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Topic 6 Momentum Equation
Topic 6 Momentum Equation
MOMENTUM
EQUATION
Specific objectives
2
“
3
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝑚𝑣
Newton’s Second Law
𝑭 = 𝒎(𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏)
F = ρQ(𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏)
5
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑚𝑣2 𝑚𝑣1
𝐹= −
F = 𝑚𝑣 𝑡 𝑡
𝑚
= (𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑡
𝜌= = 3
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑚 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑚3
𝑄= =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑠
① ②
𝜌×𝑄
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙 𝑚
× = = 𝜌𝑄
𝑣𝑜𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
6
Newton’s Second Law
Newton’s Third Law
𝑹 = −𝑭
Newton’s Third Law
10
Impact of jet on a stationary flat Impact of jet on a moving in
plate direction flat plate
m = 𝑄𝜌
m = 𝐴𝑣𝜌
F = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 F = 𝑚𝑣
= mass striking the plate = 𝐴𝑣𝜌 × 𝑣
× = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 2
change in velocity in direction of
impressed force
= m × (𝑣 - 0) 𝐹 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 2
F = m𝑣
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
V-U 𝑢 =velocity of moving plate, u
𝑣 − 𝑢 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑒𝑡
U 𝐹 =𝑚× 𝑣−𝑢 −0
= 𝜌𝐴(𝑣 − 𝑢)(𝑣 − 𝑢)
= 𝜌𝐴(𝑣 − 𝑢)2
V-U
𝑚
𝐼𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑢
𝑠
𝐹 = 𝜌𝐴(𝑣 − 𝑢)2
Ɵ
16
Example 1: Solution Example 1:
𝐹 = 𝜌𝐴 𝑣 − 𝑢 2
𝜋 0.025 2 2
= 1000 × ( ) × 6 − 1.5
4
= 𝟗. 𝟗𝟒𝑵
Example 3: SOLUTION:
A flat plate is struck normally by a jet of water 𝑑=50𝑚𝑚=0.05𝑚
50mm in diameter with a velocity of 18 m/s. 𝜋(0.05)²
Calculate: 𝐴= = 1.963 × 10−3 𝑚2
i)
4
The force on the plate when it is 𝑉 = 18𝑚/𝑠
stationary
ii) The force on the plate when it moves in i) 𝐹 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉 2
the same direction as the jet with a = 1000 × 1.963 × 10−3 × 182
velocity of 6m/s.
= 636.012𝑁
𝐹 = 𝜌𝐴(𝑣−𝑢)^2
𝐹 = 1000 × 1.963 × 10−3 × (18 − 6)2
= 282.672𝑁
Example 4: Solution Example 3:
𝐹 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 2 cos 𝚹
π(0.15)²
= 1000 × × 162 ×cos 35
4
= 𝟑𝟕𝟎𝟓. 𝟕𝟓𝟕𝑵
Solution Example 4:
Example 5:
Given;
A water jet 35mm diameter move at a rate
𝑑 = 35𝑚𝑚 = 0.35m
of 6.5m/s and hits a flat plate capable of
moving at a rate 1.73m/s in the same v = 6.5m/s
direction as the jet. Compute the force u = 1.73m/s
exerted on the plate if the angle between
the jet and the plate is 60°. π(0.35)²
A= = 96.211 × 10−3 m2
4
❖ 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑭𝒙 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒙 − 𝒗𝟏𝒙
❖ 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑭𝒚 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒚 − 𝒗𝟏𝒚
−𝑥 +𝑥 𝚹
𝑣2𝑥 = 𝑣2 cos Ɵ
−𝑦
𝑣2𝑦 𝑣2𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
𝑣2 𝑣2
𝑣2𝑦 = 𝑣2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑣2𝑥 = 𝑣2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
❖ 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑭𝒙 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒙 − 𝒗𝟏𝒙
❖ 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑭𝒚 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒚 − 𝒗𝟏𝒚
25
vane From the equations of momentum, the force components that acts
on water jet are;
❖ 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑭𝒙 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒙 − 𝒗𝟏𝒙
Fx
❖ 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑭𝒚 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒚 − 𝒗𝟏𝒚
