PE 4N Syllabus

PE 4n Ma. Annie A.
Susaya, MAEd-PE
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
Acknowledgment………………………………………………………………. 3
Foreword………………………………………………………………………. 4
Course Syllabus ……………………………………………………………….. 5
Course Outline………………………………………………………………… 21
Course Instructional Plan ……………………………………………………… 27
CHAPTER 1. Basketball
 Introduction………………………………………………… 33
 Lesson 1: History of the Game…………………………….. 33
 Lesson 2: Nature of the Game…………………………....... 36
 Lesson 3: Facilities and Equipment………………………... 37
 Lesson 4: Basic Skills in Basketball……………………….. 40
 Lesson 5: Warm-up and conditioning Exercises…………… 46
 Lesson 6: Fundamental Skill Drills………………………… 47
 Lesson 7: Rules and Regulations of the Game; Positions
and Structures of Players; Game Officials and their Duties…. 65
 Lesson 8: Hand Signals………………………………………. 72
 Basketball Glossary…………………………………………... 75
CHAPTER 2. Volleyball
 Lesson 1: History of the Game………………………………. 80

 Lesson 2: Nature and Purpose……………………………….. 82
 Lesson 3: Facilities and Equipment………………………….. 83
 Lesson 4: Basic Skills in Volleyball…………………………. 85
 Lesson 5: Fundamental Skill Drills………………………….. 102
 Lesson 6: Warm-up and Conditioning Exercises……………. 102
 Lesson 7: Rules and Regulations of the Game; Positions
and Structures of Players; Game Officials and their Duties…. 106
 Lesson 8: Hand Signals………………………………………. 113
 Volleyball Glossary…………………………………………... 115
CHAPTER 3. Softball
 Lesson 1: History of the Game………………………………. 116

 Lesson 2: Nature and Purpose ………………………………. 118
 Lesson 3: Facilities and Equipment………………………….. 120
 Lesson 4: Basic Skills in Softball……………………………. 125
Professional and Physical Education Department, SY 2019-2020 -1-

College of Education
Notre Dame University
PE 4n Ma. Annie A. Susaya, MAEd-PE
 Lesson 5: Fundamental Skills Drills…………………………. 142

 Lesson 6: Warm-up and Conditioning Exercises………………… 144
 Lesson 7: Rule and Regulations of the Game; Positions
and Structures of Players; Game Officials and their Duties……… 145
 Lesson 8: Hand Signals……………………………………………. 151
 Softball Glossary………………………………………………….. 155
Bibliography/Webliography…………………………………………………… 158
Sample Examination…………………………………………………………... 160

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Physical Education is one of the required subjects in every course offered in a

curriculum. To keep abreast with the fast-changing times, this course pack in Physical
Education 4n – Recreational Activities (Team Sports) is an instructional material that will be
used by both teachers and students to facilitate the teaching-learning process in physical
education. The acquisition of knowledge and skills can be achieved from the sports experts.
Their creative and substantial published material both in hard copies and/or websites, were the
resources used in drawing the wealth of information and ideas, and they are appropriately
acknowledged.
Grateful acknowledgement is also given to Dr. Delma A. Yuarata, Vice-President for

Academic Affairs, for her approval on the course pack writing request. To Dr. Edgard R.
Cabales, Dean College of Education, Dr. Edwin L. Apawan, the Program-Head of Professional
Education and Physical Education Department, for recommending me to a course pack writing.
Thank you for your supervision and guidance.
I am also indebted to Dr. Danilo Caburnay who serve as my mentor in the completion
of this work, for the comments, suggestions and advices. I look forward to keep up the
collaboration in the future.
A special thanks and appreciation are also expressed for the support of my colleagues in
the College of Education, my family for inspiring me to finished the task.
Again, a profound gratitude and heartfelt appreciation to all who made this course pack
possible.
To our ALMIGHTY GOD…. for being the “Guardian” and the “Editor” of everyone’s
life. Thank you so much!
The Writer

FOREWORD
With a fast-changing world, many people are motivated to engage in many different
physical activities to maintain or improve their health while enjoying. Games have always been
their way to pursue their number one passion and aspiration -FUN. It is true that fun drives
each individual to enjoy life, for some it also motivates them to discover and develop their
skills in sports, but not all people especially the young ones were given the opportunity.
Through Physical Education, students are given the opportunity to reach their dreams,
to enhance and discover their sports skills together with those potential athletes/players. Since
Physical Education subject in particular is an activity-oriented subject, each of the topic/lesson
is accompanied with knowledge, activities and drills that will help students arouse their interest
in those teams’ sports included in PE 4n-Recreational Activity (Team Sport). Since the main
objective of Physical Education is on the aspect of teaching -learning process it also includes
desirable values, attitudes and knowledge than can be use throughout their life.
Since we considered the fast -changing world, I hope this course pack will help both
teachers and students achieve their dreams together.
The Writer

COURSE SYLLABUS
Part I. Course Identification
1. Course No.: PE 4n
2. Course Title: Recreational Activities (Team Sports)
3. Course Units: 2
4. Course Description:
The course provides students with basic knowledge and principles of basketball,
volleyball and softball to keep updated with the fast-changing times. It gives
opportunity for students to have actual learning experiences, to develop skills and
potentials. The course will also help students to acquire the fundamental skills, desirable
values, attitudes and knowledge that students can use throughout their lives.
5. General Goals and Objectives:

At the end of the course, the students are expected to: develop skills that will
foster favorable attitudes towards team sports that can be use throughout their lives.;
develop the capacity to tap potential athletes; and acquire knowledge and perform the
process of officiating.
6. Course Audience: 2nd Year Students without PE 4n
7. Attendance Policy: Refer to the University Guidelines
8. Other General course Requirements: PE 1n
9. Learning Competencies: Upon completion of this course, the students are expected to:
1. Acquire knowledge on the history of Basketball, Volleyball and Softball games.

2. Perform the basic techniques and skills in Basketball, Volleyball and Softball
games.
3. Be equipped with knowledge on basic rules of Basketball, Volleyball and Softball
games.
4. Apply the basic rules of the game through officiating/umpiring during the actual
game.
10. Learning Resources/References:

1. Course pack: PE 4n

PE 212
2. Books:
- Calicdan, Antonio V. et.al 2013. Physical Education 4 (Team Sports),
Jimczyville Publications
- Favis, Charlie S. 2018. The Complete Basketball Training Book, Anvil
Publishing Inc.
3. Websites:
- https://www.basketball-goals.com/basketball-court-dimensions.htm
- http://www.fiba.basketball/documents/official-basketball-rules-
yellow/2020.pdf
- http://www.allstaractivities.com/sports/basketball-positions.htm
- http;//.nba.com/analysis/rules-3html?nav=ArticleList
- https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/406168460116445845/
- https://basketball.epicsports.com/basketball-glossary.html
- https://www.fivb.com/en/volleyball/thegame_glossary/history
-
www.tamaqua.k12.pa.us/cms/lib/PA01000119/Centricity/Domain/123/Volley
ball_study_guide.d
- www.sportsrec.com/5979581/volleyball-facilities-equipment
- in.pinterest.com/pin/665618019927936433
www.sportsrec.com/7953341/the-fundamental-skills-used-in-playing-voll
- https://www.improveyourvolley.com/underhand-volleyball-serve.html
- https://www.strength-and-power-for-volleyball.com/setting-a-volleyball.html
- https://www.pakmen.com/volleyball-spike/
- https://www.rulesofsport.com/sports/volleyball.html
- https://www.fivb.com/en/volleyball/thegame_glossary/basicvolleyballrules
- https://hoovermetcomplex.com/back-to-basics-volleyball-player-positions/
- https://www.sportsrec.com/504918-how-to-officiate-a-game-of-
volleyball.html
- https://usavolleyball.org/resource/officials-hand-signals-for-indoor/
- www.sportsrec.com/7953341/the-fundamental-skills-used-in-playing-voll
- https://www.athleticscholarships.net/history-of-softball.htm
- https://www.classicalhistorian.com/jessicas-blog/the-development-of-
softball
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball
- https://eznearticles.com/?The-5-Basic-Skills-Needed-to-Play-
Softball&id=8195147
-
https://www.leagueathletics.com/HeyCoach.asp?n=77313&org=PLLCA4.O
RG
- https://web.mst.edu/~ima/rules/Softballrules.html

- https://www.myactivesg.com/Sports/Baseball-and-Softball/How-To-
Play/Softball-for-Beginners/Player-positions-in-Softball
- https://www.sportsrec.com/softball-officials-duties-6639609.html
Play/Softball-for-Beginners/Umpire-signals-in-softball
- http://www.allstaractivities.com/sports/softball/softball-refs.htm
-
https://www.cpschools.org/cms/lib/MI01001578/Centricity/Domain/217/Soft
ball%20Rues.p
- https://www.activekids.com/soccer/articles/10-dynamic-warm-up-exercises-
for-youth-athletes (for exercises
- www.fivb.org/en/refereeing-rules/documents/FIVB-Volleyball_Rules_2017-
2020-EN-v06.pdf
11. Table of Specification (TOS)
Content Knowledg Comprehension Application Total

e No. of Items No. of Items
No. of
Items
The students shall be able to: 11 3 0 14
a. Learn the history of
basketball
b. Identify the facilities and 5 2 0 7
equipment in basketball
c. Execute the fundamental 5 3 10 18
skills/techniques in
playing basketball
d. Interpret and apply the 10 5 12 27
basic rules and
regulations through actual
game
e. Demonstrate the hand 4 2 7 13
signals during the
officiating in actual game
f. Apply the common 4 1 10 15
techniques and practices
in actual game and
officiating
g. Know the key persons and 5 1 0 6

their duties during the

game
Total 44 17 39 100

volleyball
equipment in volleyball
playing volleyball
basic rules and
game
signals during the
in actual game and
officiating
game
Total 44 17 39 100

softball
equipment in softball
playing softball
basic rules and
game

signals during the

in actual game and
officiating
game
Total 44 17 39 100
12. Grading Policy:

First Trinal
a. Class Standing: Reporting 60%
Recitation
Quiz 60% + 40% = 1st TG
Research work
Practical Test
b. 1st Trinal Exam 40%
Second Trinal
Recitation
Quiz 60% + 40% = 2nd TG
Research work
Practical test
b. Midterm Exam 40%
Midterm Grade 1/3 1st TG + 2/3 2nd TG
Third Trinal
Recitation
Quiz 60% + 40% = 3rd TG
Research work
Practical test
b. Final Exam 40%
Final Grade 50% MG + 50% 3rd TG
13. Materials/References:

1. Course pack: PE 212

2. Books:
Publishing Inc.
3. Websites:
yellow/2020.pdf
-
ball_study_guide.d
volleyball.html
softball
Softball&id=8195147
-
RG
Professional and Physical Education Department, SY 2019-2020 - 10 -

-
ball%20Rues.p
for-youth-athletes
2020-EN-v06.pdf
14. Instructor Data:

Ma. Annie A. Susaya, MAEd-PE
Professional Education and Physical Education Department
[email protected]
Part II. Course Schedule Matrix
Week Learning Content/Topics Strategy Values Evaluation References

Objectives Integration
1 The student General Orientation Lecture Cooperation Reporting

should be able to: score
1.know, Basketball Group- Participation Note:
understand and Objectives reporting Quiz Please
review the course History of the Game refer to
requirements and Recent Development the list of
school policies Nature of the Game references
Facilities and
2.learn the Equipment:
history of the Basketball Court:
game Back court
Front court
3.identify the Lines
facilities and Team Bench Areas
equipment Illustration of

Basketball Court
Equipment:
Backboard/Basket/
Ball/Uniforms
Other Equipment
2 1.execute the Basic Skills in Lecture Participation Demo
fundamental Basketball:
skills/techniques Passing; Types of Group- Cooperation Return-
of the game Passing: Air Pass reporting demo
Bounce Pass Perseverance
2.appreciate the Demo/ Individual
importance of Basic Passes: Return- performanc
fundamental Chest Pass demo e score
skills Bounce pass
Overhead pass
Dribbling: Types
of Dribbling: High
Dribble
Low Dribble
Speed Dribble
Cross “Switch”Dribble
Shooting: Types of
Shooting: Lay-up
The Jump Shot
The three pointers
Bank shot
The hook shot
Rebounding: Types
of Rebound:
Blocking Out
Defensive rebound
Offensive rebound
3 1.demonstrate the Fundamental Skills Lecture Participation Demo

different Drills:
fundamental Basketball Passing Cooperation Return-
skills through Drills Demo/ demo
skill drills and Basketball Dribbling Return- Perseverance
lead-up games Shooting Drill demo Individual
Jump Shot Drill performanc
Free Throw Shooting e score
Drill
Rebounding Drill

Warmup/Conditioning
Exercises
Return demonstrations
of the different basic
skill (by pair/team
4 1.know and Rules and Regulations Lecture Participation Reporting
understand the of the Game score
rules of the game Group- Cooperation
Rules of the Game: reporting Quiz
2.interpret the Teams Perseverance
rules and Playing Regulations Demo
regulations of the
game Violations: Dribbling Return-
3 Seconds demo
3.know the key 8 Seconds
persons and their 24 Second
duties/ Ball returned to back
responsibilities court
during the game
Fouls: Personal/
4.know the Technical
importance of
warm-up Main Defensive
exercises and Strategies: Zone
conditioning Man-to-man
5.demonstrate Positions and

correctly the Structures of Players:
hand signals used Point Guard
in officiating Shooting Guard
Small Forward
Power Forward
Center
Team representative:
Team Captain
Coach
Officials of the Game

and their Duties:
Referee
Scorer
Timekeeper
24 sec. Operator
The Hand Signals
Basketball Glossary

Cont. : Warm-
up/Conditioning
Exercises
skill (by pair/team)
5 1.apply the Warm- Demo Participation Demo
common up/Conditioning
techniques and Exercises Return- Cooperation Return-
practices in Actual game (by team) demo demo
actual game Actual Officiating (by Perseverance
team representative) Individual
2.apply the hand Honesty performanc
signals through e score
officiating
6 Warm- Demo Participation Demo
1.apply the up/Conditioning
common Exercises Cooperation Return-
techniques and Actual game (by team) Return- demo
practices in Actual Officiating (by demo Perseverance
actual game team representative) Individual
Honesty performanc
2.apply the hand e score
signals through
officiating
7 The student Volleyball Lecture Participation Reporting
1.learn the Objectives Group- Cooperation
history of the History of the Game reporting Quiz
game Worldwide
Development
2.identify the Nature and Purpose
facilities and Facilities and
equipment Equipment
Background
Court
Ball
Net
Referee’s Stand
Clothing
Beach
Illustration of the
Playing Court
8 1.execute the Basic Skills in Playing Lecture Participation Demo
fundamental Volleyball
skills/techniques Group- Cooperation Return-
of the game Serving: reporting demo

Underhand Perseverance
2.appreciate the Demo Individual
Overhand
importance of performanc
Floater Honesty
fundamental Return- e score
Passing:
skills demo
Bump
Set
3.demonstrate the
Spike
different
Block
fundamental
Setting
skills through
Hitting:
skill drills and
Bump/Pass
lead-up games
Setting and
Volleying
Spiking, Hitting and
Killing
Blocking Single
Blocking Double
Blocking Triple
Blocking Strategies:
Soft Blocking
Split Blocking
Swing Blocking
Solo
Blocking
Positions and Terms:

Weak Side
Blocker Middle
Blocker Strong Side
Blocker Offside
Blocker Spiking
Fundamental Skill
Drills:
Serving Drills
Passing Drills
Spiking Drills
Blocking Drills
Setting Drills
Warm-
up/Conditioning
Exercises

