CHE 123 - Worksheet - Atomic Structure - Ionization

Worksheet #3 – Atomic Structure [50 marks]
1.. There is a general trend in the values of the first ionization energies of the elements Na to Ar. The first
ionization energies of the elements Al and S deviate from this trend.
a) Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the process for which the energy change is
the first ionization energy of Na. [2]
Na(g) —> Na+ (g) + e-
b) State and explain the general trend in the values of the first ionization energies of the elements Na
to Ar. [3]
The general trend in values for the first ionization energy for Na to Ar would be an increase because
the numbers of protons increase across a period therefore increasing the nuclear charge, creating a
greater attraction between the nucleus and the electrons.
c) State how, and explain why, the values of the first ionization energies of the elements Al and S
deviate from the general trend. [3]
The first ionization energy from the Al and S deviate from the general ionization trend because they
have and electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 and therefore 3s electrons shield the higher-energy
3p electron from the nucleus, making it slightly easier to remove, thus requiring less ionization energy,
the same goes for sulfur which has an electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 , the 3p4 putting a
paired electron in one of the p orbits, since it is one electron away from being half filled it is easier for
it to remove the electron requiring less energy.
d) State any differences and similarities in the atomic structure of the isotopes of an element. State
the difference, if any, in the chemistry of these isotopes. Explain your answer. [3]
2. a) Define the terms

i) mass number of an atom, [1]
The mass number or atomic number is defined as the total number of protons and electrons
in a atomic nucleus.
ii) relative molecular mass. [2]
The relative molecular mass is the defined as the weighted mean mass of a molecule
compared to 1/12th the mass of a carbon 12
b) i) Complete the electron arrangement for a copper atom. 1s2…… [1]
ls2 2s2 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d10, 4p1
ii) Identify the block in the Periodic Table to which copper belongs. [1]
Copper belongs to the d block.

iii) Deduce the number of neutrons in one atom of 65Cu [1]
36 neutrons
3. a) Complete the table below which is about isotopes and an ion of magnesium.
b) Complete the electronic configurations of magnesium and chlorine atoms.
c) Write the equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of magnesium with chlorine. [2]
Mg(s) + Cl (g)  Mgcl2 (aq)
4. a)
i) Write the equation for the process occurring when the second ionisation energy of oxygen
is measured. [1]
O+ (g)  O2+ (g) + e -
b) The graph below shows the first seven successive ionisation energies of an element, X, which is in
Period 3 of the Periodic Table.
i) Use the information on the graph to state in which Group of the Periodic Table X is found.
X is found in group 6
ii) Justify your answer. [2]
This is because we already know it is in period 3, and that it must have 6 valence electron ,
because until the sixth valence electron the is not extremely high but once it hits the 7
ionization energy, the energy I extremely high because the seventh electron is a core
electron and requires mor energy.
iii) Identify the element X. [1]

Sulfur
5. The values of the first ionisation energies of neon, sodium and magnesium are 2080, 494 and
736 kJmol–1, respectively.
a) Explain the meaning of the term first ionisation energy of an atom. [2]
The first ionization energy is the energy required to remove the first most loosely bound
electron.
b) Write an equation to illustrate the process occurring when the second ionisation energy
of magnesium is measured. [2]
Mg+(g)  Mg2+(g) + e-
b) Explain why the value of the first ionisation energy of magnesium is higher than that of
sodium.
Because sodium end in 3s orbital and has one unpair electron which requires less energy to
be removed, while magnesium end in a 3p orbital as well but require more energy because
it has a pair electron, acquiring a stable noble gas configuration of neon.
c) Explain why the value of the first ionization energy of neon is higher than that of sodium.
The ionization energy of neon is higher than of sodium because neon ends in a 2p6
subshell, making it a stable noble gas, while sodium ends in a 3s orbital and only has 1
unpaired electron making it easier to be removed.
6. This question is about aluminum oxide, Al O .

2 3
a) Successive ionisation energies provide evidence for the arrangement of electrons in atoms. The
graph below shows the 8 successive energies of oxygen.
i. Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the second ionisation energy of oxygen.
[2]
O+  O 2+ + e-
ii. How does this graph provide evidence for the existence of two electron shells in oxygen? [2]
Large difference in the 6 th and 7 th ionization energy.
b) i) Complete the electronic configuration for an aluminum atom. 1s²……. [1]
ls2 2s2 2p6, 3s2, 3p1
ii) On the axes below, sketch a graph to show the thirteen successive ionisation energies of
aluminum. [2]
7.) Define the term
i) atomic number
atomic number is the number of protons in an atom.
ii) mass number [2]
the mass number is the number of protons and neutrons together.
b) First ionisation energies of the elements show periodicity. The graph below shows the first
ionisation energy of twelve successive elements in the Periodic Table in order of
increasing atomic number. The letters are not the symbols for the elements.
i) Give the letters of the two elements in Group 0 (the noble gases). Explain your answer in
terms of ionisation energy. [2]
Ne, Ar – because these 2 elements are the most stable elements compared to the rest.
ii) Give the letter of the Group 3 element. Explain your answer in terms of ionization energy.
[2]
Al, because it is the 6th ionization energy, we have 11 ionization energies meaning we must
start at 2 elements close to neon and follow that consecutive order.
iii) Explain why there is an increase in the first ionization energy of the elements from F to H
shown on the graph on the previous page. [2]
Because as elements go across a period their ionization energy increases because their
nuclear charge increases.

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Worksheet #3 – Atomic Structure [50 marks]

Na(g) —> Na+ (g) + e-

2. a) Define the terms

ii) relative molecular mass. [2]

b) i) Complete the electron arrangement for a copper atom. 1s2…… [1]

ls2 2s2 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d10, 4p1

Copper belongs to the d block.

b) Complete the electronic configurations of magnesium and chlorine atoms.

Mg(s) + Cl (g)  Mgcl2 (aq)

O+ (g)  O2+ (g) + e -

ii) Justify your answer. [2]

iii) Identify the element X. [1]

6. This question is about aluminum oxide, Al O .

Large difference in the 6 th and 7 th ionization energy.

b) i) Complete the electronic configuration for an aluminum atom. 1s²……. [1]

ls2 2s2 2p6, 3s2, 3p1

atomic number is the number of protons in an atom.

ii) mass number [2]

the mass number is the number of protons and neutrons together.

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