Fy
F
𝑹 = −𝑭
𝑣2
26
Example 7:
𝑣2𝑥 𝐹𝑦 1844.634
𝑣2𝑦 ∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 51.05°
𝑠𝑖𝑛60º = 𝑐𝑜𝑠60º = 𝐹𝑥 1491
𝑣2 𝑣2 𝑣2
𝑣2𝑦 𝑣
60° 𝑣2𝑦 cos60º = 2𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛60º = 30 ∴ The resultant force on the curved vane, F
𝑣2𝑥 30
𝑣2𝑥 = 2371.868N, and direction of resultant force
𝑣2𝑦 = 30𝑠𝑖𝑛60º
against the x − axis = 51.05°
= 30𝑐𝑜𝑠60º
Solution Example 8:
Example 8:
A jet of water flows tangentially onto a single
stationary vane as shown in the figure below,
with an initial velocity,v1 of 16 m/s. The jet is
turned through 1200 by the vane ad has an
exit velocity of v2. The flow rate of the jet is
0.04 m3/s. Calculate the magnitude and
direction of the resultant force exerted on the
curved vane if:
i. The vane assumed to be smooth
ii. The exit velocity is 85% of the initial flow
velocity
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a) Vane is assumed to be smooth, 𝐯𝟏 = 𝐯𝟐
Solution Example 8: 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑣2𝑥 − 𝑣1𝑥
𝑄 = 0.04𝑚³/𝑠
𝐹𝑥 = 1000 0.04 −8 − 16
𝑣1𝑥 = 16𝑚/𝑠 𝐹𝑥 = −960𝑁
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 960 𝑁(←)
𝑣1𝑦 = 0𝑚/𝑠
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑣2𝑦 𝑣2𝑥
sin60°= cos𝜃 = 𝐹𝑦 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑣2𝑦 − 𝑣1𝑦
𝑣2 𝑣2
𝑣2𝑦 = 16 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 𝑣2𝑦 = 16 𝑐𝑜𝑠60° 𝐹𝑦 = 1000 0.04 13.856 − 0
= 13.856𝑚/𝑠 = −8𝑚/𝑠 𝐹𝑦 = 554.24 𝑁
∴ 𝐹𝑦 = 554.24 𝑁(↑)
Fr = 𝐹𝑥2 + 𝐹𝑦2
𝐹𝑦 = (960)2 +(554.24)2
∴ 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐝 𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐞, 𝐅 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟓𝟎𝟒𝑵
= 𝟏. 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝒌𝑵, = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝒌𝑵
𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐹𝑦 554.24
∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝟑𝟎°
𝐱 − 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬 = 𝟑𝟎° 𝐹𝑥 960 30
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Solution Example 8: 𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑣2𝑥 − 𝑣1𝑥
𝐹𝑥 = 1000 0.04 −6.8 − 16
b) The exit velocity is 85% of the initial flow velocity 𝐹𝑥 = −912𝑁
Exit velocity, v2 = 85%v1 ∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 912 𝑁(←)
85
= × 16 = 13.6𝑚/𝑠 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
100
𝐹𝑦 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑣2𝑦 − 𝑣1𝑦
𝑣2 𝐹𝑦 = 1000 0.04 11.778 − 0
𝐹𝑦 = 471.12 𝑁
𝑣2𝑦 = 𝑣2 sin 𝜃 ∴ 𝐹𝑦 = 471.12 𝑁(↑)
60°
𝐹𝑦 = (912)2 +(471.12)2
= 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟔. 𝟒𝟖𝑵
𝑣2𝑥
sin60°=
𝑣2𝑦 cos𝜃 = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟔𝒌𝑵
𝑣2
𝑣2
𝑣2𝑥 = 13.6 𝑐𝑜𝑠60° 𝐹𝑦 471.12
𝑣2𝑦 = 13.6 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 ∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟑°
= −6.8𝑚/𝑠 𝐹𝑥 912
= 11.778𝑚/𝑠
∴ 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐝 𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐞, 𝐅 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟔𝒌𝑵,
𝑣1𝑥 = 16𝑚/𝑠 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐱 − 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟑°
31
Example 9:
A curved surface (vane) having an inlet angle of zero degrees and an outlet angle of 25º
receives a jet of water at velocity of 50m/s. If the vane is moving with a velocity of 20m/s
in the direction of the jet, calculate the force components in direction in direction of the
vane velocity and across it. Then determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant
force acting on the vane. Discharge 1000liter/s.
