YISHUN INNOVA JUNIOR COLLEGE

2020 JC1 H2 CHEMISTRY

TUTORIAL 7
REDOX REACTIONS

A Determination of Oxidation Numbers

[Refer to lecture notes pages 4  7]

1. Determine the oxidation state of the underlined element in the species below.

(a) N2O5 (b) KClO (c) [PtCl6]2 (d) S2O82 (e) BaCrO4 (f) ICl

(a) +5; (b) +1; (c) +4; (d) +7; (e) +6; (f) 1

(a) N2O5 (b) KClO (c) [PtCl6]2

Let the oxidation number of N Let the oxidation number of Cl Let the oxidation number of Pt
be x, and since oxidation be x, and since oxidation be x, and since oxidation
number of O is −2, numbers of K is +1 and O is −2, number of Cl is −1,
2x + 5(2) = 0 +1 + x + (2) = 0 x + 6(1) = 2
x = +5 x = +1 x = +4
Hence the oxidation number of Hence the oxidation number of Hence the oxidation number of
N in N2O5 is +5 Cl in K ClO is +1 Pt in [PtCl6]2 is +4

(d) S2O82 (e) BaCrO4 (f) ICl

Let the oxidation number of S Let the oxidation number of Cr Let the oxidation number of Cl
be x, and since oxidation be x, and since oxidation be x, and since oxidation
number of O is −2, numbers of Ba is +2 and O is number of I is +1,
−2,
2x + 8(2) = −2 +1 + x = 0
+2 + x + 4(2) = 0
x = +7 x = 1
Hence the oxidation number of x = +6 Hence the oxidation number of
S in S2O82 is +7 Hence the oxidation number of Cl in ICl is 1
Cr in BaCrO4 is +6
JC1 H2 Chemistry Tutorial 7: Redox Reactions

B Definitions
[Refer to lecture notes pages 3  4 and 7 – 10]

2. Zinc metal decolourises copper(II) sulfate solution according to the equation:

Zn + Cu2+  Zn2+ + Cu
Based on this reaction, and in terms of electron transfer, explain the following terms.
(a) oxidation (b) reduction (c) reducing agent (d) oxidising agent

(a) Zn loses 2 electrons to form Zn2+, and hence Zn undergoes oxidation.

(b) Cu2+ gains 2 electrons to form Cu, and hence Cu2+ undergoes reduction.

(c) Zn loses 2 electrons to form Zn2+, +, and hence Zn is the reducing agent.

(d) Cu2+ gains 2 electrons to form Cu and hence Cu2+ is the oxidising agent.

3. Using the changes in oxidation number, determine which of the following equations represent
redox reactions. For such reactions, identify the oxidising agent and reducing agent present.
(a) BaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2HCl(aq)
(b) 2Cu2+(aq) + 4I−(aq)  2CuI(s) + I2(aq)
(c) Sn(s) + Sn(OH)62−(aq)  2Sn(OH)3−(aq)

(a) Non-redox reaction as the oxidation state of all the atoms remain unchanged.

(b) Redox reaction. I− is the reducing agent and Cu2+ is the oxidising agent. I− loses electrons to
Cu2+ and hence oxidation state of iodine increases from 1 in I− to 0 in I2 i.e. I− is oxidised.
Simultaenously, Cu2+ gains electrons from I− and hence oxidation state of copper decreases
from +2 in Cu2+ to +1 in CuI, i.e. Cu2+ is reduced.

(c) Redox reaction. Sn is the reducing agent and Sn(OH)62− is the oxidising agent. Sn loses electrons
to Sn(OH)62− and hence oxidation state of tin increases from 0 in Sn to +2 in Sn(OH)3− i.e. Sn is
oxidised. Simultaneously, Sn(OH)62− gains electrons from Sn and hence oxidation state of tin in
Sn(OH)62− is reduced from +4 in Sn(OH)62− to +2 in Sn(OH)3− i.e. Sn(OH)62− is reduced.

