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SECOND DIVISION

February 6, 2019

G.R. No. 227184

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee

vs.
BRYAN LABSAN y NALA and CLENIO DANTE y PEREZ, Accused-Appellant

DECISION

CAGUIOA, J.:

Before the Court is an ordinary appeal 1 filed by accused-appellants Bryan Labsan y Nala (Labsan) and Clenio
Dante y Perez (Dante) (collectively, accused-appellants) assailing the Decision2 dated July 21, 2016 of the Court of
Appeals, Twenty-Third Division, Cagayan de Oro City (CA), in CA-G.R. CR HC No. 01355-MIN, which affirmed the
Judgment3 dated October 14, 2014 of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Cagayan de Oro City, Branch 25, in
Criminal Case Nos. 2012-948, 2012-949 and 2012-950, finding accused-appellants guilty beyond reasonable doubt
of the crimes punished under Sections 5 and 11, Article II of Republic Act No. (RA) 9165,4 otherwise known as the
Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.

The Facts

Three (3) Informations5 were filed against accused-appellants, two of which are for Illegal Possession of Dangerous
Drugs and one for Illegal Sale of Dangerous Drugs, before the RTC of Cagayan de Oro City. The Informations read
as follows:

[Criminal Case No. 2012-948]

xxxx

That on September 29, 2012, at more or less one thirty in the early dawn, at Nazareth, Cagayan de
Oro City, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused,
conspiring, confederating together and mutually helping one another, without lawful authority to sell,
trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any
dangerous drugs, for a consideration of Two Hundred Pesos, Philippine Currency, (Php200.00), did
then and there, willfully, unlawfully and criminally, sell and give away to a poseur-buyer, a white
crystalline substance believed to be methamphetamine hydrochloride locally known as shabu,
contained in a heat-sealed transparent cellophane sachet, which substance weighing 0.02 gram, after
laboratory qualitative examination before the Philippine National Police Regional Crime Laboratory
Office 10, tested positive for the presence of methamphetamine hydrochloride, a dangerous drug, with
the accused knowing the substance to be dangerous drug.

Contrary to law. 6

[Criminal Case No. 2012-949]

xxxx
 That on September 29, 2012, at more or less one thirty in the early dawn, at Nazareth, Cagayan de
Oro City, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused,
without being authorized by law to possess or use any dangerous drugs, did then and there, willfully,
unlawfully and criminally have in his possession, control and custody, two (2) heat-sealed transparent
plastic sachets, containing white crystalline substance believed to be dangerous drug locally known as
shabu, with an aggregate weight of 0.06 gram, which substance tested positive for the presence of x x
x methamphetamine hydrochloride, a dangerous drug locally known as shabu, after confirmatory test
conducted by the Philippine National Police, Regional Crime Laboratory Office No. 10, Camp
Evangelista, Patag, Cagayan de Oro City, with the said accused knowing the substance to be
dangerous drug.

Contrary to law. 7

[Criminal Case No. 2012-950]

xxxx

That on September 29, 2012, at more or less one thirty in the early dawn, at Nazareth, Cagayan de
Oro City, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused,
without being authorized by law to possess or use any dangerous drugs, did then and there, willfully,
unlawfully and criminally have in his possession, control and custody, one (1) heat-sealed transparent
plastic sachet, containing white crystalline substance believed to be dangerous drug locally known as
shabu, weighing 0.03 gram, which substance tested positive for the presence of x x x
methamphetamine hydrochloride, a dangerous drug locally known as shabu, after confirmatory test
conducted by the Philippine National Police, Regional Crime Laboratory Office No. 10, Camp
Evangelista, Patag, Cagayan de Oro City, with the said accused knowing the substance to be
dangerous drug.

Contrary to law. 8

When arraigned, accused-appellants individually pleaded not guilty to the offenses charged against them. 9

Thereafter, joint trial on the merits of the three (3) criminal cases ensued. The prosecution presented four (4)
witnesses, namely: Police Inspector Kinthur10 Estaniel Tandog (P1 Tandog), P03 Jimmy Vicente (P03 Vicente), P03
Cyrus Baillo (P03 Baillo), and SPO1 Joel Tarre (SPOl Tarre). 11

The RTC dispensed with the testimony of PI Tandog after the defense admitted to the following facts but subject to
the stipulation that PI Tandog does not know the source of the specimens which he examined as well as the
admissibility of the evidence:

1. That PI Estaniel Tandog is an expert witness being the forensic chemist of the PNP Crime Lab
stationed at Camp Evangelista, Cagayan de Oro City;

2. That he received two letters request for the laboratory examination of the specimen attached thereto
as well as for the drug examination of the accused.