Solution Example 9:
𝐹𝑦
25°
𝐹𝑥
𝑢 = 20𝑚/𝑠
v= 50𝑚/𝑠
32
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Solution Example 9: 𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑣2𝑥 − 𝑣1𝑥
= 1000 1 −27.19 − 30 = −57190𝑁
1000𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒 ∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 57190 𝑁(←)
𝑄=
𝑠
= 1𝑚3 /𝑠 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝐹𝑦 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑣2𝑦 − 𝑣1𝑦
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑣 − 𝑢 = 1000 1 12.68 − 0 = 12680𝑁
= 50 − 20 ∴ 𝐹𝑦 = 12680𝑁(↑)
= 30𝑚/𝑠
𝑣2 𝐹= 𝐹𝑥2 + 𝐹𝑦2
𝑣1𝑥 = 30𝑚/𝑠
= (−57190)2 +126802 = 58578.823𝑁
𝑣2𝑦 = 𝑣2 sin 𝜃 𝑣1𝑦 = 0𝑚/𝑠
25°
𝐹𝑦 12680
∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 12.50°
𝑣2𝑥 = 𝑣2 cos 𝜃 𝐹𝑥 57190
𝑣2𝑦 𝑣2𝑥 ∴ 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐝 𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐞, 𝐅 = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟓𝟕𝟗𝒌𝑵,
sin25°= cos𝜃 =
𝑣𝑥
𝑣𝑥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐱 − 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟎°
𝑣2𝑦 = 30 𝑠𝑖𝑛25 𝑣2𝑦 = 30 𝑐𝑜𝑠25°
= 12.68𝑚/𝑠 = 27.19𝑚/𝑠𝑚/𝑠
33
Forced Exerted On
A Pipe Bends And Closed Conduits
A force will act on the bend due to:
○ The fluid changes its direction
○ If the pipe tapers, there is a change in velocity
magnitude and the pressure forces.
Why do we want to know the forces here?
○ The force can be very large in the case of water
supply pipes
○ If the bend is not fixed, it will move and eventually
break at the joints.
○ We need to know how much force a support must
withstand
Forced Exerted On
A Pipe Bends And Closed Conduits 𝐹𝑦 2 3
To find the force that act on the liquid, it has to be separated on x and y 𝐹𝑥
components.
○ Force act on x-direction 1
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒎𝟑 /𝒔 𝟒𝟓°
𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝒌𝑷𝒂
Solution Example 10
𝑣2 𝑃2 𝐴2
𝑣2𝑦 = 𝑣2 sin 𝜃 𝑃2 𝐴2 sin 𝜃
45° 45°
𝑣2𝑥 = 𝑣2 cos 𝜃
𝑃2 𝐴2 cos 𝜃
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Ʃ𝑭𝒙 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒙 − 𝒗𝟏𝒙
𝑷𝟏 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑭𝒙 − 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝝆𝑸( 𝒗𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 − 𝒗𝟏 )
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝒌𝑷𝒂
140 × 103 0.283 +𝐹𝑥 −123.046 × 103 0.071 cos 45° = 1000 0.425 6.013 cos 45° − 1.503
𝟒𝟓° 𝐹𝑥 = −32,274.273𝑁
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 32,274.273𝑁(←)
1
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒎𝟑 /𝒔 𝑣2 𝑃2 𝐴2
𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝒌𝑷𝒂
𝟒𝟓° 𝑣2𝑦 = 𝑣2 sin 𝜃 𝑃2 𝐴2 sin 𝜃
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒎𝟑 /𝒔 45° 45°
𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝒌𝑷𝒂
𝟒𝟓°
𝑣2𝑥 = 𝑣2 cos 𝜃 𝑃2 𝐴2 cos 𝜃
𝜋(𝑑1 )2 𝑄 0.425
𝐴1 = 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑩𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒍𝒊′ 𝒔 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒂𝒕 𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆, 𝒁𝟏 = 𝒁𝟐
4 𝑣1 = =
𝜋(0.6)2 𝐴1 0.283
