.
4.2 Express the output levels of the three sectors in terms of d
i
, i = 1,2,3. Show all the steps in the
calculation of the inverse matrix. (You may verify your solution using Maxima.)
4.3 Assume d
1
= 6 units, d
2
= 10 units and d
3
= 2 units. How many units of each sector is necessary to
satisfy the demand?
4.4 Assume government implement t a new development programme in which d
1
= 9, d
2
= 15 and d
3
= 3,
what is the new output level for each sector?
Question 5
Please give us feedback on your experience using computer technology to complete the assignments and
exercises in this module. This question does not have a correct solution, any comments are welcomed.
5.1 Where do you have computer access? (At home/at work/ at a Unisa centre/not at all)?
5.2 Which computer package(s) do you use in this module? (for example Maxima/MuPad/Excel)
5.3 Did the use of a computer package improves your understanding of the study material?
36
APPENDIX C. SELF EVALUATION EXERCISES
Self evaluation exercise 1
Question 1
1. Determine the values of x and y for the system of equations:
2x +y = 12
5x +y = 65.
2. For which values of p and q will the following two equations both hold?
2 p + q = 12
5 p 2,5 q = 30.
3. If r +s = 4 and 2r + 2s = 5, what are r and s?
Question 2
1. The supply and demand functions of a commodity are
q
S
(p) = 10p 45, q
D
(p) = 75 3p.
Find the inverse supply function p
S
and the inverse demand function p
D
. Sketch the supply set S and
the demand set D and determine the equilibrium set E = S D.
2. If an excise tax of T is charged on each unit of the commodity in part 1 of this question, what price will
the consumers end up paying for each unit? What is the price if T = 1, assuming that the currency
unit is rand?
3. Find a formula for the total amount of tax that the government will collect if the excise duty is T per unit
of the commodity. Ignoring all other factors, nd the optimal value for T (as seen by a government
who wishes to maximise income).
Question 3
Find the derivative of the following functions:
1. e
x
7
+x
2. ln(x
7
+x)
Question 4
1. Find the solution of the following recurrence:
y
t
=
y
t1
2
+ 2 with y
0
= 2.
2. What happens when t goes to innity in the recursion given above?
37 DSC3707/101/3
Question 5
An investor pays an amount of A into an account yielding interest at i per period, and makes a periodic
payment of R into the account at the end of every period. The future value of the investment after n
periods is
S
n
= Rs
n i
+A(1 +i)
n
= R
(1 +i)
n
1
i
+A(1 +i)
n
=
A +
R
i
(1 +i)
n
R
i
.
1. What is S for an initial investment of R5 000, a periodic payment of R1 000 and an interest rate of 10%
per period after 5 periods?
2. Model this investment with a rst-order recurrence relation. Find the time-independent solution. How
does it compare to the standard formula given above? Test your solution using the values given in
part 1.
Question 6
1. A certain country has a population growth rate of 3% per annum and an attrition due to emigration
(brain drain) of potentially 1 000 000 per year. The government decides to limit the number of people
who are allowed to emigrate every year in order to keep the economy from collapsing. If the current
population is 40 000 000, and the government wants a population of 52 000 000 in ten years, what is the
limit that they should impose on emigration?
2. As a result of AIDS the real population growth rate over the next ten years is not 3%, but rather 1%.
Assuming that the limit calculated in part 1 stays in place, what is the expected population after ten
years?
Question 7
1. Consider an annuity that pays interest of i per interest period. Payments are R per interest period
during the rst m periods, and then increases by a certain percentage, say s. This increase is
repeated every mperiods. Find a formula for the future value of this annuity after n cycles of mperiods
each. (Warning: this is not a trivial exercise. You will have to spend some time (and experiment in
MuPADor Maxima) in order to nd a solution. Use a spreadsheet or part 2 to test your formula.)
2. Consider an annuity with monthly payments starting at R1 000, an increase of 15% every year in the
monthly payment (to compensate for ination) and an interest rate of i = 0,015 per month. Use your
formula to nd the value of the annuity at the end of ve years.
Question 8
1. Describe the cobweb model in not more than 100 words.
38
2. Suppose that the supply and demand sets for a certain commodity are
S = {(q; p)|8p 13q = 21} , D = {(q; p)|13p 21q = 34} .
Assuming that the suppliers operate according to the cobweb model, nd a recurrence relation for the
sequence p
t
of prices. Suppose also that the initial price is p
0
= 119. Find the explicit solution for p
t
.
How do p
t
and q
t
behave as t tends to innity? Does it make (economic) sense?
Question 9
The cost function for the production of compact discs in terms of the quantity q produced is
C(q) = 200
qe
1
q
6
+ 2q
for any quantity more than one.
1. What is the cost of producing ve compact discs? And the price per CD? And for six? A thousand
and a thousand and one?
2. Find the marginal cost function for the production of compact discs.
3. Use this marginal cost function to estimate the marginal cost at ve and 1000 units respectively.
Question 10
Suppose the demand function for a certain computer game is
q
D
(p) =
100 000 000
p
2
+
p
in the interval 0 p 2 000 where p is the price in rand and q the quantity.
1. If the price increases from R200 to R201, what is the approximate decrease in the number of games
sold?
2. If the demand function is really
q
D
(p) =
100 000 000
p
2
+
p
in the interval 0 p 2 000 and cost per unit is constant at R10, which price would be better? What
would be the best and worst possible prices (if one wants to maximise prot)?
Question 11
We use the following notation:
P The original capital or principal, or the present value of S.
S The future value of P, or the accumulated sum.
n The total number of compound or interest periods. (This need not be
an integer.)
m The number of compounding periods per year; also known as the
frequency of compounding.
j
m
The nominal interest rate with compounding m times per year.
i The interest rate per compounding period.
t The term (or lifetime of the transaction) in years. (This need not be an
integer.)
39 DSC3707/101/3
The interest rate per period, i, can be written as
jm
m
. Similarly t =
n
m
or n = mt.
1. What is the compound amount at the end of 2 years if C100 000 is borrowed at 18% per annum
compounded semi-annually (twice a year)?
2. The town council of Anyburg needs to borrow an amount of C1 000 000 for the next 4 years. They have
to choose between two institutions. The rst, BCTB, offers them a loan with an interest rate of 16%
per annum, compounded annually. The second institution, CDUC, tells them that they have to repay
C1 800 000 at the end of the four years. Which option is the most attractive?
3. Find the effective rate if money is worth 11,1% per annum compounded continuously.
4. Convert a nominal rate of interest of 15% compounded quarterly via a continuously compounded rate
to a monthly compounded rate.
Question 12
1. Suppose the supply and demand sets for a particular commodity are
S = {(q; p)|p 6q = 500 000} , D =
(q; p)|q
2
+ 40 000q + 200p = 20 000 000
.
Sketch S and D and determine the equilibrium set E = S D.
2. What is p
S
q
S
(p) for the supply set given above? Is this always the case?
Question 13
Find the minimum and maximum values of the following functions:
1.
x
5
5
+
x
4
2
x
3
3
x
2
in the interval [2; 1,5].
2. 2 sin 3x in the interval [0; ].