9 1.know and Rules and Regulations Lecture Participation Reporting

understand the of the Game score
rules of the game Object of the Group- Cooperation
Games reporting Quiz
2.interpret the Players & Equipment Perseverance
rules and Scoring
regulations of the Winning the Game
game Simplified
Rules of the Game
3.know the key
persons and their Positions and
duties/ Structures of Players:
responsibilities Setter
during the game Outside Hitter
Opposite Hitter
4.know the Middle Blocker
importance of Libero
warm-up
exercises and Volleyball Officials
conditioning and their Duties:
Scorers
Line Judges
First Referee
Second Referee
Warm-
up/Conditioning
Exercises
cont. : Return
demonstrations of the
different basic skill (by
pair/team)
10 1.demonstrate Hand Signals Lecture Participation Demo
correctly the
hand signals used Illustrations of the Group- Cooperation Return-
in officiating Hand Signals reporting demo
Perseverance
Volleyball Glossary Demo Individual
Honesty performanc
Warm- Return- e score
up/Conditioning demo
Exercises
Actual game (by team)
Actual Officiating (by
team representative)


Perseverance
actual game Actual Officiating (by
team representative) Group/Indi
Honesty
2.apply the hand vidual
signals through performanc
officiating e score
actual game Actual Officiating (by Perseverance
team representative) Individual
2.apply the hand Honesty performanc
signals through e score
officiating
13 The student Softball Lecture Participation Reporting
1.learn the History of the Game Group Cooperation
history of the Nature of the Gam reporting Quiz
game Facilities and
Equipment
2.identify the The Playing Field
facilities and Illustration of the
equipment Playing Field
Equipment:
Ball
15-inch Softball
Bat
Gloves
Uniform
Protective Gear
14 1.execute the Basic Skills in Softball Lecture Participation Demo
fundamental Infield
skills/techniques Outfield Group Cooperation Return-
of the game reporting demo
Throwing; Perseverance
2.appreciate the Overhead Individual
importance of Sidearm Demo performanc
fundamental Underhand e score
skills Catching Return-
Thrown Ball demo
3.demonstrate the Fielding:
different Ground Ball
fundamental Fly Ball Pitching
skills through Hitting/Batting
skill drills and Baserunning
lead-up games
Fundamental Skill

Drills:
Ball to Spot
Throw to Trash can
Momentum into the
Throw Football
Drill
Drop-step reaction
Warm-
up/Conditioning
Exercises
15 1.know and Rules of the Game Lecture Participation Reporting
understand the score
rules of the game Starting the Game Group Cooperation
Pitching Regulations reporting Quiz
2.interpret the Batting Perseverance
rules and Balls and Strikes Demo
regulations of the Baserunning
game Protest Return-
Players demo
3.know the key Conduct
persons and their Miscellaneous
duties/ Safety
responsibilities Reminders
during the game Positions and
Structures of Players:
4.know the Batter
importance of Pitcher
warm-up Catcher
exercises and First Baseman Second
conditioning Baseman
Third Baseman Short
Stop
Outfielders: Right
Left
Center
Game Officials and

their Duties:
Home Plate Umpire
Base Umpire
Line Umpires
Warm-

up/Conditioning
Exercises
cont.: Return
demonstrations of the
different basic skill (by
pair/team
16 1.demonstrate Hand signals: Lecture Participation Demo
correctly the Count
hand signals used Delayed Dead Ball Group Cooperation Return-
in officiating Double reporting demo
Fair Ball Perseverance
Foul Ball Demo Group/Indi
Foul Tip Honesty vidual
Hold up Play/Do not performanc
Pitch e score
Home Run Return-
Infield Fly demo
Flay Ball
Strike Out
Trapped Ball or Safe
Illustrations of the
Hand Signals
Softball Glossary
Warm-
up/Conditioning
Exercises

Actual Officiating (by
team representative)
practices in demo demo
actual game Actual game (by team) Perseverance
Actual Officiating (by Group.\/In
2.apply the hand team representative) Honesty dividual
signals through performanc
officiating e score
practices in demo demo
actual game Actual game (by team) Perseverance
2.apply the hand Actual Officiating (by Group/Indi

signals through team representative) Honesty vidual

officiating performanc
e score
Part III. Research Oriented Instruction
Department: College of Education

Subject: PE 4n
Topic: Recreational Activities (Team Sports)
A. Research Problem/Question:
1. What are the problems encountered in conducting sports activities in during the
pandemic? How does it affect the lives of sports enthusiast?
B. Research Strategy:
a. Survey
b. Key Informant Interview
c. Research Presentation
1. Reporting (by group)
COURSE OOUTLINE
Introduction
Chapter 1 – Basketball
Objectives

Lesson 1- History of the Game

Recent Development
Lesson 2- Nature of the Game
Lesson 3- Facilities and Equipment
Objectives
Basketball Court
Back court
Front court
Lines
Team Bench Areas
Illustration of Basketball Court
Equipment:
Back stop units: Backboard
Backboard
Basket
Ball
Uniforms
Other Equipment
Lesson 4- Basic Skills in Basketball
Objectives
Passing- Types of Passing:
Air Pass
Bounce Pass
Basic Passes:
Chest Pass
Bounce Pass
Overhead Pass
Dribbling: Types of Dribbling:
High Dribble
Low Dribble
Speed Dribble
Cross“Switch”Dribble
Shooting: Types of Shooting:
Lay-up
The Jump Shot
The Three Pointer
Bank Shot
The Hook Shot
Rebounding: Types of Rebound:

Blocking Out
Defensive Rebound
Offensive Rebound
Lesson 5- Warm-up/ Conditioning Exercises

Lesson 6- Fundamental Skills Drills:

Basketball Passing Drills
Basketball Dribbling
Shooting Drill
Jump Shot Drill
Free Throw Shooting Drill
Rebounding Drills
Lesson 7- Rules and Regulations of the Game
Objectives
Rules of the Game-Teams
Playing Regulations
Violations:
Dribbling
3 Seconds
8 Seconds
24 Seconds
Ball returned to back court
Fouls:
Personal
Technical
Main Defensive Strategies:
Zone
Man-to-man
Positions and Structures of Players:
Point Guard
Shooting Guard
Small Forward
Power Forward
Center
Team representative:
Team Captain
Coach
Officials of the Game and their Duties
Referee
Scorer
Timekeeper
24 sec. Operator
Lesson 8- The Hand Signals

Objectives
Basketball Glossary
Chapter 2- Volleyball

Objectives
Worldwide Development
Lesson 2- Nature and Purpose
Objectives
Background
Court
Ball
Net
Referee’s Stand
Clothing
Beach
Illustration of the Playing Court
Lesson 4- Basic Skills in Playing Volleyball
Objectives
Serving: Types of Serving:
Underhand
Overhand
Floater
Passing: Types of Passing:
Bump
Set
Spike
Block
Setting
Hitting: Types of Hitting:
Bump/Pass
Setting and Volleying
Spiking, Hitting and Killing
Blocking: Types of Blocking-:
Single Blocking
Double Blocking
Triple Blocking
Soft Blocking
Split Blocking
Swing Blocking
Solo Blocking
Blocking Positions and Terms:
Weak Side Blocker
Middle Blocker
Strong Side Blocker
Offside Blocker

Spiking
Lesson 6- Fundamental Skill Drills:

Serving Drills
Passing Drills
Spiking Drills
Blocking drills
Setting Drills
Lesson 7- Rules and Regulations of the Game
Objectives
Object of the Games
Players & Equipment
Scoring
Winning the Game
Simplified Rules of the Game
Setter
Outside Hitter
Opposite Hitter
Middle Blocker
Libero
Volleyball Officials and their Duties:
Scorers
Line Judges
First Referee
Second Referee
Lesson 8- Hand Signals
Objectives
Illustrations of the Hand Signals
Volleyball Glossary
Chapter 3- Softball
Objectives
Lesson 2- Nature of the Game
Objectives
The Playing Field
Illustration of the Playing Field
Equipment: Ball
15-inch Softball
Bat

Gloves
Uniform
Protective Gear
Lesson4- Basic Skills in Softball
Objectives
Infield
Outfield
Throwing; Overhead
Sidearm
Underhand
Catching: Thrown Ball
Fielding: Ground Ball
Fly Ball
Pitching
Hitting/Batting
Baserunning
Lesson 6- Fundamental Skill Drills:

Ball to Spot
Throw to Trash Can
Momentum into the Throw
Football Drill
Drop-step reaction
Lesson 7- Rules of the Game
Objectives
Starting the Game
Pitching Regulations
Batting
Balls and Strikes
Baserunning
Protest
Players Conduct
Miscellaneous
Safety Reminders

Batter
Pitcher
Catcher
First Baseman
Second Baseman

Third Baseman
Short Stop
Outfielders: Right
Left
Center
Game Officials and their Duties:
Home Plate Umpire
Base Umpire
Line Umpires
Lesson 8- Hand signals:
Count
Delayed Dead Ball
Double
Fair Ball
Foul Ball
Foul Tip
Hold up Play/Do not Pitch
Home Run
Infield Fly
Play Ball
Strike Out
Softball Glossary
Bibliography/Webliography
Sample Examination
COURSE INSTRUCTIONAL PLAN
Week Dates Topics/Activity

1 General Orientation

Basketball
Objectives
History of the Game
Recent Development
Nature of the Game
Facilities and Equipment
Objectives
Basketball Court:
a. Back court
b. Front court
c. Lines
d. Team Bench Areas
e. Illustration of Basketball Court
f. Equipment:
Back stop units: Backboard
Backboard
Basket
Ball
g. Uniforms
h. Other Equipment
2 Basic Skills in Basketball
Objectives
Passing; Types of Passing: Air Pass
Bounce Pass
Basic Passes: Chest Pass
Bounce Pass
Overhead Pass
Dribbling: Types of Dribbling: High Dribble
Low Dribble
Speed Dribble
Cross “Switch”Dribble
Shooting: Types of Shooting: Lay-up
The Jump Shot
The Three Pointer
Bank Shot
The Hook Shot
Rebounding: Types of Rebound: Blocking Out
Defensive Rebound
Offensive Rebound
3 Fundamental Skills Drills:

Basketball Passing Drills
Basketball Dribbling

Shooting Drill
Jump Shot Drill
Free Throw Shooting Drill
Rebounding Drill
Warm-up/Conditioning Exercises
Return demonstrations of the different basic skill (by pair/team)
4 Rules and Regulations of the Game
Objectives
Rules of the Game: Teams
Playing Regulations
Violations: Dribbling
3 Seconds
8 Seconds
24 Second
Ball returned to back court
Fouls: Personal
Technical
Main Defensive Strategies: Zone
Man-to-man
Positions and Structures of Players: Point Guard
Shooting Guard
Small Forward
Power Forward
Center
Team representative: Team Captain
Coach
Officials of the Game and their Duties: Referee
Scorer
Timekeeper
24 sec. Operator
The Hand Signals
Objectives
Basketball Glossary
Cont. : Warm-up/Conditioning Exercises
5 Warm-up/Conditioning Exercises
Actual Officiating (by team representative)
FIRST TRINAL EXAM
7 Volleyball
Objectives

History of the Game

Nature and Purpose
Objectives
Background
Court
Ball
Net
Referee’s Stand
Clothing
Beach
Illustration of the Playing Court
8 Basic Skills in Playing Volleyball
Objectives
Serving: Underhand
Overhand
Floater
Passing: Bump
Set
Spike
Block
Setting
Hitting: Bump/Pass
Setting and Volleying
Spiking, Hitting and Killing
Blocking: Single Blocking
Double Blocking
Triple Blocking
Soft Blocking
Split Blocking
Swing Blocking
Solo Blocking
Blocking Positions and Terms:
Weak Side Blocker
Middle Blocker
Strong Side Blocker
Offside Blocker
Spiking
Fundamental Skill Drills: Serving Drills
Passing Drills
Spiking Drills
Blocking drills

Setting Drills
9 Rules and Regulations of the Game
Objectives
Object of the Games
Players & Equipment
Scoring
Winning the Game
Simplified Rules of the Game
Setter
Outside Hitter
Opposite Hitter
Middle Blocker
Libero
Volleyball Officials and their Duties:
Scorers
Line Judges
First Referee
Second Referee
cont. : Return demonstrations of the different basic skill (by pair/team)
10 Hand Signals
Objectives
Volleyball Glossary
MIDTERM EXAM
13 Softball
History of the Game
Nature of the Gam

Objectives
The Playing Field

Illustration of the Playing Field

Equipment: Ball
15-inch Softball
Bat
Gloves
Uniform
Protective Gear
14 Basic Skills in Softball
Objectives
Infield
Outfield
Throwing; Overhead
Sidearm
Underhand
Catching: Thrown Ball
Fielding: Ground Ball
Fly Ball
Pitching
Hitting/Batting
Baserunning
Fundamental Skill Drills: Ball to Spot
Throw to Trash Can
Momentum into the Throw
Football Drill
Drop-step reaction
15 Rules of the Game
Objectives
Starting the Game
Pitching Regulations
Batting
Balls and Strikes
Baserunning
Protest
Players Conduct
Miscellaneous
Safety Reminders
Batter
Pitcher
Catcher
First Baseman
Second Baseman

Third Baseman
Short Stop
Outfielders: Right
Left
Center
Game Officials and their Duties:
Home Plate Umpire
Base Umpire
Line Umpires
cont.: Return demonstrations of the different basic skill (by pair/team)
16 Hand signals: Count
Delayed Dead Ball
Double
Fair Ball
Foul Ball
Foul Tip
Hold up Play/Do not Pitch
Home Run
Infield Fly
Play Ball
Strike Out
Softball Glossary
19 FINAL EXAM
INTRODUCTION
The primary goal of Physical Education is for the improvement of well being and
quality of individual’s life through participation in the different sports programs. It is also an

activity-oriented subject wherein in provides the skills, knowledge and positive attitudes by
participating in regular physical activities.
It is apparent that techniques and strategies evolved in the different team sport will help
increase the social value of sport training among students. Because we know very well that the
most important aspect of teaching -learning process in physical education is the development of
the whole person.
CHAPTER 1
BASKETBALL GAME
Objectives:
1. To trace the brief history of basketball.
2. To discuss the nature of the game.
3. To analyze the development of the game basketball.
4. To appreciate the contribution of different countries to the development of the game.
“Basketball is a game easy to play and difficult to master”

-James Naismith
LESSON 1
History of the Game

Basketball was invented by James Naismith, a Canadian American physical education
instructor at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts. In
December of 1891, the director of the school, Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick, asked Naismith to find
a physical activity to occupy a “class of incorrigibles”. Naismith may have had other
motivations as well. Naismith wanted to create a game of skill for the students instead of one
that relied solely on strength. He needed a game that could be played indoors in a relatively
small space. And he wanted to keep his football players in shape off-season.
As a kid Naismith played a game called duck on a rock. He took account of the game he
played as a kid and made it into what we now call basketball. With the help of his wife, he
devised a game suitable for a gymnasium. The object of the game is to throw the soccer ball
into the peach baskets nailed to the lower railing of the gym balcony. Every time a point was
scored, the game was halted so the janitor could lug out a ladder and retrieve the ball. Later, the
bottoms of the peach baskets were removed.
The first formal rules were devised in 1892. Initially, players dribbled a soccer ball
up and down a court of unspecified dimensions. Points were earned by landing the ball in a
peach basket. Iron hoops and a hammock-style basket were introduced in 1893. Another
decade passed, however, before the innovation of open-ended nets put an end to the practice
of manually retrieving the ball from the basket each time a goal was scored. In 1959, James
Naismith was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame (called the Naismith Memorial

Hall of Fame) Tony Hinkle designed the current orange ball that is in use today. He
introduced it in the 1950’s so that the players and spectators would be able to see it move
clearly.
The International Basketball Federation was formed in 1932 by eight founding
nations: Argentina, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Portugal, Romania and
Switzerland. At this time, the organization only oversaw amateur players. Its acronym,
derived from the French Federation Internationale de Basketball Amateur, was thus
“FIBA”. Men’s Basketball was first included at the Berlin 1936 Summer Olympics,
although a demonstration tournament was held in 1904. The United States defeated Canada
in the first final, played outdoors. This competition has usually been dominated by the
United States, whose team has won all but three titles, the first loss in a controversial final
game in Munich in 1972 against the Soviet Union. In 1950 the first FIBA World
Championship for men was held in Argentina. Three years later, the first FIBA World
Championship for Women was held in Chile. Women’s basketball was added to the
Olympics in 1976, which were held in Montreal, Canada with teams such as the Soviet
Union, Brazil and Australia rivaling the American squads.
FIBA dropped the distinction between amateur and professional players in 1989, and
in 1992, professional players played for the first time in the Olympic Games. The United
States dominance continued with the introduction of their Dream Team. However, with
developing program elsewhere, other national teams started to beat the United States. A
team made entirely of NBA players finished sixth in the 2002 World Championships in
Indianapolis, behind Yugoslavia, Argentina, Germany, New Zealand and Spain. In 2004
Athens Olympics, the United States suffered its first Olympic loss while using professional
players, falling to Puerto Rico (in a 19-point loss) and Lithuania in group games, and being
eliminated in the semifinals by Argentina. It eventually won the bronze medal defeating
Lithuania, finishing behind Argentina and Italy. In 2006, in the World Championship of
Japan, the United States advanced to the semifinals but were defeated by Greece by 101-95.
In the bronze medal game, it beat team Argentina and finished 3rd behind Greece and Spain.
After the disappointments of 2002 through 2006, the U.S. regrouped, reestablishing
themselves as the dominant international team behind the “Redeem Team’, which won gold
at the 2008 Olympics, and the so-called “B-Team’, which won gold at the 2010 FIBA
World Championship in Turkey despite featuring no players from the 2008 squad.
Recent Developments
From humble beginnings in North America, Basketball has grown into one of the most
popular team sports in the world. It’s truly global game: The National Basketball
association (NBA) in the USA, the world’s leading professional league, features players
from more than 30 countries.
Men’s basketball first appeared on the Olympic programmed at the Berlin 1936
Games, with the women’s event introduced at Montreal 1976. Professional players first
competed at the Barcelona 1992 Games, when the famous U.S. Dream Team won gold in
the men’s event.