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C Balancing Redox Reactions

[Refer to lecture notes pages 11  14]

4. Construct balanced half-equations for the following conversions in acidic medium.

(a) S2O82− to SO42− (b) V2+ to VO2+ (c) NO3− to NH4+ (d) I2 to IO3−

(a) S2O82− + 2e  2SO42−

(b) V2+ + H2O  VO2+ + 2H+ + 2e

(c) NO3− + 10H+ + 8e NH4+ + 3H2O

(d) I2 + 6H2O  2IO3− + 12H+ + 10e

5. Construct balanced half-equations for the following conversions in alkaline medium.

(a) C2O42− to CO32− (b) MnO4− to MnO2

(a) C2O42− + 4OH  2CO32− + 2H2O + 2e

(b) MnO4− + 2H2O + 3e  MnO2 + 4OH

6. Balance the following redox reactions in acidic medium using the half-equation method.
(a) IO4− + I−  I2
(b) MnO4− + ClO−  Mn2+ + ClO4−

(a) reduction half-equation 2IO4− + 16H+ + 14e‒  I2 + 8H2O

oxidation half-equation 2I−  I2 + 2e‒
overall equation IO4− +7I− + 8H+  4I2 + 4H2O

(b) reduction half-equation MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e‒  Mn2+ + 4H2O

oxidation half-equation ClO− + 3H2O  ClO4− + 6H+ + 6e‒
overall equation 6MnO4‒ + 5ClO− + 18H+  6Mn2+ + 5ClO4− + 9H2O

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7. Balance the following redox reactions in alkaline medium using the half-equation method.
(a) N2H4 + ClO3−  NO + Cl−
(b) Br2  Br− + BrO3−

(a) reduction half-equation ClO3− + 3H2O + 6e−  Cl− + 6OH−

oxidation half-equation N2H4 + 8OH−  2NO + 6H2O + 8e−
overall equation 4ClO3− + 3N2H4  4Cl− + 6NO + 6H2O

(b) reduction half-equation Br2 + 2e−  2Br−

oxidation half-equation Br2 + 12OH−  2BrO3− + 6H2O + 10e−
overall equation 3Br2 + 6OH−  BrO3− + 5Br− + 3H2O

D Redox Titrations
D1 Manganate(VII) Titrations
[Refer to lecture notes pages 15  16]

8. 12.50 cm3 of a given solution of hydrogen peroxide were diluted to 500 cm 3 with distilled water.
25.0 cm3 of this diluted solution required 22.50 cm3 of 0.0200 moldm−3 potassium manganate(VII)
solution for titration in acidic medium.

(a) Construct an equation for the reaction between H2O2 and MnO4 ions.

(b) Describe how you would recognise the end-point during this titration.

(c) Use your equation from (a) and the data above to calculate the original concentration, in
mol dm3, of the hydrogen peroxide solution.
(1.80 mol dm3)

(a) reduction half-equation: MnO4− + 8H+ + 5e−  Mn2+ + 4H2O

oxidation half-equation: H2O2  O2 + 2H+ + 2e
overall equation: 2MnO4− + 5H2O2 + 6H+  2Mn2+ + 5O2 + 8H2O

(b) The endpoint of the titration is reached when the colour of the solution in the conical flask changes
from colourless to permanent faint pink after one excess drop of the MnO4− is added to the conical
flask.

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(c) 22.50
Amount of MnO4– = 0.0200  1000 = 4.500  10−4 mol

Mole ratio of H2O2 : MnO4– = 5 : 2

5
Amount of H2O2 in 25.0 cm3 = (4.500  10−4) 2 = 1.125  10−3 mol
500
Amount of H2O2 in 500 cm3 = (1.125  10−3)  25 = 0.02250 mol
12.50
Concentration of H2O2 = 0.02250 ÷ = 1.80 mol dm3
1000

9. N16/P3/Q3(c)
Solder is a low-melting alloy used to join metals together, and is used for plumbing and in the
electronics industry. Often solders are alloys of tin and lead. The tin content of a solder can be
determined by the following method.

 3.00 g of solder is dissolved in hot, moderately concentrated sulfuric acid.

 The resulting acid solution is made up to a volume of 250 cm3 with water. This is solution X.
 A 25.0 cm3 sample of solution X is pipetted into a conical flask.
 The sample is titrated against potassium manganate(VII) solution of known concentration
until the endpoint is reached.
The metals dissolve to give their M2+ ions. Only the Sn2+ ions are oxidised, to tin(IV), by the
acidified MnO4− ions.

(a) Write an equation for the oxidation of Sn2+ by acidified MnO4−. Assume that tin(IV) exists
as Sn4+ ions.