Question 14
Let p be the fee per module at a certain university. The demand function for module registrations is
q
D
(p) = 2,0805 10
8
p
5
0,000 090 187p
4
+ 0,146 31p
3
111p
2
+ 38 453p 4 280 000,
for fees of between R200 and R1 000.
1. Determine the elasticity of demand (p) as a function of p.
2. For what values of p is the demand inelastic?
3. What is the optimal magnitude of the fee, rounded to the nearest R50 (of course seen from the
viewpoint of the university!)?
4. If the optimal fee calculated in the previous part of the question is used, the average number of
modules that a student registers for in a year is 4,98. What is the total number of students registered
at this university?
40
Question 15
Laser Reduction Concepts (LRC) is a monopoly manufacturing holographic image reduction equipment.
Their cost function is
C(q) = 3q
3
q
2
+ 10
2
q + 10
2
and the demand set is
D =
(q; p)|p +q
3
4q
2
q = 1 000
.
(Prices are measured in thousands of rand.)
1. Determine the maximum prot.
2. Sketch a graph of the prot function (q).
Question 16
Indicate which of the following statements are true. Try to do this problem without resorting to the textbook!
1. Under perfect competition a rms inverse supply function is equal to its marginal cost function.
2. At the startup point, marginal cost is equal to variable cost.
3. At the startup point, the derivative of the average variable cost is zero.
4. At the breakeven point, the derivative of the average cost is zero.
5. At the breakeven point, the marginal cost is equal to the average cost.
Question 17
Suppose that an efcient small rm has a cost function of C(q) = 0,01335q
3
2,4q
2
+ 486q + 30 000, and
a maximum production capacity of 200 units per month. Determine
1. their xed cost,
2. their prot function,
3. their startup point,
4. their breakeven point,
5. their supply set.
6. Sketch the prot function and the supply set.
41 DSC3707/101/3
0.2 Self evaluation exercise 2
Question 1
1. Find the rst and second partial derivatives of the following functions:
(a) f(x; y) = x
1
2
y
4
+
xy
(b) g(x; y) = x
3
(y
3
+xy
2
)
1
3
(c) h(x; y) = x
3
y
3
+xy
2
2. Find
f
x
and
f
y
for f(x; y) = x
y
2
.
Question 2
1. Suppose that a rms capital and labour vary in time as follows:
k(t) = 2t
2
, l(t) = 2t + 5.
If the rm has production function q(k; l) = kl
2
, determine the rate at which production changes with
time.
2. Suppose that production q, capital k and labour l satisfy g(q(k; l); k; l) = 0. How do you think we might
calculate the partial derivatives q/k and q/l in a manner similar to that developed for functions
of only two variables? Illustrate your method by calculating the partial derivatives when q is dened
by the equation q
2
k +l
2
+qk
2
l
3
= 0.
Question 3
1. Let g(x; y) = x
2
y
3
2
for x; y > 0. Sketch some typical contours g(x; y) = c with c > 0. Calculate
the rst-order partial derivatives of g. Find the slope at the point (1; 2) of the contour which passes
through that point.
2. Find the critical points of the functions
(a) u(x; y) = y
3
+ 3xy x
3
(b) v(x; y) = x
3
3xy
2
+y
4
and classify them.
42
3. A rm manufactures two products, X and Y , and sells these in related markets. Suppose that the
rm is the only producer of X and Y and that the inverse demand functions for X and Y are
p
X
= 13 2x y; p
Y
= 13 x 2y.
Determine the production levels that maximise prot, given that the cost function is C(x; y) = x +y.
Question 4
Suppose the price of a chicken thigh is R2,50, and the price of a small cup of mango atchar is R1,25.
Bachus, Moeti, Ophelia and Thr all have R10 to spend. Show on a diagram the budget set, the set of
all possible bundles of chicken and atchar which they can purchase. Their utility functions for bundles
x = (x
1
; x
2
) of chicken and atchar are
Bachus: 5x
1
+ 2x
2
Moeti: x
2
1
+ 2x
2
2
Ophelia: x
1
+ 2x
2
Thr: x
1
x
2
2
.
1. Sketch some typical indifference curves for each person and in each case say whether or not the sets
U
c
= {x|u(x) c} are convex.
2. If each of the persons chooses the bundle in the budget set which maximises his utility, determine
how many chicken thighs and cups of atchar they can purchase. First assume that small pieces of
chicken and small amounts of atchar can be purchased. Then nd integer answers.
Question 5
1. Suppose that A is the matrix
A =
3 1
0 1
a
n
b
n
c
n
d
n
.
Find recurrence equations for a
n
, b
n
, c
n
and d
n
and solve them to determine an explicit formula for
A
n
.
2. Find a general formula for B
n
, where
B =
1 1
0 1
.
Question 6
The demand function for a commodity takes the form
q
D
(p) = a +bp +
c
p
for some constants a, b and c. When p = 1, the quantity demanded is 60, when p = 2, it is 40, and when
p = 4, it is 15. Find the constants a, b and c.
43 DSC3707/101/3
Question 7
5x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 2x
3
+ x
4
= 66
x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 4x
3
+ 2x
4
= 48
x
1
+ x
2
+ 2x
3
+ x
4
= 10
2x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 2x
3
+ x
4
= 38
1. Reduce the given system to echelon form, determine its rank, and express the general solution in
vector notation.
2. Rewrite the system as a matrix equation, and use or MuPAD or Maxima to nd the solution.
Question 8
Suppose an investor invests her money in three different assetsland, equities and stocksand that
three possible states can occur.
1. Show that there is no state price vector for the returns matrix
R =
.
2. Find an arbitrage portfolio.
Question 9
1. Find the inverse of the following matrix:
A =
1 1 1 2
2 2 3 4
3 4 5 6
5 5 5 5
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
and r
.
Question 11
A factory makes three productsX, Y and Z. The production processes for these products are interre-
lated. To produce R1 of X requires 0,05 units (in rand) of X, 0,1 of Y and 0,1 of Z. To produce R1 worth
of Y requires 0,4 worth of X and 0,1 of Z. To produce R1 worth of Z requires 0,1 of X and 0,2 of Y . Each
week the external demands for X, Y and Z are 200, 500 and 1 500 units, respectively. What should be the
weekly production level of each good?
Question 12
Let A =
0,2 0,3
0,1 0,4
. Calculate (I A)
1
with the aid of MuPAD or Maxima. Find a few approximations
to (I A)
1
using powers of A. How many decimal digits are correct if 25 terms are used?
Question 13
Let A =
3 k k
2
2 k 3
0 4 k
,
and unit capital and labour costs of v and w respectively, with all constants positive, derive a general
expression for the cost function of the rm.
2. A rm has a Cobb-Douglas production function q(k; l) = 350k
1
3
l
2
3
, and unit capital and labour costs of
50 and 100 respectively.
(a) What is the maximum output achievable in a week if the maximum that the rm can spend is
R50 000 per week?
(b) The unions negotiate an increase in their remuneration packages with the result that the unit
labour cost rises to 150. What is the maximum output achievable if the production function is
unchanged?
(c) If the production function changes simultaneously with the change in labour costs to
q(k; l) = 350k
1
4
l
3
4
, what is the maximum output?
