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    1. Autotrophs (producers) can produce their own food through photosynthesis using chlorophyll, while heterotrophs (consumers) cannot produce their own food and must consume other organisms. 2. A food chain describes the transfer of energy as organisms eat each other from producers to consumers in a community. 3. The ozone layer protects the Earth from harmful UV radiation from the Sun and is formed from oxygen interacting with UV radiation, but it is being depleted by chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons.

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    1. Autotrophs (producers) can produce their own food through photosynthesis using chlorophyll, while heterotrophs (consumers) cannot produce their own food and must consume other organisms. 2. A food chain describes the transfer of energy as organisms eat each other from producers to consumers in a community. 3. The ozone layer protects the Earth from harmful UV radiation from the Sun and is formed from oxygen interacting with UV radiation, but it is being depleted by chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons.

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    39 views64 pages

    Biology (Class 10th)

    Uploaded by

    Cool Vighnesh
    1. Autotrophs (producers) can produce their own food through photosynthesis using chlorophyll, while heterotrophs (consumers) cannot produce their own food and must consume other organisms. 2. A food chain describes the transfer of energy as organisms eat each other from producers to consumers in a community. 3. The ozone layer protects the Earth from harmful UV radiation from the Sun and is formed from oxygen interacting with UV radiation, but it is being depleted by chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons.

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    of 64

    OUR ENVIRONMENT 25

    5. Autotrophs (Producers) and Heterotrophs (consumers):


    Autotrophs (Producers) Heterotrophs (Consumers)
    1. They are the organisms who can manufacture their 1. They are the organisms who cannot manufacture their
    own food. own food.
    2. They possess chlorophyll and do photosynthesis. 2. Chlorophyll is absent.
    3. They have the ability to convert solar energy into 3. They eat producers to get chemical energy.
    chemical energy.
    4. They constitute first trophic level in food chains. 4. They form second and higher trophic levels in food
    Example: All green plants. chains.
    Example: All animals.
    6. Food chain: The sequence of living organisms in a community in which one organism eats other and is
    itself eaten by another organism to transfer energy is called a food chain. It is also defined as, “chain of
    organisms, existing in any natural community, through which energy is transferred”.
    7. Ozone layer: Ozone (O3) is a molecule formed by three atoms of oxygen unlike oxygen which is required
    for respiration by aerobic forms, ozone is a deadly poison. However, at the higher levels of the atmosphere,
    ozone performs an essential function. It shields the surface of the earth from ultraviolet (UV) radiation from
    the Sun. This radiation is highly damaging to organisms, for example, it is known to cause skin cancer in
    human beings.
    Ozone at the higher levels of the atmosphere is a product of UV radiation acting on oxygen (O2) molecule.
    The higher energy UV radiations split apart some molecular oxygen (O2) into free oxygen (O) atoms. These
    atoms then combine with the molecular oxygen to form ozone as shown:
    UV
    O2 
    → O + O
    O + O2 → O3
    (Ozone)
    Depletion of ozone layer: Ozone layer gets depleted due to the use of chemicals called aerosol, spray

    propellants like chlorofluorocarbons. Depletion of ozone layer would cause skin cancer in men and animals
    and severe damage to the plants.
    8. Biological magnification: It means accumulation of non-biodegradable chemicals (like pesticides) in the
    living organisms (like plants, animals, including man) in a food chain. “The increase in concentration of
    harmful chemicals in the body of living organisms at each trophic level of a food chain is called biological
    magnification”.
    9. Biodegradable wastes and Non-­­biodegradable wastes:
    Biodegradable wastes Non-Biodegradable wastes
    1. Those waste materials which can be broken down 1. Those waste materials which cannot be broken down
    to non-poisonous substances in nature by the to non-poisonous substances in nature are called non-
    action of microorganisms (like bacteria) are called biodegradable wastes.
    biodegradable wastes.
    2. They get recycled and, therefore, do not require 2. They cannot be recycled easily and, therefore, are to
    dumping sites. be dumped which requires a lot of space. This causes
    wastage of land.
    3. They do not cause any pollution to the soil. 3. The harmful chemicals leach out of these wastes when
    Examples are: Paper, wood, animal excreta, compost,
    they are dumped in soil. This leads to soil pollution.
    animal bones, leather, plant waste, wool and hay. Examples are: DDT, plastics, polythene bags, glass

    objects, synthetic fibres, aluminium cans, other metal
    foils, radioactive elements and their wastes, pens and
    their refills.

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