(b) A 25.0 cm3 sample of solution X required 22.50 cm3 of 0.0200 mol dm−3 KMnO4 solution for
complete reaction.
Calculate the percentage by mass of tin in the solder.
(44.5%)

(a) 2MnO4− + 5Sn2+ + 16H+  2Mn2+ + 5Sn4+ + 8H2O

(b) 22.50
Amount of MnO4– added = 0.0200  1000 = 4.500  10−4 mol
Mole ratio of MnO4– : Sn2+ = 2 : 5
5
Amount of Sn2+ in 25.0 cm3 of solution = (4.500  10−4) 2 = 1.125  10−3 mol
Amount of Sn2+ in 250 cm3 of solution = 0.001125 10 = 0.01125 mol

Sn + 2H+  Sn2+ + H2
Amount of Sn = Amount of Sn2+ in 250 cm3 of solution = 0.01125 mol
Mass of Sn = 0.01125  118.7 = 1.3353 g
1.3353
Percentage by mass of Sn = 3.00
100% = 44.5 %

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D2 Dichromate(VI) Titrations
[Refer to lecture notes pages 17  18]

10. N13/P2/Q2(c)
Iron ore from different mines will contain different percentage by mass of iron. The percentage of
iron in a sample of ore can be estimated by converting all of the iron present into Fe 2+(aq) ions
and then using a redox titration.

The sample of ore is crushed, weighed and then the iron( III) oxide is dissolved in aqueous acid.
The Fe3+(aq) ions are then reduced to Fe2+(aq) ions by reaction with an excess of aqueous tin(II)
chloride, SnCl2.

A sample of iron ore weighing 11.15 g was converted to Fe2+(aq) ions using the method describe
above. The solution was mixed with dilute sulfuric acid and made up to a volume of exactly
250.0 cm3 in a volumetric flask. 25.0 cm3 portions of this solution were then titrated with
0.100 mol dm−3 aqueous potassium dichromate(VI) using a suitable indicator. The results are
shown below.

titration number 1 2 3
3
initial burette reading / cm 0.00 21.85 0.00
final burette reading / cm3 21.85 43.25 21.50
3
titre / cm

(a) Complete the table and use the results to calculate the number of moles of potassium
dichromate(VI) required to react with the Fe2+ ions in 25.0 cm3 of the solution.
(0.00215)

(b) Construct an ionic equation for the reaction of Fe2+ ions with acidified Cr2O72− ions.

(c) Calculate the total number of moles of Fe2+ ions in the original solution made up from the
iron ore, and hence calculate the percentage by mass of iron in the sample of iron ore.
(64.4%)

(a) titration number 1 2 3

initial burette reading / cm3 0.00 21.85 0.00
final burette reading / cm3 21.85 43.35 21.50
titre / cm3 21.85 21.40 21.50

Average volume of titre = (21.40 + 21.50) ÷ 2 = 21.45 cm3

Amount of K2Cr2O7 required = 0.02145 × 0.100 = 2.145 × 10−3 = 2.15 × 10−3 mol

(b) reduction half-equation: Cr2O72‒ + 14H+ + 6e  2Cr3+ + 7H2O

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oxidation half-equation: Fe2+  Fe3+ + e

overall equation: 6Fe2+ + Cr2O72− + 14H+  6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

(c) Mole ratio of Cr2O72− : Fe2+ = 1 : 6

Amount of Fe2+ in 25.0 cm3 = 6 × (2.145 × 10−3) = 0.01287 mol
Amount of Fe2+ in 250 cm3 = 10 × (0.01287) = 0.1287 mol
Amount of Fe = Amount of Fe2+ in 250 cm3 = 0.1287 mol
Mass of Fe = 0.1287 × 55.8 = 7.1814 g
Percentage by mass of Fe in the sample = (7.1814 ÷ 11.15) × 100% = 64.4%

11. "Chromium oxide" cassette tapes contain CrO2, an unusual oxide of chromium. It is both highly
conductive and ferromagnetic, and provides a good audio frequency response.

When the oxide from a length of such tape is dissolved in dilute acid, CrO2 disproportionates to
Cr3+ and Cr2O72‒. The resultant solution needed 10.0 cm3 of 0.0200 mol dm‒3 Fe2+(aq) to
completely reduce the Cr2O72‒ to Cr3+.

(a) CrO2 disproportionates to Cr3+ and Cr2O72‒. Explain the term in italics with respect to this
reaction.