3. That he conducted laboratory examination as requested and reduced his finding into writing
denominated as Chemistry Report No. D202-2012 and Chemistry Report No. DTCRIM 189 & 190-
2012.

4. That he brought with him the chemistry Reports and the specimen which he examined for marking
and identification. 12

The facts established by the prosecution from the testimonies of its witnesses and documentary evidence submitted
before the RTC were summarized by the CA as follows:

In the early morning of 29 September 2012, while the police officers assigned at City Anti-Illegal Drugs
Task Force (CAIDTF), Cagayan de Oro City Police Office led by PCI Cacdac were having their tour of
duty at the night cafe in Divisoria, Cagayan de Oro City, a Confidential Informant (CI) arrived and
informed PCI Cacdac that a certain "Opaw" and "Bryan" were selling illicit drugs at Barangay Nazareth,
Cagayan de Oro City. A short briefing was thereafter conducted by the team together with the CI for a
possible buy-bust operation.

After the briefing, the team, composed of P03 Vicente, SPO 1 Tarre, P03 Daleon, SPOl Tagam, P03
Baillo and P03 Aguala, proceeded to Barangay Nazareth. PCI Cacdac, P03 Vicente, and P03 Aguala
1âшphi1

rode a taxi in going thereat while the rest of the team used their service motorcycle in going to the
 target place. The team used ordinary marked money consisting of two (2) One Hundred Peso
(P100.00) bills with initials of "JPV" on it as buy-bust money.

Before the team arrived at the target area, the CI disembarked first from the taxi and approached the
two (2) suspects at the side of the road. The CI and the suspects knew each other. P03 Baillo likewise
positioned himself at about 10-15 meters from where the CI transacted with the suspects. P03 Baillo
saw the actual transaction of the CI and the suspects as there was a light coming from the lamp post.
He saw the CI give the ordinary marked money to "Opaw" while "Bryan" gave one (I) heatsealed
sachet plastic cellophane to the CI.

Immediately after the exchange, the CI removed his bull cap as the agreed pre-arranged signal to show
that the transaction was already consummated. Hence, the buy-bust team rushed towards the suspects
and the CI and introduced themselves to them and informed them of their constitutional rights. P03
Vicente bodily searched the suspects and he recovered from "Bryan" two (2) sachets of suspected
shabu. Likewise, P03 Vicente recovered from "Opaw" one (I) sachet of suspected shabu, the two (2)
P100.00 bills used as buy-bust money, and an improvised hand gun. Also, the sachet of suspected
shabu subject of the buy-bust operation was turned over by the CI to P03 Vicente. Then, the buy-bust
team took pictures of the items recovered from the suspects at the area.

The suspects, who were later known as appellants Labsan and Dante, were then brought to the
CAIDTF office for proper documentation. Upon their arrival thereat, P03 Vicente turned over to SPO1
Tarre the seized items. SPO1 Tarre then marked the seized items with the following initials: "A-1, 09-
29-12, 'BB' CAIDTF, BRA YAN/CLENIO'', "A-2, 09- 29-12, CAIDTF, BRAYAN", "A-3, 09-29-12, CAIDTF,
BRAYAN'', and "A-4, 09-29-12, CAIDTF, CLENIO". The markings were done in the presence of P03
Vicente, the other members of the team, and also the accused-appellants.

Thereafter, SPO1 Tarre turned over the marked items together with the crime laboratory requests for
the examination thereof to the PNP Crime Laboratory, and the living body of the two (2) appellants to
P03 Vicente and P03 Baillo for drug testing.

The qualitative examination conducted on the specimens and urine sample taken from appellants
Labsan and Dante gave positive result to the presence of methamphetamine hydrochloride or shabu. 13

For the defense, Labsan and Dante were presented in court. Their testimonies are summarized as follows:

In the early dawn of 29 September 2012, appellant Labsan was sleeping in their house at Nazareth,
Cagayan de Oro City when he was awakened by the barking of a dog outside. When he looked outside
the house, he saw a multicab parked with appellant Dante at the driver's seat. Appellant Dante is the
sweetheart of the cousin of appellant Labsan' s livein-partner. Appellant Dante was looking for his
sweetheart at that time.

While appellants Labsan and Dante were conversing outside the house, a taxi stopped at the rear
portion of the multicab and a person came out and approached them. Then, two (2) motor vehicles
stopped in front of the multicab while another taxi stopped beside it. Armed men in civilian attire
disembarked from the vehicles and poked their guns at appellant Labsan. Appellants Labsan and
Dante were then handcuffed and the armed men asked appellant Labsan where his house is.