Worldwide, basketball tournaments are held for boys and girls of all age levels. The
global popularity of the sport is reflected in the nationalities represented in the NBS.
Players from all six inhabited continents currently play in the NBS. Top international
players began coming into the NBA in the mid-1990s, including Croatians Drazen Petrovic
and Toni Kukoc, Serbian Vlade Divac, Lithuanians Arvydas Sabonis and Sarunas
Marciulionis and German Detlef Schrempf.
The all-tournament teams at the 2002 and 2006 FIBA World Championships,
respectively held in Indianapolis and Japan, demonstrate the globalization of the game
equally dramatically. Only one member of either team was American, namely Carmelo
Anthony in 2006. The 2002 team featured Nowitzki, Ginobili, Yao, Peja Stojakovic of
Yugoslavia (now of Serbia), and Pero Cameron of New Zealand, Ginobili also made the
2006 team; the other members were Anthony, Gasol, his Spanish teammate Jorge Garbajosa
and Theodoros Papaloukas of Greece. The only players on either team to never have joined
the NBA are Cameron and Papaloukas. The all-tournament team from the 2010 edition in
Turkey featured four NBA players—MVP Kevin Durant of Team USA and the Oklahoma
City Thunder, Linas Kleiza of Lithuania and the Toronto Raptors, Luis Scola of Argentina
and the Houston Rockets, and the Hedo Turkoglu of Turkey and the Phoenix Suns. The
only non-NBA player was Serbia’s Milos Teodosic. The strength of International
Basketball is evident in the fact that Team USA won none of the three world
championships held between 1998 and 2006, with Serbia (then known as Yugoslavia)
winning in 1998 and 2002 and Spain in 2006.
In the Philippines, the Philippine Basketball Association’s first game was played on
April 9, 1975 at the Araneta Coliseum in Cubao, Quezon City, Philippines. It was founded
as a “rebellion” of several teams from the now-defunct Manila Industrial and Commercial
Athletic Association which was tightly controlled by the Basketball association of the
Philippines (now defunct), the then FIBA recognized national association. Nine teams from
the MICAA participated in the league’s first season that opened on April 9, 1975
The NBL is Australia’s pre-eminent men’s professional basketball league. The leagues
commenced in 1979, playing a winter season (April-September) and did so until the
completion of the 2oth season in a998. The 1998-99 season, which commenced only
months later, was the first season after the shift to the current summer season format
(October-April). This shift was an attempt to avoid competing directly against Australia’s
various football codes. It features 8 teams from around Australia and one in New Zealand.
A few players including Luc Longley, Andrew Gaze, Shane Heal, Chris Anstey and
Andrew Bogut made it big internationally, becoming poster figures for the sport in
Australia. The Women’s National Basketball League began in 1981.
The NBA-backed Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA) began in 1997.
Tough it had shaky attendance figures, several marquee players (Lisa Leslie, Diana Taurasi
and Candace Parker among others) have helped the leagues in the United states, such as the
American Basketball League (1996-1998), have folded in part because of the popularity of
the WNBA. The WNBA has been looked at by many as a niche league. However, the
league has recently taken steps forward. In June 2007, the WNBA signed a contract
extension with ESPN. The new television deal runs from 2009 to 1016.

Along with this deal, came the first ever rights fees to be paid to a women’s
professional sports league. Over the eight years of the contract, “millions and millions of
dollars” will be “dispersed to the league’s teams.” The WNBA gets more viewers on
national television broadcasts (413,000) than both Major League Soccer (253,000) and the
NHL (310732). In March 12,2009 article, NBA commissioner David Stern said that in the
bad economy, “the NBA is far less profitable than the WNBA. We’re losing a lot of money
amongst a large number of teams. We’re budgeting the WNBA to break even this year.
Calicdan, Antonio V. et.al 2013. Physical Education 4 (Team Sports)
LESSON 2
Nature of the Game
Basketball is a team sport, with two teams of five players each try to score by shooting
a ball through a hoop elevated 10 feet above the ground. The game is played on a
rectangular floor called the court, and there is a hoop at each end. The court is divided into
two main sections by the mid-court line. If the offensive team puts the ball into play behind
the mid-court line, it has ten seconds to get the ball over the mid-court line. If it doesn’t,
then the defense gets the ball. Once the offensive team gets the ball over the mid-court line,
it can no longer have possession of the ball in the area in back of the line. If it does, the
defense is awarded the ball. The ball is moved down the court toward the basket by passing
or dribbling. The team with the ball is called the offense. The team without the ball is called
the defense. They try to steal the ball, contest shots, steal and deflect passes, and garner
rebounds.
When a team makes a basket, they score two points and the ball goes to the other team.
If a basket, or field goal, is made outside of the three-point arc, then that basket is worth
three points. A free throw is one point. Free throws are awarded to a team according to
some formats involving the number of fouls committed in a half and or the type of foul
committed. Fouling a shooter always results in two or three free throws, depending upon
when he sht. If he was beyond the three-point line, then he gets three shots. Other types of
fouls do not result in free throws being awarded until a certain number have accumulated
during a half. Once that number is reached, then the player who was fouled is awarded a ‘1-
and-1’ opportunity. If he makes his first free throw, he gets to attempt a second. If he
misses the first shot, the ball is live on the rebound.
Each game is divided into sections. All levels have two halves. In college, each half is
twenty minutes long. In high school and below, the halves are divided into eight (and
sometimes, six) minute quarters. In the pros, quarters are twelve minutes. There is a gap of
several minutes between halves. Gaps between quarters are relatively short. If the score is
tied at the end of regulation, then overtime periods of various lengths are played until a
winner emerges.
Each team will assign a basket or goal to defend. This means that the other basket is
their scoring basket. The halftime, the teams switch goals. The game begins with one player
from either team or center court. A referee will toss the ball up between the two. The player

that gets his hands on the ball will tip it to a teammate. This is called a tip-off. In addition to
stealing the ball from an opposing player, there are other ways for a team to get the ball.
One such way is if the other team commits a foul or violations. Calicdan, Antonio V. et.al
2013. Physical Education 4 (Team Sports)
LESSON 3
Objectives:
1. To identify the different facilities and equipment required in basketball.

2. To familiarize oneself with the specifications of the different facilities and equipment in
basketball.
A. The Basketball Court
The playing court shall have a flat, hard surface free from obstructions with dimensions
of twenty-eight (28m) meters in length by fifteen (15m) meters in width measured from the
inner edge of the boundary line.
B. Backcourt
A team’s backcourt consists of its team’s own basket, the inbounds part od the
backboard and that part of the playing court limited by the end line behind the team/s own
basket, the sidelines and the center line.
C. Front Court
A team’s frontcourt consists of the opponent’s basket, the inbounds part of the
backboard and that part of the playing court limited by the end line behind the opponent’s
basket, the sidelines and the inner edge of the center line nearest to the opponent’s basket.
D. Lines
All lines shall be drawn in white color, five (5cm) centimeters in width and clearly
visible. This includes the boundary line, center line, center circle and free-throw semi circles,
free-throw lines, restricted areas and free-throw rebound places and three-point field goal area.
E. Team Bench Areas
The team bench areas shall be marked outside the playing court limited by two (2) lines.
There must be 14 seats available in the team bench area for the coaches, the assistant coaches,

the substitutes and the team followers. Any other persons shall be at least two (2m) meters
behind the team bench.
F. Illustration of the basketball court:
https://www.basketball-goals.com/basketball-court-dimensions.htm
G. Equipment
The following equipment will be required:
• Backstop units, consisting of:

- Backboards
- The Backboard Location: 4 ft. from baseline
- The Backboard size: 72 inches x 42-48 inches
- The Inner window size: 24 inches x 18 inches
- The Rim size: 18 inches in diameter
- The Rim location: 10 ft. from the floor
- Baskets comprising (pressure release) rings and nets
- Backboards support structures including padding
• Ball:
The official ball for Men and Women;

-Women: 28.5” in circumference (size 6); weight of 20 oz.

- Men: 29.5” in circumference (size 7); weight of 22 oz
Reference: Favis, Charlie S. 2018. The Complete Basketball Training Book
H. Uniforms:
The uniform of all team members shall consist of:

• Shirts of the same dominant colour front and back as the shorts. If shirts have sleeves,
they must end above the elbow. Long sleeved shirts are not permitted. All players must tuck
their shirts into their playing shorts. 'All-in-ones' are permitted.
• T-shirts, regardless of the style, are not permitted to be worn under the shirts.
• Shorts of the same dominant colour front and back as the shirts. The shorts must end
above the knee. • Socks of the same dominant colour for all team members. Socks need to be
visible. June 2020 OFFICIAL BASKETBALL RULES 2020
Each team member shall wear a shirt numbered on the front and back with plain
numbers, of a colour contrasting with the colour of the shirt. The numbers shall be clearly
visible and:
• Those on the back shall be at least 20 cm high.
• Those on the front shall be at least 10 cm high.
• The numbers shall be at least 2 cm wide.
• Teams may only use numbers 0 and 00 and from 1 to 99.
• Players on the same team shall not wear the same number.
• Any advertising or logo shall be at least 5 cm away from the numbers. 4.3.3 Teams
must have a minimum of 2 sets of shirts and:
• The first team named in the schedule (home team) shall wear light-coloured shirts
(preferably white).
• The second team named in the schedule (visiting team) shall wear dark-coloured
shirts.
• However, if the 2 teams agree, they may interchange the colours of the shirts.
I. Other equipment
All equipment used by players must be appropriate for the game. Any equipment that is
designed to increase a player's height or reach or in any other way give an unfair advantage is
not permitted. Players shall not wear equipment (objects) that may cause injury to other
players.
• The following are not permitted:
- Finger, hand, wrist, elbow or forearm guards, helmets, casts or braces made of leather,
plastic, pliable (soft) plastic, metal or any other hard substance, even if covered with soft
padding.

- Objects that could cut or cause abrasions (fingernails must be closely cut).
- Hair accessories and jewelry.
• The following are permitted:
- Shoulder, upper arm, thigh or lower leg protective equipment if sufficiently padded.
- Arm and leg compression sleeves.
- Headgear. It shall not cover any part of the face entirely or partially (eyes, nose, lips
etc.) and shall not be dangerous to the player wearing it and/or to other players. The headgear
shall not have opening/closing elements around the face and/or neck and shall not have any
parts extruding from its surface.
- Knee braces.
- Protector for an injured nose, even if made of a hard material.
- Non-coloured transparent mouth guard.
- Spectacles, if they do not pose a danger to other players.
- Wristbands and headbands, maximum of 10 cm wide textile material.
- Taping of arms, shoulders, legs etc.
- Ankle braces. All players on the team must have all their arm and leg compression
sleeves, headgear, wristbands, headbands and tapings of the same solid colour.
During the game a player may wear shoes of any colour combination, but the left and
right shoe must match. No flashing lights, reflective material or other adornments are
permitted. OFFICIAL BASKETBALL RULES 2020 June 2020.
During the game a player may not display any commercial, promotional or charitable
name, mark, logo or other identification including, but not limited to, on his body, in his hair or
otherwise.
Any other equipment not specifically mentioned in this article must be approved by the
FIBA Technical Commission.
http://www.fiba.basketball/documents/official-basketball-rules-yellow/2020.pdf
LESSON 4
Basic Skills in Basketball
Objectives:
1. To identify the basic skills in basketball.

2. To demonstrate/ execute the appropriate procedures of the different basketball skills.
3. To enumerate and emphasize the importance of basic skills in basketball.
4. To appreciate the benefits derived from using the appropriate skills in a basketball
game.
Basketball is a team game. Wherein the players are involved with the process of playing
the game and the function of the different fundamental skills.

Passing
Passing is the key to successful basketball. A successful team must be able to handle,
control, and move the ball downcourt quickly and accurately to create scoring opportunities.
first, learn to catch as well as pass. When the ball is thrown to you, spread the fingers but keep
them relaxed. When the ball hits the fingers, let the arms give slightly toward the body. When
the ball is under control, finger it into the passing position by placing the hands on each side of
the ball so that you can get it away quickly or get set for a shot.
Types of Passing:
1. Air Pass – the pass travels between players without hitting the floor.
2. Bounce Pass – the pass is thrown to the floor so that it bounces to the intended receiver.
Each type of pass comes with its own variations.
Basic Variations:
● Chest Pass
● Bounce Pass
● Overhead Pass
Teaching Points
When teaching passing, points of emphasis should be:
1. A good pass is a pass a teammate can catch

2. When passing, step toward your receiver
3. When catching, step toward the pass
4. Like shooting, the ball should have a backspin to it. This is accomplished by following
through on every pass.
“Look where you are passing”. “Pass where you are looking”.
-Bryan McCrackern
Basic Passes
Chest Pass
The chest pass is named because the pass originates from the chest. It is thrown by
gripping the ball on the sides with the thumbs directly behind the ball. When the pass is thrown,
the fingers are rotated behind the ball and the thumbs are turned down. The result follow
through the back of the hands facing one another with the thumbs straight down. The ball
should have a nice backspin. When throwing a chest pass, the players should strive to throw it
to the receiver’s chest level. Passes that go low to high or high to low are difficult to catch.

Simple Procedure
Hold the ball with both hands, elbows close to the body, fingers spread with thumbs
pointed inward. Step toward the receiver and whip the ball with a strong wrist snap and push of
thumbs and fingers, making the arms follow through In the direction of the pass.
Bounce Pass
The bounce pass is thrown with the same motion however it is aimed at the floor. It
should be thrown far enough out that the ball bounces waist high to the receiver. Some say try
to throw it ¾ of the way to the receiver, and that may be good reference point to start, but each
player has to experiment how far to throw it so it bounces to the receiver properly. Putting a
proper and consistent backspin on the pass will make the distance easier to judge.
Simple Procedure
For the two-handed bounce pass, hold the ball in much the same manner as for the chest
pass except somewhat lower, about waist high. Then push the ball out and down with enough
force and the ball bounces to the teammate. The one-hand bounce pass is often executed
directly from the dribble. The bounce pass should be used for short passes and it should travel
between one half and three quarters of the distance in the air.
Overhead Pass
The overhead pass is often used as an outlet pass. Bring the ball directly above your
forehead with both hands on the side of the ball and follow through. Aim for the teammate’s
chin. Some coaches advise not to bring the ball behind your head, because it can get stolen and
it takes a split-second longer to throw the pass.
Simple Procedure
Hold and throw the ball with both hands. Bring the ball well above and slightly behind
the head with both hands and release it with a strong wrist snap and extension of the arms.
Arms and hands follow through the direction of the pass.
Dribbling
Dribbling is the legal method of advancing the ball by oneself, as opposed passing it to
another player or shooting for the basket. It consists of bouncing the ball on the floor
continuously with one hand while walking or running down the court.