Question 2
1. Every month a consumer purchases quantities of two commoditiesmaize and spinach. The con-
sumers utility function is
u(x
1
; x
2
) = 4
x
1
+ 2 ln x
2
for a bundle (x
1
; x
2
) of x
1
units of maize and x
2
units of spinach. She has R80 to spend on these two
products every month. Maize costs R4 per unit, and spinach R6. How many units of each should she
buy each month in order to maximise her utility? (Assume that fractions of units can be bought.)
2. If the utility function should change to
u(x
1
; x
2
) = 4
x
1
+ 6 ln x
2
,
calculate the optimal bundle of commodities.
Question 3
1. Find the general solution of the Lucas equation
y
t
= y
t1
+ 2y
t2
,
with initial values y
0
= y
1
= 1. Calculate the rst 20 values of this recurrence relation.
2. Find the general solution of
y
t
= y
t1
+ 2y
t2
,
with initial values y
0
= 1 and y
1
= 2. Try to nd the answer without using an auxiliary equation.
46
Question 4
Suppose the consumption in an economy this year is a constant times the investment of last year:
C
t
= lI
t1
.
Suppose also that the relationship between next years income and current investment is Y
t+1
= kI
t
, for
some positive constant k.
1. Assuming that the usual equilibrium conditions hold, derive a recurrence for Y
t
.
2. Suppose that Y
0
= 2, and nd a general solution to the recurrence equation. What behaviour can be
expected from the economy if k = 3 and l = 2? Is it feasible that k = l = 2?
Question 5
The demand and supply sets for a good are given by
D =
(q; p)|p(q
2
+ 1) 4q = 0
and S =
(q; p)|100pq q
2
+ 1 = 0
.
Determine the equilibrium price and the consumer surplus.
Question 6
1. Find the integral
x
3
e
x
2
dx.
2. Evaluate
dx
x
1 x
.
3. Consider the following function:
f(q) =
q + 1
q
3
+q
2
6q
.
Find the integral
5
3
f(q)dq.
Question 7
1. The elasticity of demand for a good is
(p) =
4p
2
p
2
+ 16
.
Given that q = 1 when p = 3, nd the demand function q
D
(p).
2. Use the MuPAD ode function or Maxima [Solve ODE] to solve the differential equation.
Question 8
1. Given that consumer demand is given by
q = p
+p
p + 1,
and that the supply function is q
S
(p) = p 1, write down the condition for equilibrium. If p(0) = 1 and
p
615
13
;
120
13
120
13
;
615
13
(9,23; 47,31).
With Maxima:
To plot the supply and demand functions:
49 DSC3707/101/3
Maxima instructions to determine the equilibrium point are:
On the menu (on top of the screen):
choose [Equations];
choose [Solve linear system]. Enter the correct values as follows:
You may also enter directly the following instruction:
linsolve([p=(q+45)/10, p=25-q/3], [p, q]);
Maxima output: [p=120/13,q=615/13]
50
Self evaluation exercise 1.2:2
The price is p
T
=
10(T + 12)
13
. For a tax of R1 per unit the price will increase by 77c to R10.
Self evaluation exercise 1.2:3
q
T
=
15(41 2T)
13
. The total income for the government will be the tax per unit times the number of units
sold:
T
15(41 2T)
13
=
615T
13
30T
2
13
.
(This is of course only an approximation. The number of units sold is in most cases an integer, and some
rounding should be done.) This function has a maximum at T = 10,25. (Find the rst derivative, set it equal
to zero and solve for T).
Self evaluation exercise 1.3:1
e
x
7
+x
7x
6
+ 1
.
Self evaluation exercise 1.3:2
7x
6
+ 1
x
7
+x
.
Self evaluation exercise 1.4:1
We use the common sense method explained on page 31 of the textbook to nd the explicit solution of this
rst-order recurrence relation. We rst determine the value of the time-independent value y
by putting
y
:= y
t
= y
t1
, that is y
=
y
2
+ 2, yielding y
= 4. Now we put y
t
= y
+z
t
, giving
(4 +z
t
) =
1
2
(4 +z
t1
) + 2.
This simplies to z
t
=
1
2
z
t1
with the (obvious) solution z
t
=
1
2
t
z
0
.
Since y
0
= 2 and y
= 4 we have
z
0
= y
0
y
= 2.
This means that
y
t
= 4 +
1
2
t
(2)
= 4 2
1
2
t
= 4 2
1t
.
In MuPAD enter solve(rec(y(t) = y(t-1)/2+2,y(t),{y(0) = 2})).
MuPAD gives the answer as: {4 2(1/2)
t
}.
With Maxima:
Note that to get the last output on the screen you should enter [simplify(r)] at the bottom of the screen.
51 DSC3707/101/3
Self evaluation exercise 1.4:2
The term 2
1t
goes to zero, so that lim
t
y
t
= 4.
Self evaluation exercise 1.5:1
S =
5 000 +
1 000
0,1
(1,1)
5
1 000
0,1
= (15 000) (1,1)
5
10 000
= 24 157,65 10 000
= R14 157,65.
Self evaluation exercise 1.5:2
The amount S
n
after n periods is given by the amount during the previous period (S
n1
) times (1 + i)
(interest for one period is added) plus the payment R that occurred at the end of the period:
S
n
= (1 +i)S
n1
+R, with S
0
= A.
To nd a solution, we set S
=
R
i
, and write down the general solution
S
n
= S
+ (S
0
S
)(1 +i)
n
=
R
i
+
A
R
i
(1 +i)
n
=
A +
R
i
(1 +i)
n
R
i
.
This is identical to the formula given above.
52
Self evaluation exercise 1.6:1
We model the situation with a rst-order recurrence relation. Let y
t
denote the population after t years, and
k be the limit on the number of emigrants. Then
y
t
= 1,03y
t1
k, with y
0
= 40 000 000.
To solve this rst-order recurrence relation, we rst nd y
=
k
0,03
=
100k
3
. Then
y
t
= y
+ (y
0
y
)(1,03)
t
=
100k
3
+
40 000 000
100k
3
(1,03)
t
.
After 10 years this should be equal to 52 000 000:
y
10
=
100k
3
+
40 000 000
100k
3
(1,03)
10
= 52 000 000.
Solve for k to nd
k 153 234.
Self evaluation exercise 1.6:2
The recurrence relation becomes
y
t
= 0,99y
t1
153 234, with y
0
= 40 000 000.
Now y
=
153 234
0,01
= 15 323 400. Then
y
t
= y
+ (y
0
y
)(0,99)
t
= 15 323 400 + (40 000 000 + 15 323 400) (0,99)
t
.
After 10 years this is
y
10
34 710 091.
Self evaluation exercise 1.7:1
One possible form of the formula is
R(1 (1 +i)
m
) (1 +i)
mn
(1 +i)
m
(1 +s)
n
1
i ((1 +i)
m
(1 +s)) .
Keep in mind that there are numerous ways of representing such a formula. The proof of the pudding is in
the eatingif your formula gives the correct answer, it is most probably correct.
Self evaluation exercise 1.7:2
The answer is R123 459,82.
Self evaluation exercise 1.8:1
See the textbook, pp4647.