Appellant Labsan pointed to the armed men his house and he and appellant Dante were brought inside
the house. The armed men opened all the bedrooms as if they were looking for something, but they
found nothing. [They then asked Dante and Labsan if it is true that the two of them are selling shabu in
that area which they denied outright. Appellant Labsan protested his arrest asking what offense had he
committed but he was told to shut up so that he and appellant Dante will not be harmed. 14 ] The
appellants were then brought outside the house and were later boarded in the multicab. Pictures were
also taken of the appellants inside the house.

Appellants Labsan and Dante were brought by the armed men to Maharlika Detention Center. On their
way to Maharlika, the armed men introduced themselves as policemen.x x x15

At the Maharlika, [appellant] Labsan spotted his cellphone and he pleaded to the policemen to give him
his cellphone so that he could contact his father, but they denied his plea. [Appellant] Labsan was
instead put inside the detention cell in the company of other detainees, while [appellant] Dante was
taken somewhere by the police. Later[,] [appellant] Labsan was taken out from the cell and brought to
the office.

At the office, the policemen told [appellants] [L]absan and Dante to just admit the allegations against
them, but [appellant] Labsan refuse[d] telling the police that they have not committed any wrongdoings.
The policemen x x x bargained with them asking to reveal someone who is engage[ d] in dealing illegal
 drugs, but [appellants Labsan and Dante] told the police that they do not know of anyone engaged in
illegal drugs. [Appellants] Labsan and Dante were then taken to the crime laboratory, and upon their
return to the Maharlika, Baillo asked [appellant] Labsan of his relationship with a former police officer,
and [appellant] Labsan revealed to the police that his father is retired police officer Captain Benito
Labsan. x x x After he revealed the name of his father, Baillo discreetly revealed to him ([appellant]
Labsan) that they ([appellant] Labsan and Baillo) are "igso" (god-brothers), and that Baillo had served
under his ([appellant] Labsan['s]) father when the latter was still in active service. Baillo further told
[appellant] Labsan that the latter should have revealed to him his relationship with retired officer
Labsan much earlier. 16

Ruling of the RTC

In its Judgment 17 dated October 14, 2014, the RTC found accused-appellants guilty beyond reasonable doubt for
illegal sale and illegal possession of dangerous drugs, the dispositive portion of which reads:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, this Court hereby finds that:

1. In Criminal Case No. 2012-948, accused BRYAN LABSAN y NALA and CLENIO DANTE y PEREZ
are both GUILTY BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT of the offense defined and penalized under
Section 5, Article II of R.A. 9165 and each is hereby sentenced to the penalty of LIFE
IMPRISONMENT and for each to pay a Fine in the amount of P500,000.00 without subsidiary
imprisonment in case of non-payment of Fine;

2. In Criminal Case No. 2012-949, accused BRYAN LABSAN y NALA is GUILTY BEYOND
REASONABLE DOUBT of the crime defined and penalized under Section 11, Article II of R.A. 9165,
and hereby sentences him to a penalty of IMPRISONMENT ranging from twelve [12] years and one
[1] day to thirteen [13] years and to pay a Fine in the amount of Three Hundred Thousand Pesos
[P300,000.00] without subsidiary imprisonment in case of non-payment of Fine.

3. In Criminal Case No. 2012-950, accused CLENIO DANTE y PEREZ is GUILTY BEYOND
REASONABLE DOUBT of the crime defined and penalized under Section 11, Article II of R.A. 9165,
and hereby sentences him to a penalty of IMPRISONMENT ranging from twelve [12] years and one
[1] day to thirteen [13] years and to pay a Fine in the amount of Three Hundred Thousand Pesos
[P300,000.00] without subsidiary imprisonment in case of non-payment of Fine.

xxxx

SO ORDERED. 18

The RTC held that based on the unequivocal testimonies of the prosecution witnesses, it is convinced of the
occurrence of the buy-bust operation, and that accused-appellants were apprehended as a consequence thereof. 19
Thus, the two (2) sachets of shabu which were seized from Labsan and the sachet of shabu taken from Dante are
admissible against them as they were the result of a valid search as a consequence of a valid warrantless arrest.20
The RTC further held that while the police officers merely paid lip service to the procedural requirements under
Section 21 of RA 9165, they were able to preserve the integrity and probative value of the drugs seized from both
accused-appellants.21