The dribble allows for much faster advancement and thus more opportunities for
scoring. It also provides an opportunity for a crafty player on the opposing team to “steal” the
ball in mid-bounce. Once a player stops dribbling the ball and holds it, the player normally
must either pass it to another player or take a shot; if the player dribbles and then holds the ball
in any way (either grasping it with his hands or arms, or “palming” it, i.e. holding it too much
toward its underside during the act of dribbling) then continues to dribble, then the referee stops
the play, signals either “double dribble” or “carrying”, and turns the ball over to the other team.
A “double dribble” may also be called if the player tries to dribble with both hands at the same
time.
You may dribble:

1. To advance the ball to the hoop
2. To drive to the hoop
3. To get pen for a shot
4. To open up a passing lane, to have a better chance of completing a pass.
5. To get out of a trap
6. To kill the clock at the end of a game.
How to Dribble
Dribbling should be done with finger pads and the fingers should be relaxed and spread,
the wrist should e pushing the basketball, and the forearm should be moving up and down.
Skilled ball handlers bounce the ball lower to the ground, reducing the risk of a defender
reaching in to steal the ball.
Use your fingertips not the palms of your hands. Basketball is played on the tips of your
fingers and the balls of your feet. Use your forearm and wrist to bounce the ball. Don’t look at
the ball. Rather keep your head up and eyes forward. You must learn to use either hand. Do
when doing drills, always work both hands.
Basic Types of Dribbling
High Dribble
A high dribble is a normal dribble, usually used when there are no defenders around you
to steal the ball.
Low Dribble
In low dribble, the player keeps the ball low to the floor, thus decreasing the area
between the hand and the floor, making it more difficult to steal.

Speed Dribble
Speed dribble is dribbling the ball faster than usual while achieving some distance in the
court. It is used to advance the ball quickly up the floor, against little or no defensive pressure.
The dribblers hand should be behind the ball pushing it in front, then running to catch up. This
prevents a “palming” or “carrying over” violation. The speed dribble in the open floor can be a
little higher than other dribbles. Control dribble moves should be around the knee but a speed
dribble can be waist high.
Crossover ‘Switch’ Dribble
Simply, the crossover dribble to switch dribbling from one hand to the other, by
bouncing the ball in front of you across to the other side. Then the other hand picks up the ball
and dribbling with the opposite hand. You can use this dribble to quickly change direction on
the court. For example, you could be on the point, dribbling with your right hand to the right
wing, then suddenly crossover the dribble to the left and drive up the lane.
Shooting
Shooting is the act of attempting to score points by throwing the ball through the basket,
methods varying with player and situations.
Typically, a player faces the basket with both feet facing the basket. A player will rest
the ball on the fingertips of the dominant hand (the shooting arm) slightly above the head, with
the other hand supporting the side of the ball. The ball is usually shot by jumping (though not
always) and extending the shooting arm. The shooting arm, fully extended with the wrist fully
bent is held stationary for a moment following the release of the ball, known as a follow-
through. Players often try to put a steady backspin on the ball to absorb its impact with the rim.
The ideal trajectory of the shot is somewhat controversial, but generally a proper arc is
recommended. Players may shoot directly into the basket or may use the backboard to redirect
the ball into the basket.
The Lay Up
The lay-up is the most basic and high percentage shot in basketball. This is executed by
bringing up the knee and jumping off from the left foot (for a right-handed individual), leaping
high into the air, shifting the ball to the shooting hand, and raising the shooting hand as high as
possible above and in front of the head. This is followed by releasing of the ball off the
fingertips, laying it softly against the back-board for the shot and not to remove the balancing
hand too soon.
The Jump Shot

The jump shot is the most essential and fundamental tool in the basketball arsenal. It is
often executed from a dribble, but players should able to accomplish in almost any situation.
Come to a stop from the dribble and executed and controlled jump. At the same time, bring the
ball overhead, with the shooting hand behind and the elbow of the shooting arm under the ball
and the other hand in front. At the peak of the leap, remove balance hand and release the ball
with extension of the right forearm and good wrist extension.
The Three Pointer
The three-pointer, also known as the trifecta, the trey, the triple, the shot from beyond
the arc, dial in from long distance.
Bank Shot
Bank shot is a shot taken off the window or off the glass. It is the highest percentage
shot in basketball.
The Hook Shot
The hook shot is a shot which is difficult to defend, hard to block, and still a high
percentage shot. To execute the hook shot, one has to hold the ball high with both hands, bring
the ball to the right side opposite the basket, and remove the balance hand (left).
Then shoot with a full sweep of the right arm, keeping the arm perfectly straight. The
ball is release farthest from the guard, making the shot difficult to block.
Rebounding
“There is no glory in rebounding-just victory”
-George Raveling
Rebounding is the act of gaining control of a missed shot that comes off the backboard
or rim. In executing a play, the offense can do everything right, and yet the shot may still
bounce off the rim. On the defensive side, making the offense miss a shot is great, but only if
the defense is able to immediately obtain possession of the ball. Rebounding-regaining control
of the ball after a missed shot is critical skill that will enable both sides to run and defend the
plays with confidence.
Blocking Out
Blocking out (boxing out) is to make contact with an opposing player to establish
rebounding position between the player and the ball. It will increase a player’s chance of
grabbing a rebound. As soon as the shot is taken, each defensive player has to locate an
opposing player to block out. This is usually the offensive player he has been assigned to guard.

The player should be aggressive, and use two hands to grab the rebound, then land and
protect the ball by tucking it near to his chin with his elbows out. The player should then
immediately look for the next scoring or playmaking opportunity, depending on whether it’s a
defensive or offensive rebound (Dumphy, 2010).
Defensive Rebound
A defensive rebound is a rebound seized by a defender after a missed shot by an

opposing player. Once in possession of the ball, the defensive team becomes an offensive team,
and the rebounder typically pivots away from any defender on the ball and then makes an outlet
pass to a ball handler who dribbles the ball past midcourt into the offensive zone.
Offensive Rebound
An offensive rebound is a rebound seized by an offensive player after a missed shot by

teammate. Offensive rebounds give the offensive team a fresh start toward another scoring
opportunity.
LESSON 5
WARM-UP and CONDITIONING EXERCISES
Warm-up and conditioning exercise - are very important before engaging in any
physical activities. Because through these it readies our body to a more complicated and
strenuous movements. This also makes the muscles more resistant to injury. And this will also
give us a successful performance during the training and actual game.
Cool-down – is a tapering off period after the completion of the main work-out. It aims
to return the body to a steady state.
Warm-up and Conditioning Exercises
Basic Movements Number of Counts/Sec.
Jumping jacks Repeat 20 – 30 sec.

Head bending up and down 8 repetitions R & L
Arms Circles 16 repetitions
Walking knee hugs Repeat 20 – 30 sec.
Back pedaling Repeat 20 – 30 sec.
Squats while moving forward Repeat 20 – 30 sec.
Lunges Repeat 20 – 30 sec.
Leg swing 8 repetitions R & L

Inch worm Repeat 20 – 30 sec.
Cool-down Exercises
Side step with arm rotation and finger 16cts.

Stride sideward, inhale & Exhale 16cts.
Feet together, inhale & exhale 16ctc.
https://www.activekids.com/soccer/articles/10-dynamic-warm-up-exercises-for-youth-athletes
Note: Applicable to all Team sports. You can also create your own warm-up exercise.
LESSON 6
Fundamental Skill Drills
 Basketball Passing Drills
You must do passing drills and never assume your players are good passers. Poor
passing will destroy on offense faster than anything. Crisp accurate passing and receiving make
it all work. Many turnovers are related to bad passing or receiving. All players must become
good at the chest pass, bounce pass and overhead pass.
Passing Drill #1 – One-Ball Rapid Fire Passing Drill
Have your players line up facing a solid wall, about two feet from the wall (or a toss-
back rebounding device). Each player begins rapid fire passing against the wall, moving back
about two feet with each pass until 10 feet away (5th pass). The he/she starts moving closer to
wall by two feet with each pass, until 10 passes are completed. Repeat this 10-pass cycle until
each player has made a total 20 passes.
Pointers:
Make sure good passing technique is used, and passers step-into the pass.
Skills Assessment Guidelines
Competency Level
18-20 consecutive chest passes in 1 minute Proficient
15-17 consecutive overhead passes 1 minute Approaching Proficiency
12-14 consecutive overhead passes 1 minute Beginning Proficiency

Passing Drill #2 – Two-Ball Rapid Fire Passing Drill
Use groups of four or five players. There is one passer about 6 feet away from and
facing a line of receivers (the rest of the group). The passer has a ball and so does one of the
receivers. On “GO”, the passer passes quickly to any receiver, and the receiver who already has
a ball passes simultaneously back to the passer. The passes keep going back and forth to any
receiver who does not have the ball. Do as many chest passes as you can in 60 seconds and then
rotate.
Pointers:
Use good passing technique while keeping your eyes focused forward and not directly
at the receiver. Have your hands up and ready to receive the pass. Use your peripheral vision to
see the incoming pass.
Competency Level
21-25 consecutive chest passes in 60 seconds Proficient
16-20 consecutive chest passes in 60 seconds Approaching Proficiency
11-15 consecutive chest passes in 60 seconds Beginning Proficiency
Passing Drill #3, Simple Partner Passing and Catching Drill
Have each player get a partner, and each pair has a ball, so they can “play catch” with
each other. Have the partners separate about 12-15 feet (comfortable passing dis), and face each
other.
Have the players practice each of the three basic passes, starting with the chest pass.
Demonstrate the proper techniques with “stepping into” the pass with one foot forward. Snap
the pass, with the thumbs going through the ball and extending toward the receiver. Make sure
the players pass the ball crisply, and not “lob” their passes. Hit the receiver in the chest. The
receiver should show a target with his/her hands extended toward the passer. Feet should be
squared and shoulder-width apart. After catching the ball, receivers should get into triple-threat
position before making the nest pass.
Next, work on bounce pass. Again, passers should start from triple-threat position. The
ball should hit the ground about three-quarters from the receiver and bounce right to his chest.
Make sure passers are passing the ball with their hand’s waist to chest high-not over the head
(we do not believe in an overhead bounce pass).
Next, work on the two-handed overhead pass or outlet pass. Have the partners move a
little farther apart, so that you are working on a longer pass. Players should snap their passes
with some arc, but be sure that they are not lobbing their passes too high. The arc should be just

enough to get over the extended hands of a defender, but not so high that the pass “floats”. This
pass can be thrown hard, and is effective as the outlet pass after a rebound, to start the fast
break. It is also good for throwing over zone defenses (“skip passes”). To stimulate the outlet
pass, after receiving the ball, have the passer turn his back to the receiver, then stimulate
pulling the ball in, pivot, and make the overhead pass.
Passing Drill #4 – “Monkey in the Middle”
Form a group pf three. Each group has a ball. Line up the passers about 15 feet apart
(comfortable passing distance). The third man in each group is the “monkey in the middle” and
tries to steal or deflect the ball, while the two outside players try to pass the ball to each other.
No dribbling is allowed, except for one-bounce sideways dribble to open a passing lane. No
easy lob passes over the defender are permitted. Passers should be in triple-threat position and
work on pivoting and ball fakes to clear the passing lane. For example, the passer can fake an
overhead pass to get the defender to raise his hands, and then make a bounce pass, or “curl”
bounce-pass.
Rotation: there’s a couple ways of doing this. One easy way is to simply change the middle
man every minute, upon blowing the whistle. Each person takes a turn in the middle. Or,
whenever the defender deflects the ball, the passer now becomes the “monkey in the middle”.
If no deflection occurs in 30 seconds, switch defenders.
Skill Assessment Guidelines
Competency Level
Number of deflections in 30 seconds Proficient
1-2 deflections in 30 seconds Approaching Proficiency
3-4 deflections in 30 seconds Beginning Proficiency
Suggested Drills
Drill #1 – Machine Gun Passing
Instructions
Form a line of 3 people next to each other.
They should be about 4 to 5 feet apart.

Have a 4th Player stand about 12 to 15 feet away facing the other 3 players
Player 4 starts out with a ball & Player 1 also has a ball.
Player 4 passes the ball to Player 3.
After Player 4 has released the ball, Player 1 passes the ball to Player 4.
Player 4 then passes the ball to Player 2, and simultaneously, Player 3 passes it to Player 4.
Then Player 4 passes the ball to Player 1. Simultaneously, Player 2 passes the ball to Player 4.

Then return to the position you were in step 1. Repeat the Process Over and Over.
Points of Emphasis:
● Single passer should not stand in one spot. He should move up and down to face the
player he is passing to.
● Be sure player catches the ball before he tries to throw a pass.
● Single passer must keep his head moving between receiving the pass and the next
receiver.
● Everyone must give a pass that can be caught or balls will be flying all over.
● Do this drill as quickly as possible without sacrificing accuracy. It really improves hand-eye
coordination and the amount of time it takes a player to make a pass. Players really want to
focus on doing quick SNAP passes
Drill #2 – Middle Man Passing
Drill Purpose (All Ages)
This passing drill is meant to overload the middle player and will help players improve
passing speed, accuracy, strength, and confidence. If done properly, the middle player gets a
workout! You can also add a twist to this drill and work on pivoting at the same time.
Instructions;
The position of three players shown in the diagram.

Player 1 and 2 will need basketballs.
Players 1 passes to 3.
Player 3 immediately returns the pass.
Player 3 turns 2.
Player 2 passes to 3.
Player immediately returns the pass.
Player 3 turns to 1.
Player 1 passes to 3.
Player 3 immediately returns the pass.
Continue for 30 seconds.
Points of Emphasis:
Continually tell your players…
● Make accurate passes.

● Move as quickly as possible without sacrificing form and accuracy.
● When passing, step toward your receiver.
● When catching, extend your hands toward the pass.

● Like shooting the ball should have a backspin to it. This is accomplished by following
Tip:
To make this a multi-use drill, use a specific pivot to turn (drop step, front pivot, etc.)
Drill #3 – Pass and Switch
This drill is meant to stimulate high speed, game-like situations to help players improve
passing speed and accuracy. It’s also a lot of fun for players because it’s fast paced.
Note: this drill is set up for 8 players. If you have move players, use a wide court space.
Instructions
Each player has a partner:
1–2
3–4
5–6
7–8
Players 1 and 2 will start with a ball.

Player 1 and Player 2 will pass the ball to their right.
After passing the ball, they sprint to exchange places with their partner.
The drill should keep moving quickly and all players will immediately pass ball to right
then switch with their partner. As the both balls go around the court, players must sprint and
beat the ball.
Points to Emphasis:
Continually tell your players….
● Make accurate passes.

