TOPIC 6

MOMENTUM
EQUATION
Specific objectives

2
“

3
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝑚𝑣
 Newton’s Second Law

𝑭 = 𝒎(𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏)
F = ρQ(𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏)

5
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑚𝑣2 𝑚𝑣1
𝐹= −
F = 𝑚𝑣 𝑡 𝑡
𝑚
= (𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑡
𝜌= = 3
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑚 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑚3
𝑄= =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑠
① ②
𝜌×𝑄

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙 𝑚
× = = 𝜌𝑄
𝑣𝑜𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
6
Newton’s Second Law
 Newton’s Third Law

𝑹 = −𝑭
Newton’s Third Law
10
Impact of jet on a stationary flat Impact of jet on a moving in
plate direction flat plate

moving flat plate

𝐹 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 2 𝐹 = 𝜌𝐴(𝑣 − 𝑢)2

 F = 𝑚𝑣
𝑚 = mass flow rate
= volumetric flow rate × density
= discharge × density

m = 𝑄𝜌
m = 𝐴𝑣𝜌
F = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 F = 𝑚𝑣
= mass striking the plate = 𝐴𝑣𝜌 × 𝑣
× = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 2
change in velocity in direction of
impressed force
= m × (𝑣 - 0) 𝐹 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 2
F = m𝑣
 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
V-U 𝑢 =velocity of moving plate, u

𝑣 − 𝑢 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑒𝑡
U 𝐹 =𝑚× 𝑣−𝑢 −0
= 𝜌𝐴(𝑣 − 𝑢)(𝑣 − 𝑢)
= 𝜌𝐴(𝑣 − 𝑢)2
V-U
𝑚
𝐼𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑢
𝑠
𝐹 = 𝜌𝐴(𝑣 − 𝑢)2
 Ɵ

𝐹 = 𝜌𝐴(𝑣 − 𝑢)2 cos Ѳ

ρ ϴ
ρ ϴ ρ ϴ ϴ

16
Example 1: Solution Example 1:

A jet of water 100 mm in diameter hits a fixed Given;

flat plate normally. Calculate the force exerted
𝑑 = 100𝑚𝑚 = 0.1m , V = 30 m/s
by the jet when its velocity is 30 m/s.
π(0.1)²
A= = 7.854 × 10−3 m2
4

Force on the plate (stationary)

F = ρAV 2
= 1000 × 7.854 × 10−3 × 302
= 7068.6𝑁
= 7.069𝑘𝑁
Example 2: Solution Example 2:

A jet of water 25 mm diameter moves at a rate

of 6 m/s and hits a flat plate capable of moving Given:
at a rate 1.5 m/s in the same direction as the
d = 25mm = 0.025m
V = 6m/s
jet. Compute the force exerted on the plate if
μ = 1.5m/s
the jet hits the plate normally

𝐹 = 𝜌𝐴 𝑣 − 𝑢 2
𝜋 0.025 2 2
= 1000 × ( ) × 6 − 1.5
4
= 𝟗. 𝟗𝟒𝑵
Example 3: SOLUTION:
A flat plate is struck normally by a jet of water 𝑑=50𝑚𝑚=0.05𝑚
50mm in diameter with a velocity of 18 m/s. 𝜋(0.05)²
Calculate: 𝐴= = 1.963 × 10−3 𝑚2
i)
4
The force on the plate when it is 𝑉 = 18𝑚/𝑠
stationary
ii) The force on the plate when it moves in i) 𝐹 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉 2
the same direction as the jet with a = 1000 × 1.963 × 10−3 × 182
velocity of 6m/s.
= 636.012𝑁

ii) Moving in the direction of the jet

𝐹 = 𝜌𝐴(𝑣−𝑢)^2
𝐹 = 1000 × 1.963 × 10−3 × (18 − 6)2
= 282.672𝑁
Example 4: Solution Example 3:

A jet of oil 15cm diameter (specific gravity = Given:

0.95) hits a fixed flat plate. If the oil jet travels
d = 15cm = 0.15m
with 16m/s. Calculate the force exerted by the
oil on the plate at the angle of 55° to the plate.
𝑣 = 16m/s
𝑢 = 1.67m/s
𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙
0.95 =
1000

𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 0.95 × 1000

= 950𝑘𝑔/𝑚³

𝐹 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 2 cos 𝚹
π(0.15)²
= 1000 × × 162 ×cos 35
4

= 𝟑𝟕𝟎𝟓. 𝟕𝟓𝟕𝑵
 Solution Example 4:
Example 5:
Given;
A water jet 35mm diameter move at a rate
𝑑 = 35𝑚𝑚 = 0.35m
of 6.5m/s and hits a flat plate capable of
moving at a rate 1.73m/s in the same v = 6.5m/s
direction as the jet. Compute the force u = 1.73m/s
exerted on the plate if the angle between
the jet and the plate is 60°. π(0.35)²
A= = 96.211 × 10−3 m2
4

Moving in the direction of the jet

F = ρA(v − u)²cos 𝚹
= 1000 × 96.211𝑥10−3 × 6.5 − 1.73 2
cos 30°
= 1895.798𝑁
 Solution Example 5:
Example 6:
Given;
A water jet 35mm diameter move at a rate
𝑑 = 35𝑚𝑚 = 0.35m
of 6.5m/s and hits a flat plate capable of
moving at a rate 1.73m/s in the same v = 6.5m/s
direction as the jet. Compute the force u = 1.73m/s
exerted on the plate if the angle between
the jet and the plate is 60°. π(0.35)²
A= = 96.211 × 10−3 m2
4

Moving in the direction of the jet

F = ρA(v − u)²cos 𝚹
= 1000 × 96.211𝑥10−3 × 6.5 − 1.73 2
cos 30°
= 1895.798𝑁
Force Due To Deflection Of A Jet By
Curved Vane
 Force Due To Deflection Of A Jet
By Curved Vane
From the equations of momentum, the force components that acts
on water jet are;

❖ 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑭𝒙 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒙 − 𝒗𝟏𝒙

❖ 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑭𝒚 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒚 − 𝒗𝟏𝒚

∴ 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆, 𝑭 = 𝑭𝟐𝒙 + 𝑭𝟐𝒚

Direction of resultant force against the x − axis,

𝑭𝒚
∅ = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝑭𝒙
 𝑣2
+𝑦 𝑣2𝑦 = 𝑣2 sin Ɵ

−𝑥 +𝑥 𝚹

𝑣2𝑥 = 𝑣2 cos Ɵ
−𝑦
𝑣2𝑦 𝑣2𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
𝑣2 𝑣2
𝑣2𝑦 = 𝑣2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑣2𝑥 = 𝑣2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

❖ 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑭𝒙 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒙 − 𝒗𝟏𝒙

❖ 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑭𝒚 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒚 − 𝒗𝟏𝒚

25
 vane From the equations of momentum, the force components that acts
on water jet are;

❖ 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑭𝒙 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒙 − 𝒗𝟏𝒙
Fx

❖ 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑭𝒚 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒚 − 𝒗𝟏𝒚
Fy
F

∴ 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆, 𝑭 = 𝑭𝟐𝒙 + 𝑭𝟐𝒚

𝑣1𝑦

Direction of resultant force against the x − axis,

𝑣1𝑥 𝑭𝒚
∅ = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝑭𝒙

𝑹 = −𝑭

𝑣2
26
Example 7:

A water jet from 50mm diameter

nozzle is deflected through 60° at
36m/s above a fountain site. The
velocity of water leaves from the
curved vane is 30m/s due to
friction. Calculate the magnitude
and direction of the resultant force
on the curved vane.
Solution Example 7: 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑣2𝑥 − 𝑣1𝑥
GIVEN, 𝐷1 = 50𝑚𝑚 = 0.05𝑚 = 1000 0.071 30 cos 60° − 36 = −1491𝑁
𝑉1 = 36𝑚/𝑠 ∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 1491𝑁(←)
𝑉2 = 30𝑚/𝑠
𝜃 = 60°
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
2 2
𝜋𝑑 𝜋(0.05) 𝐹𝑦 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑣2𝑦 − 𝑣1𝑦
𝐴= =
4 4 = 1000 0.071 30 sin 60° − 0 = 1844.634𝑁
= 1.963 × 10−3 𝑚2 ∴ 𝐹𝑦 = 1844.634𝑁(↑)