Moreover, the RTC found no merit in accused-appellants' defense of denial, which cannot overturn the relative
weight and probative value of the affirmative assertions of the prosecution.22 The RTC explained that in cases
involving the Dangerous Drugs Act, credence is given to the prosecution witnesses who are police officers for they
are presumed to have performed their duties in regular manner, unless there is convincing evidence that they are
not properly performing their duty or they were motivated by bad faith, which according to the RTC is absent in this
case.23

Ruling of the CA

On appeal, the CA, in the assailed Decision,24 sustained accusedappellants' conviction. The CA agreed with the
RTC that accused-appellants were legally arrested in a legitimate buy-bust operation and the items recovered from
them are admissible in evidence.25 The CA further held that the failure of the police officers to strictly comply with the
provisions of Section 21 of RA 9165 is of no moment since the integrity and evidentiary value of the drugs seized
from accused-appellants were preserved.26

Hence, the instant appeal.

Issue
Whether the CA erred in sustaining accused-appellants' conviction for violation of Sections 5 and 11, Article II of RA
9165.

The Court's Ruling

The appeal is meritorious. Accused-appellants Labsan and Dante are accordingly acquitted.

In cases involving dangerous drugs, it is essential to establish with moral certainty the identity and integrity of the
seized drug, for the same constitutes the very corpus delicti of the offense.27 Thus, in order to obviate any
unnecessary doubt on its identity, it is imperative for the prosecution to show that the prohibited drug confiscated or
recovered from the accused is the very same substance offered in court as exhibit; and that the identity of said drug
is established with the same unwavering exactitude as that required to make a finding of guilt. 28

This resonates even more in buy-bust operations because by the very nature of anti-narcotics operations, the ease
with which illegal drugs can be planted in hands of unsuspecting individuals and the secrecy that inevitably shrouds
all drug deals, the possibility of abuse is great. 29 In this regard, Section 21, 30 Article II of RA 9165, the applicable
law at the time of the commission of the alleged crimes, outlines the procedure which the police officers must strictly
follow to preserve the integrity of the confiscated drugs and/or paraphernalia used as evidence. Said provision
requires that: (1) the seized items must be inventoried and photographed immediately after seizure or
confiscation; (2) the physical inventory and photographing must be done in the presence of (a) the accused or
his/her representative or counsel, (b) an elected public official, (c) a representative from the media, and (d) a
representative from the Department of Justice (DOJ), all of whom shall be required to sign the copies of the
inventory and be given a copy of the same; and (3) the seized drugs must be turned over to the Philippine National
Police (PNP) Crime Laboratory within twenty-four (24) hours from confiscation for examination. 31

In People v. Supat, 32 the Court explained that the phrase "immediately after seizure and confiscation" means that
the physical inventory and photographing of the drugs were intended by the law to be made immediately after, or at
the place of apprehension. It is only when the same is not practicable that the Implementing Rules and Regulations
(IRR) of RA 9165 allow the inventory and photographing to be done as soon as the buy-bust team reaches the
nearest police station or the nearest office of the apprehending officer/team. This also means that the three (3)
required witnesses should already be physically present at the time of apprehension - a requirement that can
easily be complied with by the buy-bust team considering that the buy-bust operation is, by its nature, a
planned activity.33 In other words, a buy-bust team normally has enough time to gather and bring with them the
said witnesses.34

The Court, however, has clarified that under varied field conditions, strict compliance with the requirements of
Section 21 of RA 9165 may not always be possible; and, the failure of the apprehending team to strictly comply with
the procedure laid out in Section 21 of RA 9165 does not ipso facto render the seizure and custody over the items
void and invalid.35 However, this is with the caveat that the prosecution still needs to satisfactorily prove that: (a)
there is justifiable ground for noncompliance; and (b) the integrity and evidentiary value of the seized items
are properly preserved.36

Therefore, contrary to the ruling of the courts a quo, it is not enough for the prosecution to merely establish a chain
of custody through the testimonies of the apprehending officers. The prosecution must also provide a justifiable
explanation why the police officers failed to comply with the mandatory requirements of Section 21. To be sure, the
Court has repeatedly emphasized that the prosecution has the positive duty to explain the reasons behind the
procedural lapses. 37 Without any justifiable explanation, which must be proven as a fact,38 the evidence of the
corpus delicti is unreliable, and the acquittal of the accused should follow on the ground that his guilt has not been
shown beyond reasonable doubt. 39

The police officers failed to comply

with the mandatory requirements
under Section 21.

In this case, the Court finds that the police officers utterly failed to comply with the mandatory requirements of
Section 21, which put into question the identity and evidentiary value of the items purportedly seized from accused-
appellants.