● Move as quickly as possible without sacrificing form and accuracy.
● When passing, step toward your receiver.
● When catching, extend your hands and step toward the pass.
● In shooting, the ball should have backspin on it. This is accomplished by following
Motivation Tips:

You can spice things up and a bit of motivation by:
● Giving them reward if they don’t drop the ball after two minutes and get X
number of passes completed.
● Or making them run if they drop the ball.
Drill #4 – Pair Passing
Instructions
Players are paired up and face one another about 8 feet apart. They then pass back and
forth, making sure that they step toward their partner to pass and step to the ball to receive. The
Coach calls the type of pass to be thrown. Gradually, partners move further apart as they are
comfortable and accurate.
After a few minutes, progress to the next step.
Using the same set-up as above, players shuffle from baseline to baseline, passing the
ball back and forth. Speed of their movement and distance of the ass is determined by each
player’s ability. This is not a race and the objective is for players to learn to pass on the move.
The coach can determine which type of pass is used.
Points of Emphasis:
● Step to pass.
● Follow through so the backs of your hands are together with the thumbs pointing down.
● Step to catch.
● Catch with your hands extended and guide the ball into your body to secure it into triple
threat position.
 Basketball Dribbling Drills – Stationary Drill
Youth teams should do these stationary drills at the start of each practice, all season
long. We usually precede these drills with our ball-handling drills. Do each of these drills for
30-60 seconds and move on so you can get through them rather quickly. Daily repetition will
make the difference. Players can do these drills at home too, and in the off-season.
At practice, you can have one of our better dribblers lead the drill at center court. The
team spreads out in a circle around the leader who performs the various dribbling drills, while
the other players follow his/her lead.
Drill #1 Up and Downs – Pound Dribble

Start by dribbling the ball in front of you so that the ball reaches your waist high.
Gradually, bounce the ball harder and harder until you are dribbling the ball as high as you can
without jumping. Then gradually dribble the ball lower and lower until you are on one knee,
finishing as close to the floor as possible. Pound the ball quickly to keep it going. Then do it
with the other hand.
Competency Level
13-15 completed cycle for left and right hand in 60 Proficient
seconds
1-12 completed cycle for left and right hand in 60 Approaching Proficiency
seconds
7-9 completed cycle for left and right hand in 60 Beginning Proficiency
seconds
Drill #2 Kills
Dribble the ball waist high, then suddenly stops it by dribbling it as low as you can,
hold this for a few seconds, then bring it back up to waist high. Do this several times with each
hand.
Skills assessment Guidelines
Competency Level
8-10 completed cycle for left and right hand in 30 Proficient
seconds
5-7 completed cycle for left and right hand in 30 Approaching Proficient
seconds
seconds
Drill #3 Circle Dribble
This drill is similar to “Circles”, except now the ball is dribbled. Extend the left leg
forward and dribble the ball low around the leg in a circular fashion. Then do it around the right
leg. After doing each leg, then try “figure -----” dribble.
Competency Level
8-10 completed for left and right hand in 30 seconds Proficient
5-10 completed cycle for left and right hand in 30 Approaching Proficiency

seconds
seconds
Suggested Drills
Drill #4 figure Eight
This drill is similar to the ball-handling figure eights drill except now the ball is
dribbled through your legs in a figure-of-eight motion. Use both hands and be sure to look up
while doing this drill.
Drill #5 Back and Forth Under the Legs
Get crouched over with your right knee and leg forward. V-dribble the ball behind the
extended leg. Repeat behind the other leg.
Drill #6 Back and Forth Under the Leg Dribble
Dribble with your right hand. Bounce the ball once on the right side then cross the ball
over In front of you by bouncing it to the left. The left hand now bounces it on the left once,
and then crossover back to the right, where the right takes over again. Repeat this procedure.
Make the cross-over low and quick.
Drill #7 V-Dribble in Front
Start with the right hand and dribble once on the right side. Then dribble the ball in
front of you, as if you were going to cross over to the left side. Instead of getting it with your
left hand, roll your right hand over the top of the ball, and bring it back to the right. Keep
dribbling like this; right then cross over V-dribble. Shown here with the left hand, also practice
it with the right hand. Getting the feel of rolling your hand over the top of the ball with this drill
will help you with your “in-and-out” dribble move.
Drill #8 Side V-Dribble
Now do the V-dribble on the side. The “push-pull” dribble. Do both left and right
hands.
 Basic Lay-Up Shooting Drill
Although these are seemingly the most primary drills, they should be part of every
collegiate coach’s important tool in teaching the game.
Diagram 1 – Lay-up High Jump without Ball

Purpose of this drill is used to teach players to shoot the lay-up with either hand and off
the correct foot and elevating up instead of a broad jump.
Course of Action:
1. Players alternate from one side of the basket to the other.

2. Players are at 45-degree positions with the basket and far enough away from the basket
to take one step for imaginary lay-up.
3. Explain to players to then bring the other knee up high and rising high as possible.
The coach should ask if they feel themselves rising up in height. Also, you might ask them
to try touch their nose with the knee.
Competency Level
Shoot the lay-up with either hand and off the correct Proficient
foot 18-20 times in 30 seconds
Shoot the lay-up with either hand and off the correct Approaching Proficiency
Shoot the lay-up with either hand and off the correct Beginning Proficiency
Diagram 2 – Lay-up High Jump with the Ball
The purpose of the drill is used to teach players to shoot the lay-up with either hand and
off the correct foot and elevating up instead of a broad jump.
Course of Action:
1. This drill is performed much in the same manner as that described in Diagram 1, except
it is done with a ball, but the shot is not released.
2. Players, with a ball, alternate from one side of the basket to the other.
to take one step for imaginary lay-up.
4. Explain to players to then bring the other knee up high as possible.
5. Explain the importance of keeping the eyes focused on a target on the backboard, above
the basket.
6. In this drill, the lay-up is not released.
The coach should ask if they feel themselves rising up in height. Also you might ask
them to try to touch their nose with the knee.

Competency Level
Shoot the lay-up either hand and off the correct foot Proficient
18-20 times in 30 seconds
Shoot the lay-up with either hand and off the correct Approaching Proficiency
Shoot the lay-up with either hand and off the correct Beginning Proficiency
Diagram 3 – Lay-up High Jump with the Ball, Banking the Ball into the Basket
Purpose of this drill is used to teach players to shoot the lay-up with either hand and off
the correct foot and elevating up instead of a broad jump.
Course of Action:
1. This drill is performed much in the same manner as that described in Diagram 2, except
in this drill, the shot is released at a target above the rim of the basket.
2. Players, with a ball, alternate positions from one side of the basket to the other.
to take one step for a lay-up.
4. Explain to players to then bring the other knee up high as possible.
5. Explain the importance of keeping the eyes focused on a target on the backboard, above
the basket.
6. In this drill, the lay-up is released.
7. Stress the old adage, ‘Never up! Never In!”
The coach should asl if they feel themselves rising up in height. Also, you might ask them
to try to touch their nose with the knee.
Did you keep your eyes on the target?
Diagram 4 – Lay-up High Jump with the Ball, cutting to the Basket, catching the ball and
banking into the basket
This drill is designed to get players used to catching the ball while on the move, going
up high on the proper foot and banking it off the glass and into the basket.
The players alternate different sides of the basket and from different angles approaching
the basket.

Preach looking the ball into the hands, shooting off the correct foot, high jumping not
broad jumping, keeping eyes on target, and never up! Never in!
Competency Level
Cut to the basket and bank the ball into the basket 18-20 Proficient
times in 60 seconds
Cut to the basket and bank the ball into the basket 15-17 Approaching Proficiency
times in 60 seconds
Cut to the basket and bank the ball into the basket 12-14 Beginning Proficiency
times in 60 seconds
Diagram 5 – Lay-up Front a Dribble-Drive
Students should be encouraged to “be quick, but don’t hurry” in this drill. Stress the
importance of scoring at the end of each drive. Invariably the player that relaxes will make the
most shots.
Stress all the correct form, such as looking the ball into your hands, dribble with the
outside hand, go up high on the correct foot, keep eyes on target, lay-up the ball against the
glass above the basket, rebound the ball and overhand pass to teammate.
Teammate executes in the same manner, rotating sides of the court.
Competency Level
Drive and lay-up with either hand and off the correct Proficient
Drive and lay-up with either hand and off the correct Approaching Proficiency
Drive and lay-up with either hand and off the correct Beginning Proficiency
Diagram 6 – Fake and Dribble Drive Lay-up
Course of Action:
1. Place a ball to the student within the designated positions on the court. They rotate
clockwise after performing their dribble.

2. Place chair, or cone, in front of each player.

3. Have each player fake alternately right, then left, with a head and shoulder fake and foot
fake before driving for the basket and a lay-up.
Stress good and realistic fakes, dribbling with the correct hand, going high for the lay-up
off the correct foot, etc. emphasizing never up! Never in!
Competency Level
Fake & drive and lay-up with either hand and off the Proficient
correct foot 18-20 times in 60 seconds
Fake & drive and lay-up with either hand and off the Approaching Proficiency
Fake & drive and lay-up with either hand and off the Beginning Proficiency
Diagram 7 – Competitive Dribble Drive Lay-up emphasizing Firm Ball Control Drill
Many players lose control of the ball if bumped only slightly on the shot. Referees often
don’t see it and it costs many points. This drill is meant to help instill the habit of firm ball
handling on lay-ups.
Course of Action:
Line up players facing the basket. This could be from all angles and changed frequently.
1. Another line of players stands near the goal.

2. Players break for the basket, one at a time, receiving a pass from the coach (or a third
line).
After the player receives the pass, he dribbles drives and as he starts his lay-up, one of the
players closest to the basket should push, bump, or hack him.
Competency Level
Dribble drive for the basket with either hand and off the Proficient
Dribble drive for the basket with either hand and off the Approaching Proficiency


Dribble drive for the basket with either hand and off the Beginning Proficiency
 Jump Shot drills
1. Form Shooting
You have to start every jump shot workout with form shooting drills. These drills get
you ready for the rest of the workout, and help you perfect your shooting form, and groove
your shot.
Start one the right side of the basket, at a 45-degree angle and three feet from the
backboard. Shoot 15 shots using only your right arm (your left arm should be at your side). Use
perfect form, fully extend your arm on the shot. And follow through with a strong flick of the
wrist. Then move to the left side of the basket and shoot 15 shots with your left arm.
Then move two or three feet back and repeat the drill. Shoot 15 shots form the right side
of the basket, and 15 from the left side. Finish up the drill by stepping back another two to three
feet from the basket. This time, since you should be eight to 10 feet from the basket, shoot bank
shots using perfect form, but use your off-hand as guide hand (as you would with your normal
shooting form).
Competency Level
41-45 completed jump shots for left/right side including Proficient
the 3 specified distances within 5 minutes
41-45 completed jump shots for left/right side including Approaching Proficiency
41-45 completed jump shots for left/right side including Beginning Proficiency
2. Drive and Jump Shot Drill
A quick stop and jump shot is probably the most important offensive maneuver used by
today’s players. It is very important that time is spent each day on this drill.
Procedure:
1. Place all players in their normal offensive positions.

2. Have them drive for one or two dribbles to the left and stop quickly for a jump shot.
3. After a few minutes, have them drive to the right for a quick stop and jump shot.
4. Let your pivot player work for a short time in each line.

Competency Level
18-20 completed jump shots for left/right side within 2 Proficient
minutes
15-17 completed jump shots for left/right side within 2 Approaching Proficiency
minutes
12-14 completed jump shots for left/right side within 2 Beginning Proficiency
minutes
3. The Jumper from Standing Positions
Most players can drive and jump because their momentum helps; however, only a few are
able to jump well from a standing position. If a player expects to be a complete basketball
player, he or she should practice a lot from the flatfooted position. Here is good drill:
Procedure:
1. All players get in their normal offensive positions.

2. Then take two strides forward. (if this does not place them close enough to the basket,
set the distance in accordance with their striding ability).
3. Give each line a ball.
4. Have them take turns retrieving and passing to their own line, where the receiver
immediately takes a jump shot without dribbling.
Competency Level
minute
minute
minute
4. No Charging Jump Shot Drill
(Jump Shot Drill to Prevent Players from Travelling Too Far Forward Before Landing)
Players often get into the habit of jumping forward too much and come down on their
defensive man if he is in good position. The following drill will help correct this problem.

Procedure:
1. Place chairs in front of all lines. The lines should be arranged according to offensive
positions. (Have pivot players to alternate rows)
2. Each player in turn drives, jump stops, and shoots just in front of the chair.
Competency Level
minutes
minutes
minutes
5. Quick Stop Jump Shooting Drill

This drill will teach the basketball player the art of jump stopping while moving at a
high speed and get his shot off while maintaining balance.
Procedure:
1. Form 3 lines. One group is under the basket to retrieve, another group at the side to pass
to the cutter, and the cutting group.
2. Let the passing line start the drill by hitting the cutter at about the head of the free throw
line as that player breaks quickly to the basket.
3. All three lines rotate so that each player, at one time or another, becomes a feeder,
retriever, and shooter.
Competency Level
18-20 completed cycle within 2 minutes Proficient
15-17 completed cycle within 2 minutes Approaching Proficiency
12-14 completed cycle within 2 minutes Beginning Proficiency
Set “Free Throw” Shot
This shot is used when you are standing still and close to the basket. It is also the
technique used for a free throw-an unopposed shot awarded after an opposing foul, and taken
from the free-throw line.

To begin the shot, crouch down with your knees apart and face the basket. Your
shooting hand should be behind the ball with the wrist cocked. If you are a right-hand shooter,
your right leg should be just ahead of you left as your knees bend.
Make sure your shooting hand is facing the basket. Start the shot by straightening your
legs and transfer your weight slightly forwards. With the ball in front of you, see yourself as
springing up towards the basket.
Pump your arm upwards so it straightens and aim to lift yourself up on to your toes. Use
your non-shooting hand to guide the ball and release it by flicking your wrist and fingers of
your shooting hand. Aim for the ball to loop quite high and concentrate on having a smooth and
continuous action.
 Free Throw Shooting Drills
Free-Throw Shooting Drill #1 – “1 and 1”
Have your team break up into pairs, or threes and use all the baskets for free-throw
shooting. Instead of shooting 5, 10 or 20 consecutive free-throws, have them shoot like I a
game situation, shooting the “1 and 1”. If the shooter misses the first of the “1 and 1”, he/she
runs a lap and doesn’t get the second shot. If the first shot is made, but the second is missed,
another lap is run. Each player has to make a certain number of free=throws (maybe 10).
Shooters, miss a lot, will be running a lot of laps and this is good for stimulating game fatigue
(and the pressure to make each shot).
Competency Level
8-10 shots made in 2 minutes Proficient
5-7 shots made in 2 minutes Approaching Proficiency
2-4 shots made in 2 minutes Beginning Proficiency
Free-Throw Shooting Drill #2 – “Plus 2, Minus 2”
Have shooters pair up (or in 3’s). each player will shoot sets of two free-throws. If the
shot is swished (nothing but net), he/she gets +1. A miss is -1. A shot that is made but not
swished is 0. Any time one player gets to +2, his partner(s) must do five push-ups. Any time a
player gets to -2, he/she must do five push-ups. Do the drill for 5 minutes.
Competency Level


Free-Throw Shooting Drill #3 – “Shoot 10”

Have shooters pair up (or in 3’s). each player will shoot ten free-throws. This is more of
an individual drill, and each shooter’s goal is to make 8 of 10 free-throws. If he fails to make 8,
he must do ten push-ups, or run laps.
Competency Level
8-10 shots made in 1 minute Proficient
5-7 shots made in 1 minute Approaching Proficiency
2-4 shots made in 1 minute Beginning Proficiency
Free-Throw Shooting Drill #4 – “Shooter-Rebounder-Runner”
This drill attempts to stimulate the game situation where the free-shooter is fatigued.
Use all your baskets and break the players up into groups of three. At each basket, there is one
shooter, one rebounder and one “runner”. The shooter shoots two free-throws, while the
rebounder rebounds for the shooter, and the runner sprints a lap.
After shooting the free-throws, the shooter now becomes the rebounder, the rebounder
becomes the runner, and the runner (who is now tired from running) becomes the shooter of the
next two shots. Continue this rotation.
You can continue running this drill for a specified time period, or until each player has
shot a specified number of free-throws (say 20).
Competency Level
1. Mikan (Hook Shot) Drill
This is another great drill to help get your shooting touch and work on your shot around the
basket. Stand on the right side of the basket, a few feet from the backboard. Jump off your left

foot, fully extending your right arm up high and to the side of your body for a solid hook shot
(bank shot).
Rebound the ball out of the net and immediately go into shooting form for a hook shot on
the left side of the basket, with your left hand. Continue shooting left and right-handed hook
shots until you’ve shot 15 with each hand. Remember to jump high off the ground, keep the
ball at chest level or above during the shooting motion, to fully extend your shooting arm, and
to follow through with a good flick of the wrist for solid backspin and control.
Competency Level
13-15 shots made for left/right hand in 1 minute Proficient
10-12 shots made for left/right hand in 1 minute Approaching Proficiency
7-9 shots made for left/right hand in 1 minute Beginning Proficiency
 Rebounding Drills
1. Reaction Rebounding
This rebounding has an interesting twist that nicely stimulates game situations. This
drill will help your players find the opponent and get them blocked out!
Instructions
1. Position three offensive players as shown in the diagram.