𝑄 =𝐴×𝑣 𝐹= 𝐹𝑥2 + 𝐹𝑦2

= 1.936 × 10−3 × 36
= 14912 + 1844.6342 = 2371.868𝑁
= 0.071𝑚3 /𝑠

𝑣2𝑥 𝐹𝑦 1844.634
𝑣2𝑦 ∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 51.05°
𝑠𝑖𝑛60º = 𝑐𝑜𝑠60º = 𝐹𝑥 1491
𝑣2 𝑣2 𝑣2
𝑣2𝑦 𝑣
60° 𝑣2𝑦 cos60º = 2𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛60º = 30 ∴ The resultant force on the curved vane, F
𝑣2𝑥 30
𝑣2𝑥 = 2371.868N, and direction of resultant force
𝑣2𝑦 = 30𝑠𝑖𝑛60º
against the x − axis = 51.05°
= 30𝑐𝑜𝑠60º
 Solution Example 8:
Example 8:
A jet of water flows tangentially onto a single
stationary vane as shown in the figure below,
with an initial velocity,v1 of 16 m/s. The jet is
turned through 1200 by the vane ad has an
exit velocity of v2. The flow rate of the jet is
0.04 m3/s. Calculate the magnitude and
direction of the resultant force exerted on the
curved vane if:
i. The vane assumed to be smooth
ii. The exit velocity is 85% of the initial flow
velocity

29
 a) Vane is assumed to be smooth, 𝐯𝟏 = 𝐯𝟐
Solution Example 8: 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑣2𝑥 − 𝑣1𝑥
𝑄 = 0.04𝑚³/𝑠
𝐹𝑥 = 1000 0.04 −8 − 16
𝑣1𝑥 = 16𝑚/𝑠 𝐹𝑥 = −960𝑁
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 960 𝑁(←)
𝑣1𝑦 = 0𝑚/𝑠
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑣2𝑦 𝑣2𝑥
sin60°= cos𝜃 = 𝐹𝑦 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑣2𝑦 − 𝑣1𝑦
𝑣2 𝑣2
𝑣2𝑦 = 16 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 𝑣2𝑦 = 16 𝑐𝑜𝑠60° 𝐹𝑦 = 1000 0.04 13.856 − 0
= 13.856𝑚/𝑠 = −8𝑚/𝑠 𝐹𝑦 = 554.24 𝑁
∴ 𝐹𝑦 = 554.24 𝑁(↑)

Fr = 𝐹𝑥2 + 𝐹𝑦2

𝐹𝑦 = (960)2 +(554.24)2
∴ 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐝 𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐞, 𝐅 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟓𝟎𝟒𝑵
= 𝟏. 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝒌𝑵, = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝒌𝑵
𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐹𝑦 554.24
∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝟑𝟎°
𝐱 − 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬 = 𝟑𝟎° 𝐹𝑥 960 30
 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Solution Example 8: 𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑣2𝑥 − 𝑣1𝑥
𝐹𝑥 = 1000 0.04 −6.8 − 16
b) The exit velocity is 85% of the initial flow velocity 𝐹𝑥 = −912𝑁
Exit velocity, v2 = 85%v1 ∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 912 𝑁(←)
85
= × 16 = 13.6𝑚/𝑠 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
100
𝐹𝑦 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑣2𝑦 − 𝑣1𝑦
𝑣2 𝐹𝑦 = 1000 0.04 11.778 − 0
𝐹𝑦 = 471.12 𝑁
𝑣2𝑦 = 𝑣2 sin 𝜃 ∴ 𝐹𝑦 = 471.12 𝑁(↑)
60°

𝑣2𝑥 = 𝑣2 cos 𝜃 Fr = 𝐹𝑥2 + 𝐹𝑦2

𝐹𝑦 = (912)2 +(471.12)2
= 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟔. 𝟒𝟖𝑵
𝑣2𝑥
sin60°=
𝑣2𝑦 cos𝜃 = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟔𝒌𝑵
𝑣2
𝑣2
𝑣2𝑥 = 13.6 𝑐𝑜𝑠60° 𝐹𝑦 471.12
𝑣2𝑦 = 13.6 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 ∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟑°
= −6.8𝑚/𝑠 𝐹𝑥 912
= 11.778𝑚/𝑠
∴ 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐝 𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐞, 𝐅 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟔𝒌𝑵,
𝑣1𝑥 = 16𝑚/𝑠 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐱 − 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟑°

31
Example 9:
A curved surface (vane) having an inlet angle of zero degrees and an outlet angle of 25º
receives a jet of water at velocity of 50m/s. If the vane is moving with a velocity of 20m/s
in the direction of the jet, calculate the force components in direction in direction of the
vane velocity and across it. Then determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant
force acting on the vane. Discharge 1000liter/s.