To start with, the illegal drugs seized from accused-appellants were not marked immediately upon seizure and
confiscation. Records show that three (3) plastic sachets were recovered from accused-appellants: one (1) sachet
was bought by the confidential informant and two (2) sachets were confiscated by P03 Vicente; but the markings
were made not in the place of seizure and not by the police officer who recovered the seized drugs. 40 The person
who marked the seized drugs, SPO1 Tarre, was not even part of the buy-bust team who conducted the operation.41

In People v. De Leon, 42 the Court reiterated that:

 x x x "Marking" means the placing by the apprehending officer or the poseur-buyer of his/her initials
and signature on the items seized. Marking after seizure is the starting point in the custodial link;
hence, it is vital that the seized contraband be immediately marked because succeeding handlers
of the specimens will use the markings as reference. The marking of the evidence serves to separate
the marked evidence from the corpus of all other similar or related evidence from the time they are
seized from the accused until they are disposed of at the end of the criminal proceedings, thus,
preventing switching, planting or contamination of evidence.

It must be noted that marking is not found in R.A. No. 9165 and is different from the inventory-taking
and photography under Section 21 of the said law. Long before Congress passed R.A. No. 9165,
however, this Court had consistently held that failure of the authorities to immediately mark the
seized drugs would cast reasonable doubt on the authenticity of the corpus delicti.43 (Additional
emphasis and underscoring supplied)

More importantly, there was no compliance with the three (3)-witness rule. None of the required witnesses was
present at the place of apprehension and even at the police station where the inventory and photography of the
seized drugs were made. As admitted by P03 Baillo, there was no other civilian at the police station except the
accused-appellants when the inventory was made.44 They also did not invite any barangay official of Brgy. Nazareth
to witness the inventory. 45

The Court has repeatedly emphasized that the presence of the required witnesses at the time of the apprehension
and inventory is mandatory, and that the law imposes the said requirement because their presence serves an
essential purpose. It is essential to secure the presence of the three (3) witnesses not only during inventory but
more importantly at the time or near the place of the buy-bust arrest, because it is at this point when their presence
is most needed to ensure the source, identity, and integrity of the seized drug. 46 Thus, if the buy-bust operation was
legitimately conducted, the presence of the insulating witnesses would controvert the usual defense of frame-up,
extortion and civilian harassment. Conversely, without the presence of any of the required witnesses at the time of
apprehension or during inventory, as in this case, then, doubt exists whether there was actually a buy-bust operation
as there are no unbiased witnesses to prove the source, identity and integrity of the corpus delicti. 47

Indeed, Section 21, Article II of RA 9165 is a matter of substantive law, and cannot be brushed aside as a
simple procedural technicality; or worse, ignored as an impediment to the conviction of illegal drug
suspects.48 For however noble the purpose or necessary the exigencies of the campaign against illegal drugs may
be, it is still a governmental action that must always be executed within the boundaries of law.49

Moreover, records do not show that the prosecution was able to establish a justifiable ground as to why the police
officers were not able to secure the presence of the witnesses. In People v. Gamboa, 50 the Court held that the
prosecution must show that earnest efforts were employed in contacting the witnesses required under the law.
Considering that buy-bust is a planned operation, "police officers are x x x given sufficient time x x x to prepare x x x
and consequently, make the necessary arrangements beforehand knowing full well that they would have to strictly
comply with the set procedure prescribed in Section 21, Article II of RA 9165."51 They are therefore compelled "not
only to state reasons for their non-compliance, but must in fact, also convince the Court that they exerted earnest
efforts to comply with the mandated procedure, and that under the given circumstance, their actions were
reasonable."52

In this case, P03 Vicente admitted that despite knowledge of the mandatory requirements of Section 21, the buy-
bust team did not exert any effort to secure the presence of the required witnesses, viz.:

Q This Exhibit "E" [referring to the Inventory], this was prepared by Officer Tarre?

A Yes, Sir.

Q But the arresting officer indicated here was P03 Vicente?

A Yes, Sir.

Q You have read this one, is that correct?

A Yes, Sir.

Q And despite having read this document you did not affix your signature in this document, is that
correct?

A I forgot, Sir.

Q Your office exactly prepared this document and Inventory Receipt because this is required by law, is
that correct?
 A Yes, Sir.

Q But despite knowing that this is required by law, you did not initiate or try to secure the
witnesses to witness the making of this Inventory particularly the representative from the media
or the barangay official of Nazareth, is that correct?