(b) Construct balanced equations for the disproportionation reaction of CrO2, and that between
Cr2O72− and Fe2+. You may assume an acidic medium for both reactions.

(c) Use the given data to calculate the mass of CrO2 in the length of tape.
(0.0168 g)

(a) CrO2 is simultaneously oxidised, as the oxidation state of chromium increases from +4 in CrO2 to
+6 in Cr2O72−, and reduced, as its oxidation state decreases from +4 in CrO2 to +3 in Cr3+.

(b) Disproportionation of CrO2:

reduction half-equation: CrO2 + 4H+ + e−  Cr3+ + 2H2O

oxidation half-equation: 2CrO2 + 3H2O  6H+ + 4e− + Cr2O72−
overall equation: 6CrO2 + 10H+  Cr2O72− + 4Cr3+ + 5H2O

Reaction between Cr2O72- and Fe2+:

reduction half-equation: Cr2O72‒ + 14H+ + 6e  2Cr3+ + 7H2O

oxidation half-equation: Fe2+  Fe3+ + e
overall equation: 6Fe2+ + Cr2O72− + 14H+  6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

(c) 10.0
Amount of Fe2+ = 0.02000 × 1000 = 2.000  10−4 mol
Mole ratio of Cr2O72− : Fe2+ = 1 : 6
1
Amount of Cr2O72− = (2.000  10−4) × 6 = 3.3333 × 10−5 mol

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Mole ratio of Cr2O72− : CrO2 = 1 : 6

Amount of CrO2 = 6 × (3.3333 × 10−5) = 2.000 × 10−4 mol

Mass of CrO2 = (2.000 × 10−4) × 84.0 = 0.0168 g

D3 Iodine-Thiosulfate Titrations
[Refer to lecture notes pages 19  20]

12. The carbon monoxide in a sample of polluted air can be readily determined by passing the gas
over solid iodine(V) oxide, I2O5, to produce carbon dioxide and iodine.

(a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between carbon monoxide and iodine(V) oxide.

(b) The iodine produced is removed and titrated with aqueous sodium thiosulfate according to
the equation.
2Na2S2O3 + I2  Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
A 1.0 dm3 sample of air produced iodine that required 20.0 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm‒3 sodium
thiosulfate for complete reaction. Determine the mass of carbon monoxide in the sample.
(0140 g)

(a) reduction half-equation: I2O5 + 10H+ +10e−  I2 + 5H2O

oxidation half-equation: CO + H2O  CO2 + 2H+ + 2e−
overall equation: I2O5 + 5CO  I2 + 5CO2

(b) 20.0
Amount of S2O32‒ = 0.10  = 2.000  10−3 mol
1000
Mole ratio of I2 : S2O32 = 1 : 2
Amount of I2 liberated = (2.000  10−3 ) ÷ 2 = 1.000  10−3 mol
Mole ratio of I2 : CO = 1 : 5
Amount of CO = (1.000  10−3)5 = 5.000  10−3 mol
Mass of CO = (5.000  10−3) 28.0 = 0.140 g

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13. N11/P3/Q1(c)
N-chlorosuccinimide, C4H4O2NCl, is used in some water purification tablets. It dissolves in water
to give a solution of chloric(I) acid, HClO, which kills waterborne bacteria.
O O

N Cl + H2O N H + HClO

O O
N-chlorosuccinimide

The amount of N-chlorosuccinimide in a tablet can be estimated by dissolving it in water, and

adding an excess of acidified KI(aq). The HClO is quantitatively reduced to Cl by I ions, which
are oxidised to I2. The I2 is titrated with standard sodium thiosulfate.

The following reaction takes place during the titration.

2Na2S2O3 + I2  Na2S4O6 + 2NaI

(a) Construct a balanced equation for the reaction between HClO and acidified KI(aq).

When one tablet was subjected to the above procedure, 6.0 cm3 of 0.0050 mol dm−3 sodium
thiosulfate were required to discharge the colour of I2.

(b) Calculate the mass of N-chlorosuccinimide in the tablet.