= = 0.283𝑚2 = 1.503𝑚/𝑠 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
4 + + 𝒁𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝟐
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈
140 × 103 1.5032 𝑃2 6.0132
+ = +
𝜋(𝑑2 )2 1000 × 9.81 2 × 9.81 1000 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
𝐴2 = 𝑄 0.425 𝑃2
4 𝑣2 = = 14.386 = + 1.843
𝜋(0.3)2 𝐴2 0.071 9810
= = 0.071𝑚2 𝑃2 = 12.543 × 9810 = 123,046.83𝑁/𝑚2
4 = 6.013𝑚/𝑠
Solution Example 11 2
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Ʃ𝑭𝒙 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒙 − 𝒗𝟏𝒙
𝑷𝟏 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑭𝒙 − 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝝆𝑸( 𝒗𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 − 𝒗𝟏 ) 1
3 𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
140 × 10 0.283 +𝐹𝑥 −123.046 × 103 0.071 cos 45° = 1000 0.425 6.013 cos 45° − 1.503
𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝒌𝑷𝒂
𝐹𝑥 = −32,274.273𝑁
𝑣2
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 32,274.273𝑁(←)
𝑣2𝑦 = 𝑣2 sin 𝜃
45°
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑣2𝑥 = 𝑣2 cos 𝜃 Ʃ𝑭𝒚 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒚 − 𝒗𝟏𝒚
𝟎 + 𝑭𝒚 − 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = 𝝆𝑸(𝒗𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 − 𝟎)
0 + 𝐹𝑦 − 123.046 × 103 0.071 sin 45° = 1000 0.425 6.013 sin 45° − 0
𝑃2 𝐴2 𝐹𝑦 = 7984.502𝑁
𝑃2 𝐴2 sin 𝜃 ∴ 𝐹𝑦 = 7984.502𝑁(↑)
45°
7984.502
∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 13.9°
32274.273
𝑷𝟏 = 𝟒𝟎𝒌𝑵/𝒎² 𝟓𝟎°
42
Example 13
A reducing bend is turned through 600 in the horizontal plane and the pipe diameter is reduced
from 0.25 m to 0.15m. The velocity and pressure at the entry to the bend are 1.5 m/s and 300
kN/m2 gauge respectively and at the exit the pressure is 287.2 kN/m2 gauge. Determine the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the pipe bend.
43
Solution Example 12
𝜋(𝑑1 )2 𝜋(𝑑2 )2
𝐴1 = 𝐴2 =
4 4
𝜋(0.5) 2 𝜋(0.3)2
= = 0.196𝑚2 = = 0.071𝑚2
4 4
𝑄 0.5 𝑣2
𝑣2𝑦 = 𝑣2 sin 𝜃
𝑣1 = = 50°
𝐴1 0.196
= 2.551𝑚/𝑠 𝑣2𝑥 = 𝑣2 cos 𝜃
𝑄 0.5
𝑣2 = = 𝑃2 𝐴2
𝐴2 0.071 𝑃2 𝐴2 sin 𝜃
= 7.042𝑚/𝑠 50°
𝑃2 𝐴2 cos 𝜃
44
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑿 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Solution Example 12 Ʃ𝑭𝒙 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒙 − 𝒗𝟏𝒙
𝑷𝟏 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑭𝒙 − 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝝆𝑸( 𝒗𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 − 𝒗𝟏 )
40 × 103 0.196 +𝐹𝑥 −23 × 103 0.071 cos 50° = 1000 0.5 7.042 cos 50° − 2.551
𝐹𝑥 = −5802.573𝑁
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 5802.573𝑁(←)
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒀 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Ʃ𝑭𝒚 = 𝝆𝑸 𝒗𝟐𝒚 − 𝒗𝟏𝒚
𝟎 + 𝑭𝒚 − 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = 𝝆𝑸(𝒗𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 − 𝟎)
0 + 𝐹𝑦 − 23 × 103 0.071 sin 50° = 1000 0.5 7.042 sin 50° − 0
𝐹𝑦 = 3948.193𝑁
∴ 𝐹𝑦 = 3948.193𝑁(↑)
𝐹= 𝐹𝑥2 + 𝐹𝑦2
𝐹𝑦 3948.193
∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 34.2°
𝐹𝑥 5802.573