A Yes, Sir.53 (Emphasis supplied)

The Court emphasizes that while it is laudable that the drug enforcement agencies exert relentless efforts in
eradicating the proliferation of prohibited drugs in the country, they must always be advised to do so within the
bounds of the law. 54 Without the insulating presence of the three (3) witnesses during the seizure, marking and
physical inventory of the sachets of shabu, the evils of switching, "planting" or contamination of the evidence again
rear their ugly heads as to negate the integrity and credibility of the seized drugs that were evidence herein of the
corpus delicti. 55 Thus, accused-appellants must perforce be acquitted.

The presumption of innocence of the

accused vis-a-vis the presumption of
regularity in performance of official
duties.

The right of the accused to be presumed innocent until proven guilty is a constitutionally protected right.56 The
burden lies with the prosecution to prove his guilt beyond reasonable doubt by establishing each and every element
of the crime charged in the information as to warrant a finding of guilt for that crime or for any other crime
necessarily included therein.57

Here, the RTC and the CA erroneously relied on the presumption of regularity in the performance of official duty
because the lapses in the procedures undertaken by the buy-bust team, which the courts a quo even
acknowledged, are affirmative proofs of irregularity. 58 In People v. Enriquez, 59 the Court held that "any divergence
from the prescribed procedure must be justified and should not affect the integrity and evidentiary value of the
confiscated contraband. Absent any of the said conditions, the non-compliance is an irregularity, a red flag, that
casts reasonable doubt on the identity of the corpus delicti."60

The presumption of regularity in the performance of duty cannot overcome the stronger presumption of innocence in
favor of the accused. 61 Otherwise, a mere rule of evidence will defeat the constitutionally enshrined right to be
presumed innocent.62 The Court has consistently directed the trial courts to apply this differentiation.63

In this case, the presumption of regularity does not even arise because of the buy-bust team's blatant
disregard of the established procedures under Section 21 of RA 9165. What further militates against according
the police officers in this case the presumption of regularity is the fact that the 2010 PNP Manual on Anti-Illegal
Drugs Operation and Investigation64 (2010 AIDSOTF Manual), which mandates strict compliance with Section 21,
was also disregarded. The 2010 AIDSOTF Manual echoes the requirement of marking at the place of seizure,
photography of the seized items upon discovery, the presence of the required witnesses during inventory and the
justifiable explanation for non-observance, to wit:

Section 13. Handling, Custody and Disposition of Drug Evidence

a. In the handling, custody and disposition of the evidence, the provision of Section 21, RA 9165 and its
IRR shall be strictly observed.

b. Photographs of the pieces of evidence must be taken upon discovery without moving or altering its
position in the place where it is situated, kept or hidden, including the process of recording the
inventory and the weighing of dangerous drugs, and if possible under existing conditions, with the
registered weight of the evidence on the scale focused by the camera, in the presence of persons
required, as provided under Section 21, Art II, RA 9165.

c. The seizing officer must mark the evidence with his initials indicating therein the date, time and place
where the evidence was found and seized. The seizing officer shall secure and preserve the evidence
in a suitable evidence bag or in an appropriate container for further laboratory examinations.

xxxx

A - Drug Evidence

a. Upon seizure or confiscation of the dangerous drugs or controlled precursors and/or essential
chemicals (CPECs), laboratory equipment, apparatus and paraphernalia, the operating unit's seizing
officer/inventory officer must conduct the physical inventory, markings and photograph the same in the
place of operation in the presence of:
 a. The suspect/s or the person/s from whom such items were confiscated and/or seized or his/her
representative or counsel.

b. A representative from the media.

c. A representative from the Department of Justice; and

d. Any elected public official who shall affix their signatures and

who shall be given copies of the inventory.

xxxx

d. If the said procedures in the inventory, markings and taking of photographs of the seized items were
not observed, (Section 21, RA 9165), the law enforcers must present an explanation to justify
nonobservance of prescribed procedures and "must prove that the integrity and evidentiary value of the
seized items are not tainted."65

All told, the prosecution failed to prove the corpus delicti of the offenses of sale and possession of illegal drugs due
to the multiple unexplained breaches of procedure committed by the buy-bust team in the seizure, custody, and
handling of the seized drugs. In other words, the prosecution was not able to overcome the presumption of
innocence of accused-appellants.

The buy-bust operation was merely

fabricated.

The Court also cannot agree with the finding of both the RTC and the CA that a legitimate buy-bust operation was
conducted in this case. A buy-bust operation is a form of entrapment in which the violator is caught in flagrante
1âшphi1

delicto and the police officers conducting the operation are not only authorized but duty-bound to apprehend the
violator and to search him for anything that may have been part of or used in the commission of the crime.66
However, where there really was no buy-bust operation conducted, the elements of illegal sale of prohibited drugs
cannot be proved and the indictment against the accused will have no leg to stand on.67

This is the situation in this case.