2. Position three defensive players in the lane. Assign numbers to each defensive player.
3. A coach should have the ball somewhere on the court.
4. The coach passes the ball to one of the perimeter players and calls out a number (1,2, or
3).
5. The player in the lane, that had their number called, goes to close out/block out the
shooter. The other 2 players have to identify who they block out. This forces the other
two to quickly react and get to one of the other perimeter plyers. They should then get
the ball and secure the rebound.
6. It takes a couple of times for the students to get it. But once they do, you’ll find they
learn to communicate, identify, and quickly scramble to get everyone blocked out. This
is good simulation of what happens in a game.
7. I’m sure you’ll find that this twist really helps your players learn how to find their
opponent and consistently put a body on them. Repeat the drill as necessary and give
everyone advance rebound several times.
Points of Emphasis

Continually tell your players…
1. Put a body on someone and block them out.

2. Make sure you communicate and get everyone blocked out.
3. Stay low when blocking out.
4. Use proper form when blocking out—find your defender then back pivot into them.
5. Always keep your elbows out after securing the rebound. Make a good outlet pass to the
coach.
Motivation / Teaching Tips
Tip #1 – you can make the drill competitive by tracking the number of rebounds the offense
and defense gets. Award the winner or make the losing team run.
Competency Level
Successfully securing the rebound by blocking offensive Proficient
perimeter players 4-5 times within 1 minute
Successfully securing the rebound by blocking offensive Approaching Proficiency
perimeter players 2-3 times within 1 minute
Successfully securing the rebound by blocking offensive Beginning Proficiency
perimeter players once within 1 minute
Note: All Drills and Assessment Guidelines is adapted from Calicdan, Antonio V. et.al
2013. Physical Education 4 (Team Sports), Jimczyville Publications
LESSON 7
Rules and Regulations of the Game, Positions and Structures of Players, Game
Officials and their Duties
Objectives:
1. To familiarize oneself with the rules and regulations of the game.

2. To familiarize oneself with the common terms used in basketball.
3. To determine the appropriate rule that applies to specific game situations.
4. To familiarize the positions of players and the duties and responsibilities of the
game officials.

RULES OF THE GAME
Rules often change, so players and coaches must keep abreast of these changes from
time to time. The latest update was approved in April 29, 2012 during the FIBA Central Board
Meeting at Rio de Janiero, Brazil. The FIBA Official Basketball Rules for 2012 which took
effect October 1, 2012 is the latest reference for both athletes and coaches throughout the
world.
Following are important rules extracted from the FIBA 2012 Rules. For the details of
each rule, the student or coach may refer to the full text of the international rule.
1. TEAMS
Each team shall consist of no more than 12 team members entitled to play, including a
captain, a coach and assistant coach. A maximum of 5 tam followers who may sit on the team
bench and have special responsibilities, e.g. manager, doctor, physiotherapist, statistician,
interpreter, etc.
Five players from each team shall be on the playing court during playing time and may
be substituted when the official beckons the substitute to enter the playing court, and during a
time-out or an interval of play, a substitute requests the substitution to the scorer.
2. PLAYING REGULATIONS
a. Playing Time
The game shall consist of four (4) periods of ten (10) minutes. There shall be
interval of play of twenty (20) minutes before the game is scheduled to begin. There
shall be intervals of play of two (2) minutes between the first and second period (first
half), between the third and fourth period (second half) and before each extra period.
Further, there shall be a half-time interval of play of fifteen (15) minutes.
b. Status of the Ball
The ball becomes alive when…
● During the jump ball, the ball leaves the hand(s) of the referee on the toss.
● During a free-throw, the ball is at the disposal of the free-throw shooter.
● During a throw-in, the ball is at the disposal of the player taking the throw-in.
The ball becomes dead when…
● Any field goal or free throw is made.

● An official blows his whistle while the ball is live.

● It is apparent that the ball will not enter the basket on a free throw which is to
be followed by:
- Another free throw(s)

- A further penalty (free throw(s) or possession)
● The game clock signals sound for the end of the period.
● The twenty-four (24) second clock signal sounds while a team is in control of
the ball.
● The ball in flight on a shot for a field goal is touched by a player from either
team after.
3. VIOLATIONS
Definition
A violation is an infraction of the rules.
Penalty:
The ball shall be awarded to the opponents for a throw-in at the place nearest to the
infraction, except directly behind the backboard, unless otherwise stated in the rules.
A player is out-of-bounds when any part of his body is contact with the floor or any
object other than a player, on, above or outside the boundary line.
The ball is out-of-bounds when it touches:
● A player or any other person who is out-of-bounds

● The floor or any object on, above or outside the boundary line.
● The backboard supports, the back of the backboards or any object above the playing court.
Dribbling
A dribble is the movement of a live ball caused by a player in control of that ball who
throws, taps, rolls the ball on the floor or deliberately throws it against the backboard.
A player shall not dribble a second time after his first dribble has ended unless between
the (2) dribbles he has lost control of a live ball on the playing court because of:
● A shot for a field goal.

● A touch of the ball by an opponent
● A pass or fumble that has touched or been touched by another

Three Seconds
A player shall not remain in the opponents’ restricted area for more than three (3)
consecutive seconds while his team is in control of a live ball in the frontcourt and the game
clock is running.
Eight Seconds
Whenever:
● A player gains control of live ball in his backcourt.

● On a throw-in, the ball touches or is illegally touched by any player in the backcourt
and the team of that player taking the throw-in remains in control of the ball in its backcourt.
That team must cause the ball to go into its frontcourt within eight (8) seconds.
Twenty-four Seconds
Whenever:
● A player control of a live ball on the playing court.

● On a throw-in the ball touches or is illegally touched by any player on the playing
court and the team of that player taking the throw-in remains in control of the ball, that team
must attempt a shot for a field goal within twenty-four (24) seconds.
Ball returned to the backcourt
The ball goes into a team’s backcourt where:
● It touches the backcourt

● It touches or is legally touched by an offensive player who has part of its body in
contact with the backcourt
● It touches an official who has part of his body in contact with the backcourt
4. FOULS
A foul is an infraction of the rules concerning illegal personal contact with an opponent
and/or unsportsmanlike behavior.
Any number of fouls may be called against a team. Irrespective of the penalty, each foul
shall be charged, entered on the scoresheet against the offender and penalized accordingly.
Personal foul is a player’s contact foul with an opponent, whether the ball is alive or
dead. A player shall not block, push, charge, trip, or impede the progress of an opponent by
extending his hand, arm, elbow, shoulder, hip, leg, knee or foot, nor by bending his body into
an abnormal position (outside his cylinder), nor shall he indulge in any rough or violently play.

When a personal foul is called the free throws shall be awarded as follows;
1. The player against whom the foul was committed shall attempt the free
throws
2. If there is a request for him to be substituted, he must attempt the free throws
before leaving the game
3. If he must leave the game due to injury having committed his five fouls or
having been disqualified, his substitute shall attempt the free throw. If no
suitable player is available any teammate as designated by hid coach shall
attempt the free throws.
Double foul is a situation in which two (2) opponents commit personal fouls against
each other at approximately the same time.
Unsportsmanlike foul is a player contact foul which, in the judgement of an official, is

not a legitimate attempt to directly play the ball within the spirit and intent of the rules.
Disqualifying foul is any flagrantly unsportsmanlike action of a player, substitute,

excluded player, coach, assistant coach or team follower.
Technical foul is a player non-contact foul of a behavioral in nature including but not
limited to:
● Disregarding warnings given by officials.

● Disrespectfully touching the officials, the commissioner, the table officials or the tam
bench personnel.
● Disrespectfully communicating with the officials, the commissioner, the table
officials or the opponents.
● Using language or gestures likely to offend or incite the spectators.
● Baiting an opponent or obstructing his vision by waiving his hands near his eyes.
● Excessive swinging of elbows.
● delaying the game by deliberately touching the ball after it passes through the basket
or by preventing a throw-in from being taken promptly
●Falling down to fake a foul
● Hanging on the ring in such a way that the weight of the players is supported by the
ring unless a player grasps the ring following a dunk shot based on the judgement of the official
or to prevent injury.
When technical foul is called any member of the opponent’s team as designated by his
coach shall attempt the free throws.
Charging is illegal personal contact with or without the ball, by pushing or moving into
an opponent’s torso.

Blocking is illegal personal contact which impedes the progress of an opponent with or
without the ball.
Holding is illegal personal contact with an opponent that interferes with his freedom of
movement. It can occur with any part of the body.
Pushing is illegal personal contact with any part of the body in which a player forcibly
moves or attempts to move an opponent with or without control of the ball.
Illegal use of the hands or extended arms occur when defensive player is in a
guarding position and his hands or arms is placed upon and remains in contact with the
opponent with or without the ball to impede progress.
Illegal guarding from the rear is a personal contact with an opponent, by defensive
player from behind.
5. General provisions
Five fouls by a player – a player who has committed five fouls, personal or technical,
shall be informed thereof by an official and must leave the game immediately. He must
be substituted within thirty seconds.
Team fouls: Penalty – situation when it has committed four team fouls in a period.
Free throws – an opportunity given to a player to score one point, uncontested, from a
position behind the free throw line and inside the semi-circle.
Correctible Errors – officials may correct an error if a rule is inadvertently

disregarded in the following situations only.
1. Awarding a remitted free throw.
2. Failure to award a merited free throw.
3. Erroneous awarding or cancelling of points.
4. Permitting the wrong player to attempt a free throw.
Reference: Calicdan, Antonio V. et.al 2013. Physical Education 4 (Team Sports), Jimczyville
Publications
Two Main defensive Strategies:
1. Zone Defense: involves players in defensive positions guarding whichever

opponent is in their zone.
2. Man-to-man Defense: each defensive players guards a specific opponent
and tries to prevent him from taking action.

6. Positions and structures players:
1. Point Guard: usually the fastest player on the team, organizes the team’s offense by
controlling the ball and making sure that it gets to the right time.
2. Shooting Guard: creates a high volume of shots on offense; guards the opponent’s
best perimeter player on defense.
3. Small Forward: often primarily responsible for scoring points via cuts to the basket
and dribble penetration; on defense seeks rebounds and steals but sometimes play
more actively.
4. Power Forward: plays offensively often with his back to the basket; on defense,
plays under the basket (in zone defense) or against the opposing power forward (in
man-to-man defense)
5. Center: uses size to score (on offense) to protect the basket closely (on defense) or
to rebound.
http://www.allstaractivities.com/sports/basketball-positions.htm
Teams Representatives:
Captain: shall be the representative of his team on the court. He may address an official
on matters of interpretation or to obtain essential information. This shall be done in a courteous
manner. The captain shall inform the referee before leaving the court with valid reasons.
Coaches: At least 20 min. before the game is scheduled to begin, each coach shall
furnish the scorer with the names and numbers of players who are to play in the game as well
as the names of the team captain, coach and asst. coach. At least 30 min. before the game,
coaches will confirm their agreement with the names and numbers of their players and coaches
by signing the score sheets and at the same time shall indicate the 5 players who are to start the
game.
http;//. nba.com/analysis/rules-3html?nav=ArticleList
Officials of the Game Their Duties
 Referee: • inspect and approved all equipment, including

all the signals by the table officials and their
assistants
• shall designate the official time piece and
recognized its operator, Scorer, 24 sec. operator
• shall toss the ball at the center to start the game
• decide whether a goal shall count if the official
disagree
• shall have the power to make decision in any

point not specifically covered in the rules.

• approved the score and confirm the time that
remains to be played
 Scorer: • shall keep a chronological running summary of

points scored and shall record the field goals
made and free throws made or missed
• shall record the personal and technical fouls
called Player
• record the time-outs charged to each team and
shall notify a coach through an official who has
taken the record
• keep records of the names and numbers of
players who are to start the game and all
substitutes who enter the game
 Timekeeper: • note each half of start of the game and shall

notify the referee more than 5 min. before this
time, so that he can notify the teams
• gives signals which cause the ball to become
dead and the game clock to be stop
• shall indicate with a very loud signal for the
expiration of playing time in each half or extra
period
 24 Sec, Operator: • operate 24 sec. device clock
• the signal of 24 sec. operator causes the ball to become dear and
the game clock stopped
http;//.nba.com/analysis/rules-3html?nav=ArticleList
LESSON 8
The Hand Signals:
Objectives:
1. To execute the different hand signals in basketball through actual officiating.
2. To apply the basic rules of basketball through actual officiating.
Hand signals is important during the game, both for table officials and the referees.
Reference: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/406168460116445845/


Basketball Glossary
 Air Ball: The ball misses the hoop and backboard entirely.
 Alley-oop: A high arc pass to a teammate in a position near the basket to leap and
score.
 Alternating-possession rule: A rule in which teams take turns possessing the ball
after stopped plays.
 Assist: A pass that sets up a score.
 Backboard: The surface to which the basket is mounted.
 Back Court: Area of the court farthest from the offensive team's goal.
 Back Door Cut: A player approaches quickly from behind a defender toward the
basket.
 Back Screen: An offensive player moves away from the basket to set a screen for
teammate.
 Ball Fake: To fake a pass or shot.
 Bang the Boards: An aggressive rebound.
 Bank Shot: The ball bounces off the backboard and into the basket.
 Baselines: Also known as "end lines", the boundary lines extending across both ends of
the court behind the baskets.
 Baseline Pass: A player passes the ball single-handedly to a cutter advancing toward
the basket.
 Basket: The scoring goal attached to the backboard and is comprised of a metal rim
from which a corded net hang.
 Behind-the-back Dribble: A dribble from one hand to the other behind the back.
 Behind-the-back Pass: A pass made behind the body.
 Between the Legs Dribble: A dribble between the legs from one hand to the other.
 Blocked Shot: A shot deflected on its way to the basket.
 Blocking: Using the body to block an opponent.
 Bonus Free-throw: Also called "one-on-one"; a free-throw awarded a team whose
opponent exceeds the number of fouls allowed in a half.
 Bounce Pass: A pass is deflected off the floor before being received by a team player.
 Box Out: In an attempt to block an opponent and set up rebound opportunities, a
defense player gets between a teammate and the basket.
 Carrying the Ball: Also called "palming"; an illegal dribbling of the ball with both hands
at the same time, turning the ball over in your hands, or placing the hands underneath
the ball as if holding or carrying it.
 Catch and Face: Catching a pass and turning directly toward the basket before taking
a shot.
 Center: In position near the basket to capture rebounds and block shots.
 Change of Pace Dribble: Slowing down and speeding up dribble to get past an
opponent.
 Charging: An offensive player fouls by illegally contacting a stationary defense player.
 Chest Pass: A chest-to-chest pass with both hands.
 Chin it: After receiving a rebound, the ball is under the chin with elbows and fingers
pointing up.
 Clear Out: To make room for the ball handler.
 Control Dribble: A closely guarded low dribble.
 Controlling the Boards: Otherwise known as "banging the boards"; controlling most
of the rebounds.
 Conversion: A dunked free-throw.

 Court: The floor upon which the game of basketball is played.