53 DSC3707/101/3
Self evaluation exercise 1.8:2
The supply and demand functions are given by
q
S
(p) =
8
13
p
21
13
and q
D
(p) =
13
21
p
34
21
;
and the inverse supply and demand functions by
p
S
(q) =
13
8
q +
21
8
and p
D
(q) =
21
13
q +
34
13
.
Since
q
t
= q
S
(p
t1
) and p
t
= p
D
(q
t
),
we have
q
t
=
8
13
p
t1
21
13
and p
t
=
21
13
q
t
+
34
13
.
Eliminating q
t
we obtain
p
t
=
21
13
8
13
p
t1
21
13
+
34
13
=
168
169
p
t1
+
1
169
.
The time-independent solution is
p
=
1
169
169
1
= 1
and the explicit solution is
p
t
= 1 + 118
168
169
t
.
This means that the price tends to 1 over a long period. (This decrease is very slow. It will take more than
a century before the price halves.) The quantity involved will tend to 1. (After approximately 723 years
the quantity will become negative.) This of course means that this cobweb model cannot predict what will
happen far into the future, since the people involved will stop acting according to the model (out of physical
necessity). On the short run, however, it predicts a decrease in both the price and the quantity of the
commodity traded.
Self evaluation exercise 1.9:1
C(5) = 200
5e
1
5
6
+ 2 5
R457,24.
The unit price is approximately R91,45.
For six compact discs it is
C(6) = 200
6e
1
6
6
+ 2 6
R501,91.
54
The unit price in this case is approximately R83,65.
Note the increase of R44,67 in the total cost. This marginal cost is appreciably less than the unit price (can
you explain why?).
For a thousand compact discs it is
C(1 000) = 200
1 000e
1
1 000
6
+ 2 000
R8324,56.
The unit price is now approximately R8,32.
For a thousand and one compact discs it is
C(1 001) = 200
1 001e
1
1 001
6
+ 2 002
R8329,72.
The marginal cost (difference in the total amount between 1000 and 1001) is approximately R5,16.
Self evaluation exercise 1.9:2
The derivative of the cost function is
d
dx
C(q) = e
1
q
6
100
q
1200
q
13
2
+ 2.
Self evaluation exercise 1.9:3
For ve compact discs the marginal cost is approximately R46,69, and for six approximately R42,82. Com-
pare this to the real marginal cost of R44,67. Can you explain this discrepancy? (The derivative gives the
slope at a xed point (either 5 or 6) and this is used to estimate the change over an interval (of one in this
case). If the slope is changing rapidly (as is the case here), the approximation might be inaccurate. It might
be better to use the slope at 5,5 which yields a marginal cost of R44,62.) For q = 1000 the marginal cost is
approximately R5,16. This is more accurate, because the slope is not changing as rapidly at q = 1000.
Self evaluation exercise 1.10:1
The derivative of the demand function is given by
200 000 000
p
3
+
1
2
p
.
This gives a decrease of approximately 25 games.
Self evaluation exercise 1.10:2
The prot will be the prot per game times the number of games sold:
(p 10) q
D
(p) = (p 10)
.
The price of R200 would yield a prot of approximately R500 828, and a price of R201 a prot of approxi-
mately R498 352. The lower price will thus yield a higher prot. To nd local maxima and minima, we have
to nd the derivative of the prot function. (Use MuPAD or Maxima.) The slope of the prot function is
zero at approximately R20,00 and R1 340,87. Of these two the rst is a maximum (check) and the second a
minimum. There is another minimumat p = 10 the prot will of course be zero.
55 DSC3707/101/3
Self evaluation exercise 1.11:1
The capital or principal is P = 100 000, the nominal interest rate is j
2
= 0,18 and the interest rate per
compounding period is 9%. It should be clear that m = 2 and n = 2 2 = 4. We nd that
S = P (1 +i)
n
= 100 000 (1 + 0,09)
4
= 100 000 1,41158161
= C141 158,16.
Self evaluation exercise 1.11:2
There are at least two ways of arriving at an answer. We shall show the two most obvious ways. In order
to compare two loans, we have to compare either interest rates or the accumulated values.
Determine the accumulated value of the loan offered by BCTB:
S = P (1 +i)
n
= 1 000 000 (1 + 0,16)
4
= C1 810 639,36.
It is clear that the loan from CDUC will be less expensive (by C10 639,36).
The second approach is to compare the interest rates. The interest rate offered by CDUC is
i =
S
P
1
n
1
=
1 800 000
1 000 000
1
4
1
0,15829.
The interest rate is approximately 15,829% per annum, which is less than the 16% per annum offered by
BCTB, making this option more attractive.
Self evaluation exercise 1.11:3
We have = 0,111 and j = e
1 = e
0,111
1 0,1173949 or approximately 11,73949%.
Self evaluation exercise 1.11:4
We rst calculate the continuously compounded rate:
= mln
1 +
j
m
m
= 4 ln
1 +
0,15
4
= 4 ln (1,0375)
0,147256.
56
Next we convert to a monthly compounded nominal rate:
j
12
= 12
e
12
1
= 12
e
0,147256
12
1
0,148163.
You can check your calculations by converting it directly:
j
12
= 12
1 +
j
4
4
4
12
1
= 12
1 +
0,15
4
1
3
1
= 12
(1,0375)
1
3
1
0,148163.
Self evaluation exercise 1.12:1
First determine the inverse supply and demand functions and use MuPAD or Maxima to graph them.
57 DSC3707/101/3
With MuPAD:
pS:=6*q+500000
pD:=-q^2/200+200*q+100000
plotfunc2d(pS,pD,q=-1000..41500,p=-100000..2500000)
You would have to play around with the ranges for the axes to get the graph in a suitable format.
4e+4 3e+4 2e+4 1e+4 0
2.5e+6
2e+6
1.5e+6
1e+6
5e+5
0
q
p
q
p
6*q + 5, 200*q - 1/200*q^2 + 1
There are two points of equilibrium: (q
1
; p
1
) (2185; 513 109) and (q
2
; p
2
) (36 615; 719 691).
With Maxima:
Maxima input:
58
The output is:
59 DSC3707/101/3
Self evaluation exercise 1.12:2
The supply function is q
S
(p) =
p 500 000
6
, and the inverse supply function is p
S
(q) = 6q + 500 000.
Therefore p
S
q
S
(p) = p
S
q
S
(p)
= p
S
p 500 000
6
= 6
p 500 000
6
= 1,04025 10
7
p
4
0,000 360 748p
3
+ 0,438 93p
2
222p + 38 453.
The elasticity of demand is
(p) =
q
p
q
=
1,04025 10
7
p
5
+ 0,000 360 748p
4
0,438 93p
3
+ 222p
2
38 453p
2,0805 10
8
p
5
0,000 090 187p
4
+ 0,146 31p
3
111p
2
+ 38 453p 4 280 000
.
Self evaluation exercise 1.14:2
The demand is inelastic if (p) < 1. This is the case for 200 p < 456,372933. (Youll probably want to use
MuPAD or Maxima for this calculation. Plot (p) to get an idea of the shape of the function, and then solve
the equation (p) = 1. Also keep in mind that the demand function was dened only for 200 p 1000.)