(2.00 × 10−3 g)

(a) reduction half-equation HClO + H+ + 2e−  Cl− + H2O

oxidation half-equation 2I−  I2 + 2e‒
overall equation HClO + 2I− + H+  Cl− + I2 + H2O

(b) 6.0
Amount of S2O32‒ = 0.0050 1000 = 3.000 × 10−5 mol
Mole ratio of I2 : S2O32 = 1 : 2
Amount of I2 liberated = (3.000 × 10−5) ÷ 2 = 1.500 × 10−5 mol
Mole ratio of I2 : HClO = 1 : 1
Amount of HClO = 1.500 × 10−51 = 1.500 × 10−5 mol
Mole ratio of C4H4O2NCl : HClO = 1 : 1
Amount of C4H4O2NCl = 1.500 × 10−51 = 1.500 × 10−5 mol
Mass of C4H4O2NCl = (1.500 × 10−5) 133.5 = 2.00 × 10−3 g

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E Determining Unknown Oxidation State

[Refer to lecture notes pages 21  22]

14. N00/P1/Q3(c)
In a titration experiment, 20.0 cm3 of 0.0200 mol dm‒3 BrO3− was found to react completely with
80.0 cm3 of 0.0100 mol dm−3 NH2OH to give aqueous Br− as one of the products.

(a) Construct the half-equation for the reduction of BrO3−.

(b) Calculate the amount of BrO3− and NH2OH used in the titration.
(4.00 × 10−4 mol and 8.00 × 10−4 mol)

(c) Using your answers to (a) and (b) as well as the list of possible product below, determine
the other nitrogen-containing product of the reaction.
Possible products: N2O, NH3, NO, NO2−.

(d) Hence, construct an overall equation for the reaction between NH2OH and BrO3−.

(a) BrO3− + 6H+ + 6e−  Br− + 3H2O

(b) 20.0
Amount of BrO3‒ = 0.0200  = 4.00 × 10−4 mol
1000
80.0
Amount of NH2OH = 0.0100 1000 = 8.00 × 10−4 mol

(c) Amount of electrons gained by BrO3‒ = (4.00 × 10−4) 6= 0.002400 mol
Amount of electrons lost by NH2OH = 0.002400 mol
Amount of electrons lost by 1 mol of NH2OH = 0.002400 ÷ (8.00 × 10−4) = 3 mol
Since 1 mol of NH2OH loses 3 mol of electrons, its oxidation state will increase by 3 units (from
1 in NH2OH) to +2.

possible product N2O NH3 NO NO2−

oxidation number of N +1 3 +2 +5

Product is NO.

(d) reduction half-equation BrO3− + 6H+ + 6e−  Br− + 3H2O

oxidation half-equation NH2OH  NO + 3H+ + 3e−
overall equation BrO3− + 2NH2OH  Br− + 2NO + 3H2O

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15. N99/P1/Q3(c)
The oxidation number of vanadium in a complex ion was determined as follows. A sample
containing 0.0130 mol of the complex was dissolved in water and the solution made up to
100 cm3 with distilled water. A 10.0 cm3 portion of this solution required 20.80 cm3 of 0.0250
moldm3 KMnO4 to oxidise all the vanadium to the +5 oxidation state. Use these data to calculate
the original oxidation number of the vanadium.
(+3)

Step 1:
construct the oxidation/reduction half-equation for the MnO4− + 8H+ + 5e−  Mn2+ + 4H2O
species of known oxidation state
Step 2: 20.80
calculate the amount of the reducing agent and
Amount of MnO4‒ = 0.0250  1000 = 5.200  10−4
oxidising agent used
Amount of Vn+ in 10.0 cm3 = 0.0130 ÷10
= 1.300  10−3 mol
Step 3:
Amount of electrons gained by MnO4
calculate the amount of electrons transferred by the
species of known oxidation state = (5.200  10−4) 5= 2.600  10−2 mol
Step 4: Amount of electrons lost by Vn = 2.600  10−2 mol
calculate the amount of electrons transferred by per
mole of the species of unknown oxidation state
Amount of electrons lost by 1 mol of V2+
= (2.600  10−2) ÷ (1.300  10−3) = 2 mol
Step 5: Since 1 mol of Vn+ loses 2 mol of electrons, its
determine the oxidation state of the element of the oxidation state will increase by 2 units to +5.
species

Hence the original oxidation number of V is +3.

F Additional Questions

16. N13/P3/Q3(c)
25.0 cm3 of a solution formed by dissolving SO2 in water was titrated with 0.0200 mol dm3 KMnO4.
20.5 cm3 KMnO4 of this solution were required for the end point.

(a) Construct an equation for the reaction between SO2 and MnO4 ions.

(b) Describe how you would recognise the end-point during this titration.