 Crossover Dribble: A front-of-the-body dribble from one hand to the other.
 Cross Screen: A lateral advance to set up a screen.
 Crossover Step: A jab step, then a step in the opposite direction.
 Curl Cut: Used when the defender is behind the cutter, an offensive player cuts off a
screen and heads toward the basket.
 Cut: A quick advance by the offense toward a position to shoot or receive the ball.
 Cylinder: The closely guarded circular area above the basket.
 Dead Ball: A ball that is not "alive" or in play.
 Defense: The team not in possession of the ball.
 Defense Rebound: Rebound by the defense player.
 Double Dribble: The illegal act of dribbling, stopping, then dribbling again.
 Double Team: Two teammates move in to guard one offensive player.
 Down Court: Moving from the back court toward the offensive basket.
 Down Screen: An offensive player moves toward the baseline to set a screen.
 Dribble: Bouncing the ball off the floor with one hand.
 Drive: A brisk advance toward the basket with the aim of shooting.
 Dunk: Slamming the ball into the basket.
 Elbow: Illegal contact with the elbow by an opponent.
 End Lines: Otherwise known as "baselines"; the lines that run the width of the court
behind the baskets.
 Fake: A deceptive move by the offense in order to offset the defense.
 Fast Break: A rush down court to beat the opponent to the basket.
 Field Goal: A basket made while the ball is in play.
 Field Goal Percentage: The number of field goals attempted.
 Fishhook Cut: Quickly changing direction.
 Five-second Violation: Taking longer than five seconds to pass the ball inbounds to a
teammate.
 Forwards: Players positioned along the free-throw lane and who are generally closer to
the basket than the guards.
 Flagrant Foul: Excessive or aggressive contact with an opponent.
 Floor Violation: See Violation.
 Floor: The court area bordered by end-lines and sidelines.
 Foul: An illegal play other than a floor violation.
 Foul Line: The line 15 feet in front of the backboard paralleling the end-line from which
free-throws are shot.
 Free-throw: A free shot taken from the foul line awarded a player whose opponent
committed a foul.
 Free-throw Lane: Also called "the key", the area designated for free-throws 12 feet
wide and running from the baseline to the free-throw line.
 Free-throw Line: The foul line.
 Foul Trouble: A player runs up too many fouls in one game.
 Front Court: The offensive area running from mid-court to the end-line.
 Full-court Press: Opponents are guarded over the full range of the court.
 Goal-tending: Intercepting a shot that is either in the basket, or directly above it.
 Guard: To closely watch an opponent with intent to keep the player from gaining
possession of the ball, or from making a pass or shot.
 Half Court Press: Defense pressure placed on the opponent in the front court area.
 Hash Mark: The mid-court mark.

 Hand Check: A defender fouls by touching the opposing ball handler with one or both
hands too many times.
 Held Ball: Two opposing players attempt but fail to possess the ball.
 Help Side: Otherwise known as "weak side"; the half of the court absent the ball.
 High Post: The area near the free-throw line.
 Holding: Use of the hands to hinder an opponent's freedom of movement.
 Hook Shot: While standing sideways in front of the basket, the hand farthest from the
net tosses the ball above the head and toward the basket.
 Hoop: Another word for basket.
 Inbounds Pass: A toss of the ball inbounds from out-of-bounds.
 Incidental Contact: Normal, legal contact between players.
 Inside Cut: An offensive player passes the ball to a teammate and then quickly
advances toward the basket in order to receive a return pass.
 Inside Shot: A shot from beside or in front of the basket.
 Intentional Foul: A defense player fouls in order to stop the clock.
 In the Paint: Refers to the area within the free-throw lane that is painted a different
color than the rest of the court.
 Jab Step: Small sharp step with the non-pivot foot toward the defense player.
 Jump Ball: The ball tossed into the air by the referee between two opposing players in
order to start the game.
 Jump Shot: A shot in which an offensive player's feet leave the floor.
 Jump Stop: Jumping off of one foot, and returning on both feet at the same time in a
parallel or staggered position.
 Key: The free-throw and foul lane area of the court.
 "L" Cut: An L-shaped cut sometimes used when a defender is in the passing lane.
 Lane: Also called the "paint"; area extending from the end line to the free-throw line
and 12 feet across.
 Lane Violation: Moving into the lane in an attempt to intercept a possible rebound on
a foul shot before the ball actually hits the rim.
 Lay-up: Advancing close to the basket in an effort to bank a shot off the backboard.
 Live Ball: A ball in play.
 Loading the Gun: Preparing to shoot with a cock of the wrist.
 Low Post: The area close to the basket.
 Man-to-man Defense: One-on-one guarding of opponents.
 Mid-court Line: The center line dividing the front from the back courts.
 Net: The corded mesh that hangs 15-18 inches from the basket's rim.
 Offense: The team in possession of the ball.
 Off the Dribble: Shooting the ball while advancing toward the basket.
 Offensive Rebound: A rebound taken by an offensive player.
 One-and-one: A bonus free-throw is awarded when the opponent accumulates too
many fouls in a half; the free-thrower takes a shot and if a basket is made, gets a
second free- throw.
 Open: When a defender is unguarded, he is said to be "open".
 Out-of-Bounds: Outside the end lines and sidelines.
 Outlet Pass: A rebounder passes the ball to an offensive teammate.
 Over-and-back Violation: An offensive teammate returns a ball from the front court
to the back court.
 Overhand lay-up Shot: With the palm facing the basket, the shooting hand is
positioned on the back of the ball.
 Overhead Pass: A two-handed overhead shot.

 Overtime: Extra time given a tied regulation game.

 Paint: The free-throw lane area.
 Palming: Another word for "carrying the ball".
 Pass: A play from one teammate to another.
 Period: A segment of game time; either quarter, half, or overtime.
 Perimeter: The part of the court that extends beyond the foul circle.
 Personal Foul: Contacting a player in a way that may injure him.
 Pick: An offensive player sets up a screen.
 Pivot: The center position; also the foot that remains stationary until a dribbler passes
the ball.
 Player-to-player Defense: Defense strategy in which each player is assigned an
opponent to guard; also called "man-to-man defense".
 Point Guard: A strategy in which a guard advances the ball up court to begin an
offensive play.
 Possession: To have the ball.
 Post: The space on both sides of the free-throw lane.
 Post Up: To be in a position near, but facing away from, the basket in order to receive
a pass.
 Power Forward: A strong player positioned close to the basket.
 Power Layup Shot: A closely-guarded layup shot.
 Press: Defense strategy with intent to force opponents into erring by guarding them
too closely.
 Pull-back Dribble: Pulling dribble away from the defense as a way to avert pressure.
 Push Pass: A strategy used to get past a defender guarding too closely.
 Quadruple Double: A player earns two-digit figures in four out of five offensive
categories during a single game.
 Rebound: Gaining possession of the ball after it bounces off the backboard or rim on a
missed shot.
 Reverse Dribble: Otherwise known as "spin dribble" and is used to reverse direction of
the ball.
 Reverse Pivot: Turning on the pivot foot while taking a step back.
 Rocker Step: A jab step followed by a step back in preparation for shooting or driving
the ball.
 Screen: A offense player is positioned between a teammate and the opponent to clear
the way for the teammate's shot at the basket.
 Shot: To throw the ball toward the basket.
 Shot Clock: A device that keeps track of the limited time the team in possession of the
ball has to take a shot at the basket.
 Shooter: The ball handler who takes aim at the basket.
 Shooting Guard: The player who generally takes most of the shots from the perimeter.
 Sidelines: The boundary lines that run the length of the court on either side.
 Small Forward: The smaller of the players positioned near the free-throw lane who
moves inside and out.
 Spacing: The space between offensive players, generally 15-18 feet.
 Squaring Up: Standing shoulder-square in front of the basket when preparing to shoot
the ball.
 Starting Lineup: The five players that begin the game.
 Stride Stop: Stopping on one foot, and then the other.
 Strong Side: The side of the court containing the live ball.
 Substitute: A player comes in to replace a teammate on the court.

 Swing-man: One who plays both guard and forward.

 Team Fouls: The number of fouls that a team has against it before going over the limit
and its opponent is awarded a free-throw.
 Technical Foul: A foul called as a result of misconduct in which the opponent is
awarded a free-throw.
 Ten-second Lane: The offensive team has 10 seconds to advance the ball from the
back court area over the mid-court line, or "ten-second lane".
 Three-point Field Goal: A basket shot from a distance of more than 19'/9" during a
high school or college game.
 Three-point Play: Two points on a field goal immediately followed by a free-throw
point.
 Three-point Shot: From outside the three-point line, an attempt at earning a field goal
is made.
 Three-second Lane: Otherwise known as the "key", the area running from the
baseline underneath the basket to the free-throw lane.
 Three-second Violation: An offensive player is in the free-throw lane for longer than
three seconds.
 Timeout: An official temporarily suspends the game due to injury, or to allow the team
to discuss strategy.
 Tip Off: The jump that starts the game.
 Top-of-the-key: The arc that runs beyond the free-throw lane.
 Transition: A team switches from offense to defense, and visa versa.
 Trap: Two defense players team up on the ball handler.
 Traveling: Also known as "walking"; a violation in which the ball handler takes fewer
than two steps without dribbling, or holds the ball while changing or moving the pivot
foot.
 Triple-double: A player achieves double figures in three out of five offensive
categories.
 Turnover: The offensive team gives the ball up to defense.
 Underhand lay-up Shot: With the palm underneath and facing up, a player shoots the
ball.
 Up-court: The offense advances from down court to front court in the direction of the
basket.
 "V"-cut: Switching quickly from one direction to the other in order to get a shot.
 Violation: Breaking of a rule not resulting in a free-throw, but rather a throw-in.
 Walking: See Traveling.
 Weak Side: The side of the court absent the live ball.
 Zone Defense: A defender carefully guards an area.
Reference: https://basketball.epicsports.com/basketball-glossary.html
Suggested Activities:
1. Group/Pair reporting
2. Return demonstration (by pair)
3. Actual game (by team)
4. Basic Officiating (by team)

CHAPTER 2
VOLLEYBALL GAME
Objectives:
1. To equipped with the information on the brief history and nature of volleyball.
2. To know the development of the game volleyball.
3. To appreciate the contribution of the different countries to the development of the
game.
LESSON 1
History of the Game
Volleyball has come a long way from the dusty-old YMCA gymnasium of Holyoke,
Massachusetts, USA, where the visionary William G. Morgan invented the sport back in 1895.
It has seen the start of two centuries and the dawn of a new millennium. Volleyball is now one
of the big five international sports, and the FIVB, with its 220 affiliated national federations, is
the largest international sporting federation in the world.
Volleyball has witnessed unprecedented growth over the last two decades. With the
great success of world competitions such as the FIVB World Championships, the FIVB World
League, the FIVB World Grand Prix, the FIVB World Cup and the FIVB Grand Champions
Cup as well as the Olympic Games, the level of participation at all levels internationally
continues to grow exponentially.
The beach volleyball phenomenon also continues to amaze. The overwhelming
spectator and television success of beach volleyball since its introduction to the Olympic
Games at Atlanta 1996 and the stunning success of the FIVB World Tour, the World
Championships and the Continental Cup has opened up volleyball to a completely new market.
William G. Morgan (1870-1942), who was born in the State of New York, has gone
down in history as the inventor of the game of volleyball, to which he originally gave the name
"Mintonette".
The young Morgan carried out his undergraduate studies at the Springfield College of
the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) where he met James Naismith who, in 1891,
had invented basketball. After graduating, Morgan spent his first year at the Auburn (Maine)
YMCA after which, during the summer of 1895, he moved to the YMCA at Holyoke
(Massachusetts) where he became director of physical education. In this role he had the
opportunity to establish, develop and direct a vast programme of exercises and sport classes for
male adults.
His leadership was enthusiastically accepted, and his classes grew in numbers. He came

to realize that he needed a certain type of competitive recreational game in order to vary his
programme. Basketball, a sport that was beginning to develop, seemed to suit young people,
but it was necessary to find a less violent and less intense alternative for the older members.
At that time Morgan knew of no similar game to volleyball which could guide him; he
developed it from his own sports training methods and his practical experience in the YMCA
gymnasium. Describing his first experiments he said, "In search of an appropriate game, tennis
occurred to me, but this required rackets, balls, a net and other equipment, so it was eliminated,
but the idea of a net seemed a good one. We raised it to a height of about 6 feet, 6 inches (1.98
metres) from the ground, just above the head of an average man. We needed a ball and among
those we tried was a basketball bladder, but this was too light and too slow. We therefore tried
the basketball itself, which was too big and too heavy."
In the end, Morgan asked the firm of A.G. Spalding & Bros. to make a ball, which they
did at their factory near Chicopee, in Massachusetts. The result was satisfactory: the ball was
leather-covered, with a rubber inner tube, its circumference was not less than 25 and not more
than 27 inches (63.5 cm and 68.6 cm, respectively), and its weight not less than 9 and not more
than 12 ounces (252 gr and 336 gr, respectively).
Morgan asked two of his friends from Holyoke, Dr. Frank Wood and John Lynch, to
draw up (based on his suggestions) the basic concepts of the game together with the first 10
rules.
Early in 1896 a conference was organized at the YMCA College in Springfield, bringing
together all the YMCA Directors of Physical Education. Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick, director of
the professional physical education training school (and also executive director of the
department of physical education of the International Committee of YMCA's) invited Morgan
to make a demonstration of his game in the new college stadium. Morgan took two teams, each
made up of five men (and some loyal fans) to Springfield, where the demonstration was made
before the conference delegates in the east gymnasium. The captain of one of the teams was J.J.
Curran and of the other John Lynch who were respectively, mayor and chief of the fire brigade
of Holyoke.
Morgan explained that the new game was designed for gymnasia or exercise halls, but
could also be played in open air. An unlimited number of players could participate, the object
of the game being to keep the ball in movement over a high net, from one side to the other.
After seeing the demonstration, and hearing the explanation of Morgan, Professor Alfred
T. Halstead called attention to the action, or the act phase, of the ball's flight, and proposed that
the name "Mintonette" be replaced by "Volley Ball." This name was accepted by Morgan and
the conference. (It is interesting to note that the same name has survived over the years, with
one slight alteration: in 1952, the Administrative Committee of the USVBA voted to spell the
name with one word, "Volleyball", but continued to use USVBA to signify United States
Volleyball Association).
Morgan explained the rules and worked on them, then gave a hand-written copy to the
conference of YMCA directors of physical education, as a guide for the use and development
of the game. A committee was appointed to study the rules and produce suggestions for the
game's promotion and teaching.
A brief report on the new game and its rules was published in the July 1896 edition of

"Physical Education" and the rules were included in the 1897 edition of the first official
handbook of the North American YMCA Athletic League.
The physical education directors of the YMCA, encouraged particularly by two

professional schools of physical education, Springfield college in Massachusetts and George
Williams College in Chicago (now at Downers Grove, Illinois), adopted volleyball in all its
societies throughout the United States, Canada (in 1900 Canada became the first foreign
country to adopt the game), and also in many other countries: Elwood S. Brown in the
Philippines (1910), J. Howard Crocker in China, Franklin H. Brown in Japan (1908), Dr. J.H.
Gray in Burma, in China and in India, and others in Mexico and South American, European
and African countries.
By 1913 the development of volleyball on the Asian continent was assured as, in that
year, the game was included in the programme of the first Far-Eastern Games, organized in
Manila. It should be noted that, for a long time, Volleyball was played in Asia according to the
"Brown" rules which, among other things, used 16 players (to enable a greater participation in
matches).
An indication of the growth of volleyball in the United States is given in an article
published in 1916 in the Spalding Volleyball Guide and written by Robert C. Cubbon. In that
article Cubbon estimated that the number of players had reached a total of 200,000 people
subdivided in the following way: in the YMCA (boys, young men, and older men) 70,000, in
the YWCA (girls and women) 50,000, in schools (boys and girls) 25,000 and in colleges
(young men) 10,000.
In 1916, the YMCA managed to induce the powerful National Collegiate Athletic
Association (NCAA) to publish its rules and a series of articles, contributing to the rapid
growth of volleyball among young college students. In 1918 the number of players per team
was limited to six, and in 1922 the maximum number of authorized contacts with the ball was
fixed at three.
Until the early 1930s volleyball was for the most part a game of leisure and recreation, and
there were only a few international activities and competitions. There were different rules of
the game in the various parts of the world; however, national championships were played in
many countries (for instance, in Eastern Europe where the level of play had reached a
remarkable standard).
Volleyball thus became more and more a competitive sport with high physical and
technical performance.
https://www.fivb.com/en/volleyball/thegame_glossary/history
LESSON 2
Nature and Purpose