Self evaluation exercise 1.14:3
R450. For fees higher than R456,37 the demand becomes elastic, which means that a further increase in
the fee will result in a drop in revenue.
Self evaluation exercise 1.14:4
The demand for modules at a price of R450 is
q
D
(450) = 2,0805 10
8
(450)
5
0,000 090 187(450)
4
+ 0,146 31(450)
3
111(450)
2
+ 38 453(450) 4 280 000
564 529,
62
which means that the number of students should be more or less
564 529
4,98
113 359.
Self evaluation exercise 1.15:1
The inverse demand function is p
D
(q) = 1 000 q
3
+ 4q
2
+q and thus the prot function is
(q) = qp
D
(q) C(q)
= q(1 000 q
3
+ 4q
2
+q) (3q
3
q
2
+ 10
2
q + 10
2
)
= q
4
+q
3
+ 2q
2
+ 900q 100.
The derivative is
(q) = 4q
3
+ 3q
2
+ 4q + 900,
with a zero at q 6,399 786. The prot is therefore
(6) = 6
4
+ 6
3
+ 2(6)
2
+ 900(6) 100
= 4 292
or around R4 292 000.
Self evaluation exercise 1.15:2
See Figure 1.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(q)
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
Figure 1: The prot function of LRC.
Self evaluation exercise 1.16:1
True
Self evaluation exercise 1.16:2
False. . . . equal to average variable cost.
Self evaluation exercise 1.16:3
True
63 DSC3707/101/3
Self evaluation exercise 1.16:4
True
Self evaluation exercise 1.16:5
True
Self evaluation exercise 1.17:1
The xed cost is R30 000.
Self evaluation exercise 1.17:2
The prot function is
(q) = qC
(q) C(q)
= q(0,04005q
2
4,8q + 486) (0,01335q
3
2,4q
2
+ 486q + 30 000)
= 0,0267q
3
2,4q
2
30 000.
Self evaluation exercise 1.17:3
The startup point is where q
s
is such that (q
s
) = C(0). Simplifying 0,0267q
3
s
2,4q
2
s
30 000 = 30 000
we nd that q
2
s
(0,0267q
s
2,4) = 0. Solving this equation yields a startup point of q
s
=
2,4
0,0267
89,88764, or
more or less 90 units.
Self evaluation exercise 1.17:4
Breakeven happens when the prot changes from negative to non-negative. This is when (q
b
) = 0. We
solve the equation 0,0267q
3
b
2,4q
2
b
30 000 = 0 to nd that q
b
is more or less 144.
Self evaluation exercise 1.17:5
The price p
s
corresponding to the startup point of q
s
= 90 is p
s
= 378,41. The rm produces nothing if the
price is lower than R378,41, and for prices higher than this the amount produced is related to p by
p = C
(q)
= 0,04005q
2
4,8q + 486.
This relationship holds as long as the maximum production capacity of the rm is not exceeded. Once this
happens, the rm is restricted to its maximum capacity. This means that q 200. The price corresponding
to this quantity is p
L
= C
x
; f
2
=
f
y
=
x(4y
3
+ 1).
The second partial derivatives are
f
11
=
2
f
x
2
=
y(y
3
+ 1)
4x
3
2
; f
22
=
2
f
y
2
= 12
xy
2
;
f
21
=
2
f
xy
=
4y
3
+ 1
2
x
; f
12
=
2
f
yx
=
4y
3
+ 1
2
x
.
65 DSC3707/101/3
Self evaluation exercise 2.1:1(b)
The rst partial derivatives are
g
x
=
x
2
y
2
(10x + 9y)
3(y
3
+xy
2
)
2
3
;
g
y
=
x
3
y(3y + 2x)
3(y
3
+xy
2
)
2
3
.
The second partial derivatives are
2
g
x
2
=
2x(27y
6
+ 63xy
5
+ 35x
2
y
4
)
9(y
3
+xy
2
)
5
3
;
2
g
y
2
=
2x
5
y
2
9(y
3
+xy
2
)
5
3
;
2
g
xy
=
x
2
y(20x
2
y
2
+ 45xy
3
+ 27y
4
)
9(y
3
+xy
2
)
5
3
;
2
g
yx
=
x
2
y(20x
2
y
2
+ 45xy
3
+ 27y
4
)
9(y
3
+xy
2
)
5
3
.
Self evaluation exercise 2.1:1(c)
The rst partial derivatives are
h
x
= 3x
2
y
3
+y
2
;
h
y
= 3x
3
y
2
+ 2xy.
The second partial derivatives are
2
h
x
2
= 6xy
3
;
2
h
y
2
= 6x
3
y + 2x;
2
h
xy
= 9x
2
y
2
+ 2y;
2
h
yx
= 9x
2
y
2
+ 2y.
Self evaluation exercise 2.1:2
f
x
= y
2
x
y
2
1
;
f
y
= 2yx
y
2
ln x.
Self evaluation exercise 2.2:1
The production function is
q(k; l) = kl
2
= (2t
2
)(2t + 5)
2
= 8t
4
+ 40t
3
+ 50t
2
.
Note that the production function is a function of time. The rate at which production changes is the rst
derivative of the production function with respect to time:
dq
dt
= 32t
3
+ 120t
2
+ 100t.
Self evaluation exercise 2.2:2
We use the same trick that works for two variables. (See page 126 in the textbook.) The function g in this
case is a function of three variables. Call them Q, K and L. (We have Q = q(k; l), K = k and L = l.) The
composite function G(k; l) = g(Q,K,L) is a function of the two variables k and l. Using the chain rule:
G
k
=
g
Q
Q
k
+
g
K
K
k
+
g
L
L
k
.
66
Now K = k and L = l, so
K
k
= 1 and
L
k
= 0. Also the function G is a constant (0) as a function of k, and
Q = q(k; l) is a function of both k and l. The equation then becomes
0 =
g
q
q
k
+
g
k
.
Rearranging, we nd
q
k
=
g
k
g
q
.
Similarly
q
l
=
g
l
g
q
.
For the given function g(q(k; l); k; l) = q
2
k +l
2
+qk
2
l
3
= 0 we have
g
k
= q
2
+ 2qkl
3
;
g
l
= 2l + 3qk
2
l
2
;
g
q
= 2qk +k
2
l
3
.
So
q
k
=
q
2
+ 2qkl
3
2qk +k
2
l
3
and
q
l
=
2l + 3qk
2
l
2
2qk +k
2
l
3
.
Self evaluation exercise 2.3:1
The point (1; 2) lies on the curve with equation x
2
y
3
2
= 2
y
=
4y
3x
,
that gives a slope of
8
3
when evaluated in the point (1; 2).
67 DSC3707/101/3
68
Maxima solution
Maxima input:
Maxima output:
Self evaluation exercise 2.3:2
69 DSC3707/101/3
1. u(x; y) = y
3
+ 3xy x
3
The rst partial derivatives of u have to be calculated to determine the critical points:
u
1
(x; y) = 3y 3x
2
; u
2
(x; y) = 3y
2
+ 3x.
The critical points are given by the rst-order conditions:
3y 3x
2
= 0, (1) 3y
2
+ 3x = 0. (2)
From (1):
3y = 3x
2
y = x
2
. (3)
Substitute (3) into (2):
3(x
2
)
2
+ 3x = 0
3x
4
+ 3x = 0
3x(x
3
+ 1) = 0
x = 0 or x
3
= 1
x = 1 (because 1
3
= 1).