(c) Use your equation from (a) and the data above to calculate the concentration of SO2 in
mol dm3 in the solution.
(0.0410 mol dm3)

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(a) reduction half-equation: MnO4− + 8H+ + 5e−  Mn2+ + 4H2O

oxidation half-equation: SO2 + 2H2O  SO42 + 4H+ + 2e
overall equation: 2MnO4 + 5SO2 + 2H2O  2Mn2+ + 5SO42 + 4H+

(b) The endpoint of the titration is reached when the colour of the solution in the conical flask changes
from colourless to permanent faint pink after one excess drop of the MnO4− is added to the conical
flask.

(c) 20.5
Amount of MnO4– = 0.0200 1000 = 4.100  10−4 mol

Mole ratio of SO2 : MnO4– = 5 : 2

5
Amount of SO2 = (4.100  10−4) 2 = 1.025  10−3 mol
25.0
Concentration of SO2 = (.025  10−3) ÷ 1000 = 0.0410 mol dm3

17. An ammonium iron alum salt has the formula (NH4)aFe(SO4)b·xH2O.

Use the following information to calculate the values of a and b, the relative formula mass of the
salt, and the value of x.
A 1.00 g sample of the salt was dissolved in 100 cm3 of water and the resultant solution was
divided into two equal portions.
 To one portion, an excess of NaOH(aq) was added and the mixture boiled. The ammonia
liberated required 10.40 cm3 of 0.100 moldm‒3 HCl(aq) for complete neutralisation.
 To the other portion, an excess of zinc was added which reduced Fe3+(aq) to Fe2+(aq). The
mixture was then filtered and the resultant filtrate required 20.80 cm3 of
0.0100 mol dm‒3 KMnO4(aq) to oxidise the Fe2+(aq) back to Fe3+(aq).
(a = 1; b = 2; x = 12)

For the first portion of the solution,

reaction 1: NH4+ + OH−  NH3 + H2O
reaction 2: NH3 + HCl  NH4Cl
10.40
Amount of HCl = 0.100  1000 = 1.040  10−3 mol

Mole ratio of HCl : NH3 : NH4+ = 1 : 1 : 1

Amount of NH4+ in the 50 cm3 portion of the solution = 1.040  10−3 mol

For the other portion of the solution,

reaction 1: Zn + 2Fe3+  Zn2+ + 2Fe2+

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reaction 2: MnO4− + 8H+ + 5Fe2+  Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

20.80
Amount of moles of MnO4− = 0.0100  1000 = 2.080  10−4 mol

Mole ratio of MnO4− : Fe2+ = 1 : 5

Amount of moles of Fe2+ = 5 2.080  10−4  = 1.040  10−3 mol
Mole ratio of Fe3+ : Fe2+ = 1 : 1
Amount of Fe3+ in the 50 cm3 portion of the solution = 1.040  10−3 mol

Since the number of moles of NH4+ in the first portion of the solution is the same as the number of moles
of Fe3+ in the other portion of the solution,
 in the salt, for every Fe3+ ion, there would be one NH4+ ion.
a=1
 formula becomes: (NH4)Fe(SO4)bxH2O

In order for the salt to be neutral and since SO42− is the only anion present,
total charge of compound = charge on NH4+ + charge on Fe3+ + b(charge on SO42−)
0 = + 1 + 3 + b(−2)
b=2
 formula becomes: (NH4)Fe(SO4)2xH2O

Amount of the salt, (NH4)Fe(SO4)2xH2O, in 50 cm3 = Amount of Fe3+ in 50 cm3 = 1.040  10−3 mol
Amount of the salt, (NH4)Fe(SO4)2xH2O, in 100 cm3 = (1.040  10−3) 2 = 2.080  10−3 mol
Molar mass of (NH4)Fe(SO4)2xH2O = 1.00 ÷ (2.080  10−3) = 480.8 g mol1

480.8 = [14.0 + 4(1.0)] + 55.8 + 2[32.1 + 4(16.0) + x[16.0 + 2(1.0)]

x = 12

 formula of the salt is (NH4)Fe(SO4)212H2O

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JC1 H2 Chemistry Tutorial 7: Redox Reactions

18. Burning sodium in air produces a mixture of sodium oxide, Na2O, and sodium peroxide,
Na2O2.The proportion of sodium peroxide in the mixture can be determined by the following
method.
 The mixture is dissolved in water.