What puts in doubt the conduct of the buy-bust operation is the police officers' deliberate disregard of the
requirements of the law, which leads the Court to believe that the buy-bust against accused-appellants was a mere
pretense, a sham. It bears to reiterate that none of the required witnesses was present at the time the alleged drugs
were seized from accused-appellants; hence, there was no unbiased witness to prove the veracity of the events that
transpired on the day of the incident or whether a legitimate buy-bust operation actually took place. Moreover, the
police officers unjustifiably failed to mark the seized drugs at the place of arrest and to inventory and photograph the
same in the presence of the witnesses which, again, are required under the law to prevent planting, switching and
contamination of evidence. These circumstances lend credence to accused-appellants' claim that they were
arrested by armed men and brought in a detention center without any clue on what offense they have committed;
that they were told by the police officers to admit to selling shabu or reveal someone who was engaged in dealing
illegal drugs; and when they denied selling shabu and told the police officers that they did not know anyone engaged
in illegal drugs, they were then brought to the crime laboratory for examination; and charges for illegal sale and
possession of dangerous drugs were filed against them. 68

Indeed, the Court is not unaware that, in some instances, law enforcers resort to the practice of planting evidence to
extract information or even to harass civilians. 69 This is despicable. Thus, the Court reminds the trial courts to
exercise extra vigilance in trying drug cases; and directs the PNP to conduct an investigation on this incident and
other similar cases, lest an innocent person is made to suffer the unusually severe penalties for drug offenses.

As a final note, the Court exhorts the prosecutors to diligently discharge their onus to prove compliance with the
provisions of Section 21 of RA 9165, as amended, and its IRR, which is fundamental in preserving the integrity and
evidentiary value of the corpus delicti. To the mind of the Court, the procedure outlined in Section 21 is
straightforward and easy to comply with. In the presentation of evidence to prove compliance therewith, the
prosecutors are enjoined to recognize any deviation from the prescribed procedure and provide the explanation
therefor as dictated by available evidence. Compliance with Section 21 being integral to every conviction, the
appellate court, this Court included, is at liberty to review the records of the case to satisfy itself that the required
proof has been adduced by the prosecution whether the accused has raised, before the trial or appellate court, any
issue of non-compliance. If deviations are observed and no justifiable reasons are provided, the conviction must be
overturned, and the innocence of the accused affirmed. 70

WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing, the appeal is hereby GRANTED. The Decision dated July 21, 2016 of the
Court of Appeals, Twenty-Third Division, Cagayan de Oro City in CA-G.R. CR HC No. 01355- MIN is hereby
REVERSED and SET ASIDE. Accordingly, accusedappellants BRYAN LABSAN y NALA and CLENIO DANTE y
PEREZ are ACQUITTED of the crimes charged on the ground of reasonable doubt, and are ORDERED
IMMEDIATELY RELEASED from detention unless they are being lawfully held for another cause. Let an entry of
final judgment be issued immediately.

Let a copy of this Decision be sent to the Superintendent of the Davao Prison and Penal Farm, for immediate
implementation. The said Superintendent is ORDERED to REPORT to this Court within five (5) days from receipt of
this Decision the action he has taken. A copy shall also be furnished to the Director General of the Philippine
National Police for his information.

Further, the National Police Commission is hereby DIRECTED to CONDUCT AN INVESTIGATION on the police
officers involved in the buy-bust operation conducted in this case.

SO ORDERED.

Carpio (Chairperson), Perlas-Bernabe, and Hernando, * JJ., concur.