Substitute x = 0 into (3): y = 0
2
= 0. The point (x; y) = (0; 0).
Substitute x = 1 into (3): y = (1)
2
= 1. The point (x; y) = (1; 1).
The critical points are (0; 0) and (1; 1). The second partial derivatives of u have to be calculated to
determine the nature of the critical points.
u
11
(x; y) = 6x; u
12
(x; y) = u
21
(x; y) = 3; u
22
(x; y) = 6y.
At (0; 0): u
11
= 0, u
12
= u
21
= 3 and u
22
= 0.
Thus u
11
u
22
u
2
12
= 0 0 3
2
= 9 and (0; 0) is a saddle point.
At (1; 1): u
11
= 6, u
12
= u
21
= 3 and u
22
= 6.
Thus u
11
u
22
u
2
12
= 6 6 3
2
= 27 and (1; 1) is a minimum.
2. v(x; y) = x
3
3xy
2
+y
4
The critical points are (0; 0), (
3
2
;
3
2
) and (
3
2
;
3
2
). We need to calculate the second partial derivatives
of v:
v
11
(x; y) = 6x; v
12
(x; y) = v
21
(x; y) = 6y; v
22
(x; y) = 12y
2
6x.
At (0; 0) we have v
11
= 0; v
12
= v
21
= 0; v
22
= 0. In this case the second-order conditions do not
allow us to tell what kind of critical point (0; 0) is.
70
At (
3
2
;
3
2
) we have v
11
= 9; v
12
= v
21
= 9; v
22
= 18, so that we know (
3
2
;
3
2
) is a minimum point.
At (
3
2
;
3
2
) we have v
11
= 9; v
12
= v
21
= 9; v
22
= 18, so that we know (
3
2
;
3
2
) is also a minimum
point.
Self evaluation exercise 2.3:3
The prot function is
(x; y) = xp
X
+yp
Y
C(x; y)
= x(13 2x y) +y(13 x 2y) x y
= 2x
2
2xy + 12x 2y
2
+ 12y.
The only critical point is (2; 2), which is a maximum and hence the required production levels of X and Y
are two of each.
Self evaluation exercise 2.4
The budget constraint is 2,5x
1
+ 1,25x
2
= 10, where x
1
represents chicken thighs.
x
1
x
2
4
8
Self evaluation exercise 2.4:1
See pages 167 and 168 in the textbook for typical indifference curves. The indifference curves of Moeti are
not convex; all others are.
Self evaluation exercise 2.4:2
For Bachus the optimal bundle consists of 4 chicken thighs.
For Moeti an Ophelia the optimal bundle consists of 8 cups of atchar.
For Thr the budget line is tangent to the indifference curve. The gradient of the indifference curve x
1
x
2
2
= c
is
x
2
x
1
=
U
c
/x
1
U
c
/x
2
=
x
2
2
2x
1
x
2
=
x
2
2x
1
.
At the point (x
1
; x
2
) where the budget line is tangent to this indifference curve, this must equal the slope of
the budget line, yielding
x
2
2x
1
= 2 or x
2
= 4x
1
. Then
2,5x
1
+ 1,25(4x
1
) = 10 or 7,5x
1
= 10 which gives x
1
=
4
3
and x
2
=
16
3
.
Two possible integer solutions are (2; 4) and (1; 6). A quick calculation yields a utility of 32 in the rst case
and 36 for the bundle (1; 6).
71 DSC3707/101/3
Self evaluation exercise 2.5:1
a
n
b
n
c
n
d
n
= A
n
= A
1
(A
n1
) =
3 1
0 1
a
n1
b
n1
c
n1
d
n1
.
It follows that a
n
= 3a
n1
+c
n1
; b
n
= 3b
n1
+d
n1
; c
n
= c
n1
; d
n
= d
n1
. Because c
1
= 0, then c
n
=
0 for all n and because d
1
= 1, then d
n
= 1 for all n. Thus a
n
= 3a
n1
+0 = 3a
n1
; b
n
= 3b
n1
+1; c
n
= 0
and d
n
= 1. It is given that a
1
= 3
1
and then a
2
= 3a
1
= 3 3 = 3
2
; a
3
= 3 3
2
= 3
3
and a
n
= 3
n
. The
case of b
n
is a second order recurrence equation which can be solved with the methods given in Chapter 23
to give b
n
=
1
2
3
n+1
1
2
. Thus
A
n
=
3
n 1
2
3
n+1
1
2
0 1
.
Self evaluation exercise 2.5:2
B
n
=
1 n
0 1
.
Self evaluation exercise 2.6
The three values of p leads to the system of three equations:
a +b +c = 60
a + 2b +
c
2
= 40
a + 4b +
c
4
= 15.
This can be rewritten as a matrix equation:
1 1 1
1 2
1
2
1 4
1
4
a
b
c
60
40
15
. (1)
Method 1: use the inverse of the matrix to determine te solution.
The inverse of the matrix
1 1 1
1 2
1
2
1 4
1
4
is
2 5 2
1
3
1
2
3
8
3
4
4
3
.
Multiplying both sides of equation (1) from the left by the inverse of the square matrix gives the solution:
2 5 2
1
3
1
2
3
8
3
4
4
3
1 1 1
1 2
1
2
1 4
1
4
a
b
c
2 5 2
1
3
1
2
3
8
3
4
4
3
60
40
15
50
10
20
.
Thus a = 50, b = 10 and c = 20.
72
Method 2: Use elementary row operations to solve the system.
R1
R2
R3
1 1 1
1 2
1
2
1 4
1
4
60
40
15
R1
R2 R1
R3 R1
1 1 1
0 1
1
2
0 3
3
4
60
20
45
R1
R2
R3 3R2
1 1 1
0 1
1
2
0 0
3
4
60
20
15
Then:
3
4
c = 15, thus c = 20
b
1
2
(20) = 20, thus b = 10
a + (10) + (20) = 60, thus a = 50.
Self evaluation exercise 2.7:1
The augmented matrix is
5 3 2 1 66
1 3 4 2 48
1 1 2 1 10
2 2 2 1 38
,
and the row echelon form is
1 0
1
2
1
4
9
2
0 1
3
2
3
4
29
2
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
.
The rank of the system is 2. A solution is
x
1
=
9
2
+
1
2
s +
1
4
t
x
2
=
29
2
3
2
s
3
4
t
x
3
= s
x
4
= t,
where s and t are free unknowns. We can now write
x = v +su
1
+tu
2
,
where
x =
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
; v =
9
2
29
2
0
0
; u
1
=
1
2
3
2
1
0
; u
2
=
1
4
3
4
0
1
.
Self evaluation exercise 2.7:2
73 DSC3707/101/3
MuPAD solution:
Maxima solution
Choose [Equations] form the top menu on the screen.
Choose [Solve linear system] and complete the pop-up menus.
74
Maxima input:
Maxima output:
Remember that Maxima indicates free variables that we wrote as u and v with @r1 and @r2.
You may determine the row echelon form of the augmented matrix as follows.