Na2O2 + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2O2

 The solution is acidified and an excess of potassium iodide solution is added. Iodine is
liberated by the following reaction.
2KI + H2O2 + 2H+  2H2O + 2K+ + I2

 The iodine is titrated with standard sodium thiosulfate solution.

2Na2S2O3 + I2  Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
When a sample of the mixed oxides, of mass 0.500 g, was treated in this way, it was found that
16.7 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm−3 Na2S2O3 was required to react with all the iodine released.
moles of Na2 O
Calculate the ratio in the oxide mixture.
moles of Na2 O2
(3.57)

16.7
Amount of S2O32‒ = 0.200 1000 = 3.340  10−3 mol
Mole ratio of I2 : S2O32 = 1 : 2
Amount of I2 liberated = (3.340  10−3) ÷ 2 = 1.670  10−3 mol
Mole ratio of I2 : H2O2 = 1 : 1
Amount of H2O2 = (1.670  10−3)1 = 1.670  10−3 mol
Mole ratio of Na2O2 : H2O2 = 1 : 1
Amount of Na2O2 = (1.670  10−3)1 = 1.670  10−3 mol
Mass of Na2O2 = (1.670  10−3) 78.0 = 0.13026 g
Mass of Na2O = 0.500 – 0.13026 = 0.36974 g
Amount of Na2O = 0.3697462.0 = 5.9635  10−3 mol
moles of Na2 O 0.0059635
= = 3.57
moles of Na2 O2 0.001670

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JC1 H2 Chemistry Tutorial 7: Redox Reactions

19. 2.00 g of hydrated sodium sulfite, Na2SO3∙ xH2O was dissolved in an aqueous solution of iodine
containing 6.00 g of I2. The resultant solution was made up to 1 dm3 with distilled water. The
sulfite ions were oxidised to sulfate ions according to the equation:
SO32− + I2 + H2O  SO42− + 2H+ + 2I−
Subsequently, when 25.0 cm3 of this solution was titrated with sodium thiosulfate solution
containing 2.80 g of thiosulfate ions per dm3, the titre required to react with the excess iodine was
31.50 cm3. Determine,

(a) the mass of iodine remaining in 1 dm3 of the solution after the reaction of iodine with sulfite
ions,
(4.00 g)

(b) the mass of iodine that had reacted with 2.00 g of the sulfite ions, and hence,
(2.00 g)

(c) the value for x.

(7)

(a) Concentration of S2O32‒ = 2.80 112.2 = 0.02500 mol dm3

31.50
Amount of S2O32‒ = 0.02500  1000 = 7.875  10−4 mol
Mole ratio of I2 : S2O32 = 1 : 2
Amount of I2 in 25.0 cm3 of solution = (7.875  10−4) ÷ 2 = 3.9375  10−4 mol
1000
Amount of I2 in 1 dm3 of solution = = (3.9375  10−4)  = 0.01575 mol
25

Mass of I2 in 1 dm3 of solution = = 0.01575 253.8 = 3.997 = 4.00 g

(b) mass of I2 that reacted with sulfite

= mass of I2 added initially − mass of I2 left over = 6.00 − 3.997 = 2.003 = 2.00 g

(c) Amount of I2 = 2.003 ÷ 253.8 = 7.8920  10−3 mol

Mole ratio of I2 : SO32 = 1 : 1
Amount of SO32‒ = (7.8920  10−3) 1 = 7.8920  10−3 mol

Mole ratio of SO32 : Na2SO3∙xH2O = 1 : 1

Amount of Na2SO3∙xH2O = (7.8920  10−3) 1 = 7.8920  10−3 mol
Molar mass of Na2SO3∙xH2O = 2.003 7.8920  10−3 = 253.8 g mol1
253.8 = [2(23.0) + 32.1 + 3(16.0)] + x [16.0 + 2(1.0)]
x=7

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JC1 H2 Chemistry Tutorial 7: Redox Reactions

20. 25.0 cm3 of a solution of X2O5 of concentration 0.100 mol dm‒3 is reduced by sulfur dioxide to a
lower oxidation state. To oxidise X back to its original oxidation state, 50.0 cm 3 of
0.0200 mol dm‒3 potassium manganate(VII) solution was required.

(a) Calculate the oxidation state of X after reduction by sulfur dioxide?

(+4)

(b) Suggest a formula of the product formed when X2O5 was reduced by sulfur dioxide.