Solution Example 9:
𝐹𝑦
25°
𝐹𝑥
𝑢 = 20𝑚/𝑠

v= 50𝑚/𝑠
32
 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Solution Example 9: 𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑣2𝑥 − 𝑣1𝑥
= 1000 1 −27.19 − 30 = −57190𝑁
1000𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒 ∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 57190 𝑁(←)
𝑄=
𝑠
= 1𝑚3 /𝑠 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝐹𝑦 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑣2𝑦 − 𝑣1𝑦
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑣 − 𝑢 = 1000 1 12.68 − 0 = 12680𝑁
= 50 − 20 ∴ 𝐹𝑦 = 12680𝑁(↑)
= 30𝑚/𝑠

𝑣2 𝐹= 𝐹𝑥2 + 𝐹𝑦2
𝑣1𝑥 = 30𝑚/𝑠
= (−57190)2 +126802 = 58578.823𝑁
𝑣2𝑦 = 𝑣2 sin 𝜃 𝑣1𝑦 = 0𝑚/𝑠
25°
𝐹𝑦 12680
∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 12.50°
𝑣2𝑥 = 𝑣2 cos 𝜃 𝐹𝑥 57190

𝑣2𝑦 𝑣2𝑥 ∴ 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐝 𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐞, 𝐅 = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟓𝟕𝟗𝒌𝑵,
sin25°= cos𝜃 =
𝑣𝑥
𝑣𝑥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐱 − 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟎°
𝑣2𝑦 = 30 𝑠𝑖𝑛25 𝑣2𝑦 = 30 𝑐𝑜𝑠25°
= 12.68𝑚/𝑠 = 27.19𝑚/𝑠𝑚/𝑠
33
 Forced Exerted On
A Pipe Bends And Closed Conduits
A force will act on the bend due to:
○ The fluid changes its direction
○ If the pipe tapers, there is a change in velocity
magnitude and the pressure forces.
Why do we want to know the forces here?
○ The force can be very large in the case of water
supply pipes
○ If the bend is not fixed, it will move and eventually
break at the joints.
○ We need to know how much force a support must
withstand
 Forced Exerted On
A Pipe Bends And Closed Conduits 𝐹𝑦 2 3

To find the force that act on the liquid, it has to be separated on x and y 𝐹𝑥
components.
○ Force act on x-direction 1

Ʃ𝑭𝒙 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒙 − 𝒗𝟏𝒙

𝑷𝟏 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑭𝒙 − 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝝆𝑸(𝒗𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 − 𝒗𝟏𝒙 )
𝜽

○ Force act on y-direction

Ʃ𝑭𝒚 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒚 − 𝒗𝟏𝒚 𝑣2
+y 𝑣2𝑦 = 𝑣2 sin 𝜃
𝟎 + 𝑭𝒚 − 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = 𝝆𝑸(𝒗𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 − 𝟎) 𝜃
-x +x
𝑣2𝑥 = 𝑣2 cos 𝜃
○ Resultant force, 𝑭 = 𝑭𝟐𝒙 + 𝑭𝟐𝒚 -y

○ Direction of resultant force against the x−axis, 𝑃2 𝐴2

𝑃2 𝐴2 sin 𝜃
−𝟏
𝑭𝒚 𝜃
∅ = 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝑭𝒙 𝑃2 𝐴2 cos 𝜃
Force Due To A Pipe Bend
Example 10
A pipeline bends in the horizontal plane through an angle of 45°. The diameter
of the pipe changes from 600mm before the bend to 300mm after it. Water
enters the bend at the rate of 0.425m³/s with a pressure of 140kPa. Calculate
the magnitude and direction of the force exerted on the pipe bend.

𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒎𝟑 /𝒔 𝟒𝟓°
𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝒌𝑷𝒂
 Solution Example 10
𝑣2 𝑃2 𝐴2
𝑣2𝑦 = 𝑣2 sin 𝜃 𝑃2 𝐴2 sin 𝜃
45° 45°
𝑣2𝑥 = 𝑣2 cos 𝜃
𝑃2 𝐴2 cos 𝜃
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Ʃ𝑭𝒙 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒙 − 𝒗𝟏𝒙
𝑷𝟏 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑭𝒙 − 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝝆𝑸( 𝒗𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 − 𝒗𝟏 )
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝒌𝑷𝒂
140 × 103 0.283 +𝐹𝑥 −123.046 × 103 0.071 cos 45° = 1000 0.425 6.013 cos 45° − 1.503
𝟒𝟓° 𝐹𝑥 = −32,274.273𝑁
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 32,274.273𝑁(←)

𝜋(𝑑1 )2 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝐴1 = 𝑄 0.425 Ʃ𝑭𝒚 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒚 − 𝒗𝟏𝒚
4 𝑣1 = =
𝜋(0.6)2 𝐴1 0.283 𝟎 + 𝑭𝒚 − 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = 𝝆𝑸(𝒗𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 − 𝟎)
= = 0.283𝑚2
4 = 1.503𝑚/𝑠 0 + 𝐹𝑦 − 123.046 × 103 0.071 sin 45° = 1000 0.425 6.013 sin 45° − 0
𝜋(𝑑2 )2 𝑄 0.425 𝐹𝑦 = 7984.502𝑁
𝐴2 = 𝑣2 = =
4 𝐴2 0.071 ∴ 𝐹𝑦 = 7984.502𝑁(↑)
𝜋(0.3)2 = 6.013𝑚/𝑠
= = 0.071𝑚2
4
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑩𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒍𝒊′ 𝒔 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒂𝒕 𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆, 𝒁𝟏 = 𝒁𝟐 𝐹= 𝐹𝑥2 + 𝐹𝑦2

= 32274.2732 + 7984.5022 = 33247.27𝑁

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝟐
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈
140 × 103 1.5032 𝑃2 6.0132 7984.502
+ = + ∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 13.9°
1000 × 9.81 2 × 9.81 1000 × 9.81 2 × 9.81 32274.273
𝑃2
14.386 = + 1.843 ∴ The resultant force on the pipe bend, F = 33247.27N,
9810
𝑃2 = 12.543 × 9810 = 123,046.83𝑁/𝑚2 and direction of resultant force against the x − axis = 13.9°
 Solution Example 11
2 3

1
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒎𝟑 /𝒔 𝑣2 𝑃2 𝐴2
𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝒌𝑷𝒂
𝟒𝟓° 𝑣2𝑦 = 𝑣2 sin 𝜃 𝑃2 𝐴2 sin 𝜃
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒎𝟑 /𝒔 45° 45°
𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝒌𝑷𝒂
𝟒𝟓°
𝑣2𝑥 = 𝑣2 cos 𝜃 𝑃2 𝐴2 cos 𝜃

𝜋(𝑑1 )2 𝑄 0.425
𝐴1 = 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑩𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒍𝒊′ 𝒔 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒂𝒕 𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆, 𝒁𝟏 = 𝒁𝟐
4 𝑣1 = =
𝜋(0.6)2 𝐴1 0.283
= = 0.283𝑚2 = 1.503𝑚/𝑠 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
4 + + 𝒁𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝟐
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈
140 × 103 1.5032 𝑃2 6.0132
+ = +
𝜋(𝑑2 )2 1000 × 9.81 2 × 9.81 1000 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
𝐴2 = 𝑄 0.425 𝑃2
4 𝑣2 = = 14.386 = + 1.843
𝜋(0.3)2 𝐴2 0.071 9810
= = 0.071𝑚2 𝑃2 = 12.543 × 9810 = 123,046.83𝑁/𝑚2
4 = 6.013𝑚/𝑠
 Solution Example 11 2

𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Ʃ𝑭𝒙 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒙 − 𝒗𝟏𝒙
𝑷𝟏 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑭𝒙 − 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝝆𝑸( 𝒗𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 − 𝒗𝟏 ) 1
3 𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
140 × 10 0.283 +𝐹𝑥 −123.046 × 103 0.071 cos 45° = 1000 0.425 6.013 cos 45° − 1.503
𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝒌𝑷𝒂
𝐹𝑥 = −32,274.273𝑁
𝑣2
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 32,274.273𝑁(←)
𝑣2𝑦 = 𝑣2 sin 𝜃
45°
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑣2𝑥 = 𝑣2 cos 𝜃 Ʃ𝑭𝒚 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒚 − 𝒗𝟏𝒚
𝟎 + 𝑭𝒚 − 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = 𝝆𝑸(𝒗𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 − 𝟎)
0 + 𝐹𝑦 − 123.046 × 103 0.071 sin 45° = 1000 0.425 6.013 sin 45° − 0
𝑃2 𝐴2 𝐹𝑦 = 7984.502𝑁
𝑃2 𝐴2 sin 𝜃 ∴ 𝐹𝑦 = 7984.502𝑁(↑)
45°

𝑃2 𝐴2 cos 𝜃 𝐹= 𝐹𝑥2 + 𝐹𝑦2

= 32274.2732 + 7984.5022 = 33247.27𝑁

7984.502
∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 13.9°
32274.273

∴ The resultant force on the pipe bend, F = 33247.27N,

and direction of resultant force against the x − axis = 13.9°
Example 12
Water is flowing in a pipe which tapers from diameter d1 = 500 mm at inlet to d2 = 300 mm at outlet, and
turn through an angle of deflection, θ = 500. Pressure at inlet P1 = 40 kN/m2 and at outlet P2 = 23 kN/m2.
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force acting on the bend if flowrate is 500 lit/s.

𝑷𝟏 = 𝟒𝟎𝒌𝑵/𝒎² 𝟓𝟎°

42
Example 13
A reducing bend is turned through 600 in the horizontal plane and the pipe diameter is reduced
from 0.25 m to 0.15m. The velocity and pressure at the entry to the bend are 1.5 m/s and 300
kN/m2 gauge respectively and at the exit the pressure is 287.2 kN/m2 gauge. Determine the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the pipe bend.

43
Solution Example 12

𝜋(𝑑1 )2 𝜋(𝑑2 )2
𝐴1 = 𝐴2 =
4 4
𝜋(0.5) 2 𝜋(0.3)2
= = 0.196𝑚2 = = 0.071𝑚2
4 4

𝑄 0.5 𝑣2
𝑣2𝑦 = 𝑣2 sin 𝜃
𝑣1 = = 50°
𝐴1 0.196
= 2.551𝑚/𝑠 𝑣2𝑥 = 𝑣2 cos 𝜃

𝑄 0.5
𝑣2 = = 𝑃2 𝐴2
𝐴2 0.071 𝑃2 𝐴2 sin 𝜃
= 7.042𝑚/𝑠 50°
𝑃2 𝐴2 cos 𝜃

44
 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Solution Example 12 Ʃ𝑭𝒙 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒙 − 𝒗𝟏𝒙
𝑷𝟏 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑭𝒙 − 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝝆𝑸( 𝒗𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 − 𝒗𝟏 )
40 × 103 0.196 +𝐹𝑥 −23 × 103 0.071 cos 50° = 1000 0.5 7.042 cos 50° − 2.551
𝐹𝑥 = −5802.573𝑁
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 5802.573𝑁(←)

𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Ʃ𝑭𝒚 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒚 − 𝒗𝟏𝒚
𝟎 + 𝑭𝒚 − 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = 𝝆𝑸(𝒗𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 − 𝟎)
0 + 𝐹𝑦 − 23 × 103 0.071 sin 50° = 1000 0.5 7.042 sin 50° − 0
𝐹𝑦 = 3948.193𝑁
∴ 𝐹𝑦 = 3948.193𝑁(↑)

𝐹= 𝐹𝑥2 + 𝐹𝑦2

= 5802.5732 + 3948.1932 = 7018.41𝑁

𝐹𝑦 3948.193
∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 34.2°
𝐹𝑥 5802.573

∴ 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐢𝐩𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐧𝐝, 𝐅 = 𝟕𝟎𝟏𝟖. 𝟒𝟏𝑵

𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐱 − 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟐° 45