Enter in the input line Input[a:] and then choose [Algebra]; [Enter matrix]. Complete the rst pop-up
menu.
Maxima input:
75 DSC3707/101/3
Maxima responds with a table. Enter the values of the augmented matrix and press OK.
Maxima input:
76
To reduce the matrix to echelon form enter echelon(a).
Maxima output:
Self evaluation exercise 2.8:1
The matrix R augmented by the column vector
1
1
1
1
1
1
R1
R2 R1
R3
0,90
1,05
R1
1
0
0,14286
R1
R2
R3 +
0,02143
0,15
R2
1
0
0,14286
1 1 1 2 1 0 0 0
2 2 3 4 0 1 0 0
3 4 5 6 0 0 1 0
5 5 5 5 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 2 1 0 0 0
3 4 5 6 0 0 1 0
2 2 3 4 0 1 0 0
5 5 5 5 0 0 0 1
Subtract three times row 1 from row 2, two times row 1 from row 3, and ve times row 1 from row 4.
1 1 1 2 1 0 0 0
0 1 2 0 3 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0
0 0 0 5 5 0 0 1
1 1 1 2 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 2 1 0
0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0
1
5
Finally subtract row 2, row 3 and two times row 4 from row 1.
1 0 0 0 0 1 1
2
5
0 1 0 0 1 2 1 0
0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0
1
5
A
1
=
0 1 1
2
5
1 2 1 0
2 1 0 0
1 0 0
1
5
1 0 1
0 1 2
0 0 0
.
78
A row of zeros always imply that no inverse exists. The determinant of B is 0, again an indication that no
inverse can exist.
Self evaluation exercise 2.10
You can either use the explicit formulas given on page 224 of the textbook, or use the matrix equations.
Using the latter approach, we rewrite the IS-LMequations in equilibriumas a system of two linear equations:
0,1Y
10r
= 5
(1 0,2)Y
+ 20r
= 30 + 10 + 10.
This translates to the following matrix equation:
0,1 10
0,8 20
5
50
.
The solution is
0,1 10
0,8 20
5
50
60
0,1
.
Self evaluation exercise 2.11
The matrix equation is
X
Y
Z
200
500
1500
X
Y
Z
.
To solve we need to calculate (to three decimals)
X
Y
Z
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
200
500
1 500
769,495
910,550
1 668,005
.
(Of course you can use MuPAD or Maxima for the calculation!)
Thus X 769,495, Y 910,550 and Z 1 668,005.
Self evaluation exercise 2.12
(I A)
1
=
1,
3 0,
6
0,
2 1,
k 3
4 k
2 3
0 k
+k
2
2 k
0 4
= 3(k
2
12) k(2k 0) +k
2
(8 0) = 9k
2
36
82
Solutions: Self evaluation exercise 3
Self evaluation exercise 3.1:1
See the textbook, pp260261.
Self evaluation exercise 3.1:2(a)
The Lagrangean is
L = 350k
1
3
l
2
3
(50k + 100l 50 000).
The equations that we have to solve are
L
k
=
350
3
k
2
3
l
2
3
50 = 0,
L
l
=
700
3
k
1
3
l
1
3
100 = 0,
50k + 100l = 50 000.
The rst two equations yield k = l. Substituting into the third equation we get 150k = 50 000,
or k =
1 000
3
= l. The maximal output is then
350
1 000
3
1
3
1 000
3
2
3
=
350 000
3
,
which is approximately R116 667.
Self evaluation exercise 3.1:2(b)
Approximately R89 033.
Self evaluation exercise 3.1:2(c)
R87 500
Self evaluation exercise 3.2:1
We have to maximise the utility u(x
1
; x
2
) = 4
x
1
+ 2 ln x
2
subject to the constraint 4x
1
+ 6x
2
= 80. The
Lagrangean is
L = 4
x
1
+ 2 ln x
2
(4x
1
+ 6x
2
80).
We have to solve the equations
L
x
1
=
2
x
1
4 = 0,
L
x
2
=
2
x
2
6 = 0,
4x
1
+ 6x
2
= 80.
From the rst two equations we have x
2
=
2
x
1
3
, and together with the third equation this yields
x
1
= 16, x
2
=
8
3
.
The consumer should therefore buy 16 units of maize and 2
2
3
units of spinach.
Self evaluation exercise 3.2:2
This time the optimal bundle consists of approximately 10,35 units of maize and 6,43 units of spinach.
83 DSC3707/101/3
Self evaluation exercise 3.3:1
The auxiliary equation is z
2
z 2 = 0. This equation has two distinct solutions, namely
= 2 and = 1.
The solution is y
t
= A
t
+B
t
, with A and B constants. Since we know the values y
0
and y
1
, we know that
A+B = 1 and A +B = 1.
Therefore ( )B = 1 , or 3B = 1, yielding B =
1
3
. Then A =
2
3
. Hence
y
t
= A
t
+B
t
=
2
3
2
t
+
1
3
(1)
t
.
The rst 20 values are 1; 1; 3; 5; 11; 21; 43; 85; 171; 341; 683; 1365; 2731; 5461; 10923; 21845; 43691;
87381; 174763; 349525 and 699051.
For MuPAD:
solve(rec(y(t)-y(t-1)-2*y(t-2),y(t),{y(0) = 1, y(1) = 1}))
f:=(t)->((-1)^t/3+2*(2^t/3))
map(f(t)$t=1..20,float)
84
With Maxima:
Important remark
Note that in this case the Maxima answer is incorrect. Maxima gives the answer y
t
= 32
t+1
+
(1)
t
3
and it
should be y
t
=
1
3
2
t+1
+
(1)
t
3
. We informed the Maxima developers of the problem. However we keep the
example to show you that you should never believe that the computer is always correct. If you test whether
the solution satises the initial values and use Maxima to determine y
t
if t = 0 and t = 1 you will notice that
the initial values are not satised. Thus the given y
t
is not a solution at all.
Apply solve rec on the function y(t) = y(t 1) + 2 y(t 2) with initial values y(0) = a and y(1) = b; then
replace a and b with 1 and simplify. Now the Maxima answer is correct.
Self evaluation exercise 3.3:2
If you use the recurrence equation to calculate the rst few terms, you would notice very familiar numbers:
1; 2; 4; 8; 16; 32; 64; 128; . . . . The solution is y
t
= 2
t
. (Of course you can also use the tools developed in this
chapter. You should arrive at the same answer.)
Self evaluation exercise 3.4:1
The equilibrium condition Y
t
= C
t
+I
t
together with I
t
=
1
k
Y
t+1
yields
Y
t
= C
t
+
1
k
Y
t+1
,
that can be re-written as
C
t
= Y
t
1
k
Y
t+1
, or even as C
t1
= Y
t1
1
k
Y
t
.
Substituting into the consumption equation we get
Y
t
1
k
Y
t+1
=
l
k
Y
t
.
Rearranging and replacing t by t 1, we obtain the equation
Y
t
= (k l) Y
t1
.
85 DSC3707/101/3
Self evaluation exercise 3.4:2
The general solution is Y
t
= 2(k l)
(t1)
(l k). If k = 3 and l = 2 this yields a solution of Y
t
=
2(3 2)
(1+t)
(2 3) = 2(1)
(t1)
(1) = 2. The income does not depend on the value of t and the
economy is stable (stagnant). If k = l the economy collapses.