(a) Let the product of the reduction of X2O5 by sulfur dioxide be Xred

Step 1:
construct the oxidation/reduction half-
MnO4− + 8H+ + 5e−  Mn2+ + 4H2O
equation for the species of known
oxidation state
Step 2: 50.0
Amount of MnO4‒ = 0.0200 1000
calculate the amount of the reducing
agent and oxidising agent used = 1.000  10−3 mol
25.0
Amount of X2O5 = 0.100  = 2.500  10−3 mol
1000

Amount of Xred = (2.500  10−3) 2

= 5.000  10−3 mol
Step 3:
calculate the amount of electrons Amount of electrons gained by MnO4
transferred by the species of known = (1.000  10−3) 5= 5.000  10−3 mol
oxidation state
Step 4: Amount of electrons lost by Xred
calculate the amount of electrons = 5.000  10−3 mol
transferred by per mole of the species of Amount of electrons lost by 1 mol of Xred
unknown oxidation state = (5.000  10−3) ÷ (5.000  10−3) = 1 mol
Step 5: Since 1 mol of Xred loses 1 mol of electrons, its
determine the oxidation state of the oxidation state will increase by 1 unit when it is
element of the species converted to X2O5 with an oxidation number of
+5.

Hence the oxidation number of X is +4.

(b) Possible formula of the product: XO2 (or X2O4).

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JC1 H2 Chemistry Tutorial 7: Redox Reactions

21. N11/P3/Q5(f)(ii)
An acidified solution of the salt KClOx (x = 1, 2 or 3) will oxidise Fe2+(aq) to Fe3+(aq) quantitatively,
the chlorine being reduced to Cl(aq).
When 0.150 g of the KClOx salt was reacted with 0.500 mol dm‒3 Fe2+(aq) in the presence of
H+(aq), 11.3 cm3 of Fe2+(aq) was needed for complete reaction.

Calculate the value of x and construct an equation for the reaction between Fe2+(aq) and acidified
KClOx(aq).

Step 1:
construct the oxidation/reduction half-
Fe2+  Fe3+ + e−
equation for the species of known oxidation
state
Step 2: 11.3
Amount of Fe2+ = 0.500  = 5.650  10−3 mol
calculate the amount of the reducing agent 1000

and oxidising agent used

0.150 0.150
Amount of ClOx− = [39.1 + 35.5 + x(16.0)] = 74.6 + 16.0x mol

Step 3:
Amount of electrons lost by Fe2+
calculate the amount of electrons transferred
= (5.650  10−3) 1= 5.650  10−3 mol
by the species of known oxidation state
Step 4: Amount of electrons gained by ClOx−
calculate the amount of electrons transferred = 5.650  10−3mol
by per mole of the species of unknown
Amount of electrons gained by 1 mol of ClOx−
oxidation state
0.150 0.00565(74.6 + 16.0x)
= 0.00565 ÷ 74.6 + 16.0x = 0.150
mol
Step 5: ClOx− + 2xH+ + 2xe−  Cl− + xH2O
determine the oxidation state of the element 0.00565(74.6 + 16.0x)
of the species 0.150
= 2x
0.4215
x = 0.2096 =2

Alternative Method
11.3
Amount of Fe2+ = 0.500 1000 = 5.650  10−3 mol
Amount of electron lost = 5.650  10−3 mol

If x = 1, ClO− + 2H+ + 2e−  Cl− + H2O

Amount of KClO = 0.150 (39.1 + 35.5 + 16.0) = 1.6556 × 10−3 mol
Amount of electrons gained = (1.6556 × 10−3) 2 = 3.3112 × 10−3 ≠ 5.650  10−3

if x = 2, ClO2− + 4H+ + 4e−  Cl− + 2H2O

Amount of KClO2 = 0.150[39.1 + 35.5 + 2(16.0)] = 1.4071 × 10−3 mol
Amount of electrons gained = (1.4071 × 10−3) × 4 = 5.6285 × 10−3  0.00565

Therefore, x = 2

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JC1 H2 Chemistry Tutorial 7: Redox Reactions

reduction half-equation: ClO2− + 4H+ + 4e  Cl− + H2O

oxidation half-equation: Fe2+  Fe3+ + e
overall equation: ClO2− + 4H+ + 4Fe2+  Cl− + 2H2O + 4Fe3+

CHEM~IS~TRY

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