J. Reyes, Jr., J., on wellness leave.

Footnotes
*
Designated additional Member per Special Order No. 2630 dated December 18, 2018.
1
See Notice of Appeal dated August 2, 2016; CA rollo, pp. 119-121.
2
CA rollo, pp. 88-118. Penned by Associate Justice Rafael Antonio M. Santos, with Associate Justices
Edgardo T. Lloren and Ruben Reynaldo G. Roxas concurring.
3
Id. at 43-54. Penned by Presiding Judge Arthur L. Abundiente.
4
AN ACT INSTITUTING THE COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002, REPEALING
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6425, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 1972, AS
AMENDED, PROVIDING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES (2002).
5
Records (Crim. Case No. 2012-948), pp. 4-5; records (Crim. Case No. 2012-949), pp. 4-5; records (Crim.
Case No. 2012-950), pp. 1-2.
6
Id. at 4.
7
Records (Crim. Case No. 2012-949), p. 4.
8
Records (Crim. Case No. 2012-950), p. 1.
9
CA rollo, p. 92.
10
Also spelled as "Kinhur" in some parts of the records.
11
CA rollo, pp. 92-93.
12
Id. at 93.
13
Id. at 93-95.
14
Id. at 48.
15
Id. at 96.
16
Id. at 48.
17
Id. at 43-54.
18
Id. at 53.
19
Id. at 51.
20
Id.
21
Id. at 51-52.
22
Id. at 52.
23
Id.
24
Id. at 88-118.
25
See id. at 98-104.
26
See id. at 105-115.
27
People v. De Leon, G.R. No. 214472, November 28, 2018, p. 6.
28
People v. Reyes, G.R. No. 225736, October 15, 2018, p. 7.
29
People v. Fatallo, G.R. No. 218805, November 7, 2018, p. 6, citing People v. Saragena, G.R. No. 210677,
August 23, 2017, 837 SCRA 529, 543-544.
30
The said Section reads as follows:

SEC. 21. Custody and Disposition of Confiscated, Seized, and/or Surrendered Dangerous Drugs, Plant
Sources of Dangerous Drugs, Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals,
Instruments/Paraphernalia and/or Laboratory Equipment. — The PDEA shall take charge and have
custody of all dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential
chemicals, as well as instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment so confiscated, seized
and/or surrendered, for proper disposition in the following manner:

(1) The apprehending team having initial custody and control of the drugs shall, immediately after
seizure and confiscation, physically inventory and photograph the same in the presence of the accused
or the person/s from whom such items were confiscated and/or seized, or his/her representative or
counsel, a representative from the media and the Department of Justice (DOJ), and any elected public
official who shall be required to sign the copies of the inventory and be given a copy thereof[.]
31
See RA 9165, Art. II, Sec. 21(1) and (2).
32
G.R. No. 217027, June 6, 2018.
33
Id. at 9-10.
34
People v. Casco, G.R. No. 212819, November 28, 2018, p. 6.
35
Id.
36
Id.
37
Id., citing People v. Almorfe, 631 Phil. 51, 60 (2010).
38
See People v. De Guzman, 630 Phil. 637, 649 (2010).
39
People v. Gonzales, 708 Phil. 121, 123 (2013).
40
See TSN, April 30, 2013, pp. 14-15.
41
See TSN, August 20, 2013, pp. 3-4.
42
Supra note 27.
43
Id. at 8, citing People v. Dahil, 750 Phil. 212, 232 (2015).
44
TSN, May 7, 2013, p. 14.
45
Id.
46
People v. Callejo, G.R. No. 227'427, June 6, 2018, p. 13.
47
See People v. Casco, supra note 34, at 7.
 48
Gamboa v. People, 799 Phil. 584, 597 (2016), citing People v. Umipang, 686 Phil. 1024, 1038-1039 (2012).
49
Id. at 597.
50
G.R. No. 233702, June 20, 2018.
51
Id. at 9.
52
Id.
53
TSN, April 30, 2013, pp. 15-16.
54
See People v. Ramos, 791 Phil. 162, 175 (2016).
55
See People v. Tomawis, G.R. No. 228890, April 18, 2018, p. 11, citing People v. Mendoza, 736 Phil. 749,
764 (2014).
56
1987 CONSTITUTION, Art. III, Sec. 14(2). "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed
innocent until the contrary is proved x x x."
57
People v. Belocura, 693 Phil. 476, 503-504 (2012).
58
See People v. Mendoza, supra note 55, at 770.
59
718 Phil. 352 (2013).
60
Id. at 366. Emphasis supplied.
61
People v. Mendoza, supra note 55, at 770.
62
See People v. Catalan, 699 Phil. 603, 621 (2012).
63
People v. Callejo, supra note 46, at 20.
64
Pursuant to National Police Commission Resolution No. 2010-094, February 26, 2010.
65
2010 AIDSOTF Manual, Rule II, Sec. 13.
66
People v. Mateo, 582 Phil. 390, 410 (2008), citing People v. Ong, 476 Phil. 553, 571 (2004) and People v.
Juatan, 329 Phil. 331, 337-338 (1996).
67
People v. De la Cruz, 666 Phil. 593, 605 (2011).
68
See CA rollo, pp. 85-87.
69
People v. Daria, Jr., 615 Phil. 744, 767 (2009).
70
People v. Otico, G.R. No. 231133, June 6, 2018, p. 23, citing People v. Jugo, G.R. No. 231792, January 29,
2018, p. 10.

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