Self evaluation exercise 3.5
The inverse demand function is
p
D
(q) =
4q
q
2
+ 1
.
The equilibrium quantity q
0
p
D
(q)dq p
= 2
20
0
2q
q
2
+ 1
dq (20)(0,1995)
= 2 ln(q
2
+ 1)|
20
0
3,99
= 2 (ln(401) ln(1)) 3,99
8.
Self evaluation exercise 3.6:1
We use integration by parts. Take u = x
2
and dv = e
x
2
xdx; then du = 2xdx and v =
1
2
e
x
2
. Now
x
3
e
x
2
dx =
1
2
x
2
e
x
2
xe
x
2
dx
=
1
2
x
2
e
x
2
1
2
e
x
2
+C.
Self evaluation exercise 3.6:2
We use a substitution: let 1 x = z
2
. Then x = 1 z
2
; dx = 2zdz, and
dx
x
1 x
=
2zdz
(1 z
2
)z
= 2
dz
(1 z
2
)
= ln
1 +z
1 z
+C
= ln
1 +
1 x
1
1 x
+C.
Self evaluation exercise 3.6:3
To evaluate this integral we use partial fractions. Write f(q) = q
3
+q
2
6q = q(q 2)(q 3). Then
q + 1
q
3
+q
2
6q
=
A
q
+
B
q 2
+
C
x + 3
86
and
q + 1 = A(q 2)(q + 3) +Bq(q + 3) +Cq(q 2)
= (A +B +C)q
2
+ (A+ 3B 2C)q 6A.
We now solve the system of equations
A + B + C = 0
A + 3B 2C = 1
6A = 1
to obtain A =
1
6
, B =
3
10
and C =
2
15
.
Now
5
3
(q + 1)dq
q
3
+q
2
6q
=
1
6
5
3
dq
q
+
3
10
5
3
dq
q 2
2
15
5
3
dq
q + 3
=
1
6
ln |q| +
3
10
ln |q 2|
2
15
ln |q + 3|
5
3
=
3 ln 3
5
ln 800 000
30
0,20609.
Test the answer with MuPAD or Maxima.
Self evaluation exercise 3.7:1
By the denition of elasticity of demand we have
p
q
dq
dp
=
4p
2
p
2
+ 16
,
where q = q
D
(p) is the demand function. This is a separable differential equation
dq
dp
=
4p
p
2
+ 16
q,
which can be solved by separating and integrating:
1
q
dq = 4
p
2
+ 16
dp.
When simplied this yields
ln q = 4
p
2
+ 16 +c.
Taking the exponential of both sides
q = e
4
p
2
+16+c
.
Since we know that q(3) = 1, we have c = 20. The demand function is therefore
q
D
(p) = e
204
p
2
+16
.
87 DSC3707/101/3
Self evaluation exercise 3.7:2
For MuPAD:
eq:=ode(q(p)/q(p)=(-4*p)/(sqrt(p^2+16)),q(p))
solve(eq)
MuPAD returns:
C1 exp(4(p
2
+ 16)
1/2
)
With Maxima:
Self evaluation exercise 3.8:1
Equilibrium will exist if
p
+p
p + 1 = p 1,
or
p
+p
2p = 2.
A particular solution of this equation is the constant solution p
(0) = 1 we have
p
(0) = 1 = Ae
0
2Be
2(0)
= A 2B,
so that A =
1
3
and B =
1
3
and therefore
p(t) =
e
t
3
e
2t
3
+ 1.
For MuPAD:
q:=ode({p(t)+p(t)-p(t)+1=p(t)-1,p(0)=1,p(0)=1},p(t)):
solve(q)
With Maxima:
Maxima instructions to determine the general solution to the second-order differential equation:
89 DSC3707/101/3
APPENDIX D. ERRATA - PRESCRIBED TEXTBOOK
Notation:
p
k
: p = page number; k = line from top.
p
k
: p = page number; k = line from bottom.
18
11
: (x +
b
2a
)
2
=
b
2
4ac
4a
2
37
15
: E 80W
52
7
: Solution: Here, q
S
(p) = 3p 21 500 and p
D
(q) = 8 500 q.
52
15
:
p
t
= p
+ (p
0
p
)(3)
t
= 7 500 + (7 499 7 500)(3)
t
= 7 500 + (1)(3)
t
= 7 500 (3)
t
.
63
6
: f f
(3) x = 4(3)
3
0,005 = 0,540.
75
5
:
(cos x)(cos x)(sin x)(sin x)
(cos x)
2
=
(cos x)
2
+(sin x)
2
(cos x)
2
.
90
3
: f
12
1
21
2
1
1
10
2
22
173
10
: Mick considers a glass of orange juice to be as desirable as 10 grams of sunower seeds.
180
11
: b
n
= 2b
n1
+d
n1
180
5
: Clearly, given that a
1
= 2, the . . . .
190
5
: x
2
+x
3
= 0
194
6
: +(a
i1
b
12
+a
i2
b
22
+a
i3
b
32
)y
2
228
1
: Example 18.3 Let A be the matrix
1 3 5
2 1 5
4 0 8
.
228
6
: . . . As in the solution of the previous worked example, we see that we can reduce A to . . . .
247
4
:
The last matrix in the row, the a
33
value is wrong:
5 2 1
1 2 3
5 1 1
1 2 3
5 2 1
5 1 1
1 2 3
0 12 14
0 11 -16
260
13
:
L
k
= v Ak
1
l
,
280
3
: q
1
(p
1
, p
2
, M) =
M
2p
1
,
293
1
: y
t
= 2
t
(cos(t/3) sin(t/3)).
300
4
: y
t
y
t1
= 4x
t1
91 DSC3707/101/3
358
3
: 9 6p
+ 5
dp
dt
2
d
2
p
dt
2
= 3 + 4p
dp
dt
d
2
p
dt
2
,
362
11
: y
(q) = 20 +
1 + 2q +
q
1+2q
377
4
: 6.6 . . . the increase is 10,7. (The actual change is 11,65.)
377
6
: 7.1 . . . , (b)
1
5
= 0,20, . . . .
379
2
: 12.7 . . . ,
q
l
=
g/l
g/q
.
380
3
: 13.4 . . . v has a saddle point at (0, 0), and a minimum at (3/2, 3/2) and (3/2, 3/2).
380
8
: 14.1 (i) (18 18 9), (ii) (5 22 25)
383
8
: 22.5 . . . ,
=
V
M
=
1
6
5
5/6
2
1/3
7
1/6
p
5/6
1
p
1/3
2
M
1/6
.
385
2
: 26.4 . . . ,
1
3
(x
3
e
x
3
e
x
3
) +c.
385
8
: 27.1
1 y
2
=
1
2
ln(1 t) +
1
2
ln(1 +t) +c.
92
385
5
: 27.4 y(t) =
2
(
1t
4
2c)
, . . .
386
4
: 28.1 . . . ; (c) y = e
t
(E cos t +F sin t)
386
7
: 28.3
1
2
e
t
+
1
2
cos t + 4
1
2
sin t.