Volleyball is played by two teams of six players each on a court 60 by 30 feet, divided
into two halves, with a net 8 feet high (7 feet 41/4 inches high in women’s volleyball). The
players are designated as left, center, and right forwards and left, center, and right backs. When
it is a team’s turn to serve, every player rotates one position clockwise and the right back serves
The object of the game is to keep the ball from striking the floor on your side of the net
and to return it so that it strikes the floor on your opponents’ side before they can return it. The
ball is put in play from anywhere behind the rear boundary line by the right back, who serves it
across the net into the opponents’ court. The ball is then volleyed back and forth until one team
or the other fails to return the ball. If the serving team makes an error, it loses the serve, and
the receiving team scores a point. An error by the receiving team gives one point to the servers.
A team continues to serve as long as it scores. A point is scored on each serve, by the team
who wins the volley.
Teams are permitted three hits to return the ball across the net. One player may execute
two of the three hits, but not two in succession. Exception 1: A block of a spike is not
considered as one of the three hits, and the blocker may immediately play the ball again.
Exception 2: If 2 or more teammates contact the ball simultaneously, it counts as ONE hit and
either player is eligible for the next hit. You may not block nor spike a serve.
The serve must go directly from the server to the opponents’ court and is allowed to
touch the net, as long as it goes over the net.
A match consists of the best of five games at the collegiate and high school levels.
Volleyball games are played to 25 points, but teams must win by at least 2 points, with no final
score cap. A fifth and deciding game is played to 15 points, must win by 2 points with no final
score cap.
www.tamaqua.k12.pa.us/cms/lib/PA01000119/Centricity/Domain/123/Volleyball_study_guide.d
LESSON 3
Objectives:
1. To identify the different facilities and equipment required in volleyball game.
2. To familiarize with the specifications of different facilities and equipment.
Background
Morgan’s original game used the rubber bladder out of a basketball as the first
volleyball, which was hit over a badminton net that was suspended 6 ½ feet off of the ground.
The court was divided into two 25-foot square halves, and each team was allowed to have as
many players as could fit on the court. Roughly one year after the sport was created, Spalding
designed the first official volleyball, and by 1900 the ball used became more or less
standardized. By 1928, the United States Volleyball Association was established to oversee the
sport and ensure that standards were established for all court and equipment usage.

Court
Today, courts must meet the specifications set forth by USA Volleyball and the international
governing body, FIVB. Indoor courts must measure 18 meters long by 9 meters wide and have
an attack area demarcated 3 meters back from the centerline. The lines used on the court should
not be any wider than 5 cm. A free space measuring 2 meters in any direction is recommended
around the playing area of the court to prevent any accidental obstructions of play. Above the
highest point of the net, there should be at least 7 meters of space to allow the ball free travel,
though 12 meters is recommended.
Ball
The ball used for volleyball is smaller than the basketball bladder that was used originally. For
indoor volleyball, it should have a circumference between 65 and 67 cm when fully inflated to
an inner pressure between 4.3 and 4.6 lbs. psi. Once inflated, the ball must weigh between 260
and 280 g. During FIVB competitions and world events, three balls are used and must meet the
same standards as the other balls before being approved for play.
Net
Net height can vary depending on the age of the players and the class of volleyball being
played. The standard height used for men over the age of 15 is 2.43 meters measured from the
lowest point of the net to the court floor. For women over the age of 13, the standard
measurement is 2.24 meters. The net extends to each of the sidelines on the court and should be
the same height at both sidelines. The net itself is 1 meter wide. The posts supporting the net
are placed at the distance of 0.50 – 1.00 meter outside the sidelines. At either end of the net, an
antenna is attached that is 10 mm in diameter and extends 1.8 meters above the net. These
antennae are considered part of the net and are used to delineate the vertical crossing space.
The Referee’s Stand
Is generally attached to one of the standards and allows the referee to stand about four feet
above the floor level. From this vantage point the official can better see the play at the net and
can tell net touching an illegal movement over or under the net.
Clothing
A player’s equipment consists of a jersey, shorts, socks (the uniform) and sport shoes. The
color and the design for the jersey, shorts and socks must be uniform for the team (except for
the Libero). The uniforms must be clean. The shoes must be light and pliable with non-marking
rubber or composite soles without heels.

Beach
The beach variant of volleyball began in the 1940s. While many of the rules and specifications
of this format are the same as indoor volleyball, there are some differences. The court used in
beach volleyball is slightly smaller, measuring 16 meters by 8 meters. The ball also is increased
in size to a circumference between 66 and 68 cm. The average net height for men and women
stays the same.
www.sportsrec.com/5979581/volleyball-facilities-equipment
Illustration of the Playing court:
Reference: in.pinterest.com/pin/665618019927936433
LESSON 4
Basic Skills in Volleyball
Objectives:
1. To identify the different basic skills in volleyball.

2. To appreciate the importance of each basic skills in volleyball.

3. To demonstrate the appropriate procedure in executing the different basic skills in

volleyball.
Volleyball is a sport that requires you to master a complex skill set. Because you rotate
from playing front line positions to back line positions, you constantly are shifting from setting
up offensive plays to completing offensive plays. You also must shift quickly from offense to
defense. During any given sequence in volleyball, a player must be prepared to execute a
variety of skills.
Serving
A properly executed serve provides the serving team with a significant advantage over the
receiving team. A serve that is properly placed can cause players on the receiving team to get
out of position or attempt awkward returns. The server must stand behind the service line at the
end of the court. There are three serving styles in volleyball. The underhand serve, the
overhand serve and the overhead floater/jump serve. The underhand serve generally is a
relatively slow serve that travels high in the air toward the rear of the court. Both the overhand
serve and the jump serve are fast serves frequently struck with top spin.
Types of Serves
1. The Underhand serve

Can be extremely effective at the beginning level. Any player can serve this type
of serve.
The underhand serve is done by
 having the left foot in front of the right foot in a balanced position with your weight on
the back foot and toe of the left foot pointed towards where you intend to serve the ball
(lefties do the opposite)
 holding the ball in one hand and
 swinging your other arm back keeping it parallel to your body
 then swinging your arm forward with a closed fist or open hand contacting the bottom
panels of the ball
 when your arm swings forward you shift your weight from your back foot to your front
foot which helps to
 propel the ball across your court and into the opposing team's court using the
momentum of the swinging arm to get the ball to travel over the net
2. Overhand serve
A serve in which a player strikes the ball with his hand above the shoulder.
The overhand serve is done by

 starting position is facing the net with feet shoulder-width apart and under your
shoulder
 the backswing is like catcher’s throw rather than a full-arm swing
 elbow leads the hands and arms as the hitting arm comes forward
 wrist remains stiff and your hand is open to offer the largest surface area as possible
 the key to consistent serving is the elimination of all extraneous movements.
3. Overhead Floater serve

The most commonly used serve at elite levels of play. It is a non-spinning ball
that moves with existing air currents. The essential element in executing the
floater serve is toss.
The overhand floater serve is done by
 place the ball in your tossing hand - left hand for right handers and right hand for left
handers
 with your left hand toss the ball 2-3 feet up in the air in front of your front foot
 with the right hand which is held above your head at a 90-degree angle with your elbow
above the level of your ear (lefties do the opposite) use the middle of your open palmed
serving hand to contact the middle panels of the ball while
 you keep a rigid wrist, flat hand and widespread stiff fingers
*The standing topspin serve is another type of overhand volleyball serve.
The primary difference in performing the topspin serve is:
a. the wrist isn't stiff, its loose when contacting the ball and bends so the serving hand contacts
the top third of the ball.
Contacting the top third of the ball
 creates the forward spin motion and along with

 a quick arm swing motion that "follows through" after contacting the ball so
 that your thumb finishes by your thigh, ensures the ball crosses the net with a lot of
pace and velocity like a spiked hit. https://www.improveyourvolley.com/underhand-
volleyball-serve.html
Passing
Passing also is known as "bumping" in an offensive sequence and "digging" when used to
defend an offensive shot. Passing is executed by interlocking your fingers, holding your arms
straight and away from your body. Make contact with the ball on your forearms and follow

through to your target. The only allowable service return is a pass, so it is frequently the first
shot in a three-shot sequence.
Types of Passing
There are three main types of passes in the game of volleyball: bump, set and spike. Each team
is allowed a maximum of three hits before they have to send the ball back over the net. A team
will typically try to fulfill the passing strategy of bump-set-spike, although a block is an
additional move in volleyball also used alongside the others as a defensive mechanism.
1. Bump
the basic pass in volleyball. It is used when receiving a serve or reacting to an

opponent attack. The player should be holding his arms away from the body at a 90-degree
angle with his hands together. Knees should be bent. The ball comes in contact with the lower
forearms just above the wrist. After contact, the arms should point toward the target. Over-
swinging the arms is a common mistake when perfecting the bump, as is contacting the ball
with the wrists or hands. The first bump of a volley should be aimed at a setter so he can set-up
the volleyball for the spike.
2. Set
is typically a front-line pass, or a move done by players who are positioned near
the net. Knees should be bent and hands extended 4 to 6 inches above the head. The fingers
should be spread to imitate the shape of the ball; make a triangle with the thumbs and first
fingers. The ball will make contact with the fingers right above the hairline. Then the arms are
extended in the direction the player wishes the ball to go. Freeze the motion when the arms are
fully extended. This pass must be done with coordination to avoid holding the ball. The ball
cannot come to rest at any point during a volley.
3. Spike
is an intense move in volleyball involving a player who is near the net. The
purpose is to send the ball over the net and toward the floor so the opposing team has no time to
save it before it touches the ground. The player should approach with two preparatory steps
before a jump. The jump is straight up; the elbow should be raised level with the shoulder. The
forearm should be up with the hand near the head in an open and relaxed position. Contact with
the volleyball is made with the palm of the hand. The elbow should swing forward and the
player should apply force. Follow-through with the motion is critical to strength and speed. It is
illegal to hit the ball with a closed fist, and players should avoid a shot-put or tennis serve
action, according to Volleyball World Wide.

4. Block
is a defensive move used when the other team attempts to spike the ball. The
player must be right next to the net and jump at the same time or moments after & the opposing
player, to successfully block a spike. Hands are used to extend the height of the net, and fingers
should be in a spread about the width of the ball. Arms are locked and when possible, players
should try to reach slightly over the net with their hands to send the ball back on the opponent’s
side. Touching the net is illegal and will end the volley. When blocking, it is essential that the
body be square with the net; players positioned along the net often stand with their hands up
and ready to block an attack.
https://www.sportsrec.com/4258010/how-to-volley-a-volleyball
Setting
Setting, or overhead passing, typically is the second shot in a three-shot sequence. A properly
executed set is placed close and above the net. You want to place the ball about four feet from
the net so on the third shot, typically a spike, your teammate won't hit the net on her follow
through. www.sportsrec.com/7953341/the-fundamental-skills-used-in-playing-voll
There are many different techniques to setting a volleyball.
What's most important is developing a consistent setting style.

When you hand set, you want to train your hands to contact the ball the same way every
time. When first learning setting position, to start, make a triangle with your fingers. Your goal
should be to position your hands so that the volleyball would hit you right between the eyes if
you were to let the ball go through your hands.
Hand Positioning and Technique
1. Bring your hands together.

2. Put your hands together with your fingertips touching.
3. Open up your hands, forming a triangle with your index fingers and thumbs.
4. Bring your fingers apart to a distance that would be perfect for placing a ball.
This is the position you want to get your hands in just before you contact the ball setting.
Finding the Hand Position

To find your volleyball setting position, put your hands above your head with your index fingers and
your thumbs together.

 Bring Hands Together you

should be able to place a ball into this hand position and let the ball just sit there
comfortably.
 Open Up Your Hands

 Fingers to Shape of Ball
 Final Position
- when setting a volleyball, the ball should only be contacted by your fingers and never
the palms of your hands.
-he points of contact on your fingers should be close to the same contact points as when
you formed the triangle (basically, you want your finger tips on the ball).
-the ball should contact your thumbs and first two fingers with an equal amount of
force, while your last two fingers on both hands contact the ball with much less force.
Setting Tips:
1. The ball spinning after you set is a good indication you aren't contacting the ball
cleanly.
2. Watch your sets and see whether they spin or not. Get in the habit of setting
without putting spin on the ball and you will likely never be called for a double
contact.
3. Typically, volleyball setters that set the ball much slower will tend to contact the
ball with more fingers on the ball.
4. This extra prolonged contact allows for greater control for more accurate setting
placement. Also, with a longer contact, you can take more spin off the ball
which can be good for avoiding double hit ball handling calls.
5. On the other hand, the more fingers on the ball, possibly the greater chance of
double contacting the ball.
6. Shorter contact time also keeps you from being called for lifting the ball.
Both a quick setting style and slow setting style have their advantages and
7. disadvantages. It may be best to experiment with setting at different speeds and

styles to see what you are most comfortable with.
Setting a Back-Set to the Weak Side Attack:
1. Typically, volleyball setters that set the ball much slower will tend to contact the ball
with more fingers on the ball.

2. This extra prolonged contact allows for greater control for more accurate setting
placement. Also, with a longer contact, you can take more spin off the ball which can be
good for avoiding double hit ball handling calls.
3. On the other hand, the more fingers on the ball, possibly the greater chance of double
contacting the ball.
4. A shorter contact time also keeps you from being called for lifting the ball.
5. Both a quick setting style and slow setting style have their advantages and
disadvantages. It may be best to experiment with setting at different speeds and styles to
see what you are most comfortable with.
Setting Motion:
1.When you perform the volleyball set, you want to use both your arms and wrists to some
degree.
2. Your elbows should be slightly bent at the time of contact and your hands should be in the
ready position as the ball contacts your fingers.
3. You can practice setting a volleyball at home by lying down on the floor and setting the ball
straight up toward the ceiling.
This is a good volleyball setting drill because you can focus on...
1. Setting the ball without spin.

2. Setting the ball in a way so it falls to the same spot repeatedly.
3. Learning to set using quiet hands.
https://www.strength-and-power-for-volleyball.com/setting-a-volleyball.html
Hitting
Generally, you want to hit the ball with the greatest force possible on the third shot of a
sequence. When the ball is struck forcefully downward, above the height of the net, it is
referred to as a "spike" or "kill" shot. To execute a kill shot, a player may use either a two- or
three-step approach. Strike the ball at the top of your vertical leap, using the heel of your palm,
followed by wrapping your hand on the ball with your fingers and snapping your wrist.
The 3 Types of Hits in Volleyball
If you’re new to the volleyball world you may hear someone refer to the 3 types of hits in
volleyball and wonder – which 3? The 3 types of hits are: bump, volley and spike, or more
modernly called pass, set and kill (or hit). This may seem like a confusing list to start with but
it really is quite simple once you understand each category.

Is it a Bump or a Pass?
This is the first hit when the ball comes over the net whether it’s a serve, a hit or a free
ball. This is the hit where the player is creating a platform with their arms and hitting it
underhand.
Coaches have realized over the years that simply coaching a player to “bump” is
creating the idea that it’s okay to just send the ball up into the air with little thought as
to where you are sending it. The word “pass” implies that you are sending the ball to your
teammate, giving it to them on purpose. This is critical to being successful at even the earliest
beginner levels.
Proper passing takes focus:

Coaches and parents should refrain from celebrating for just keeping the ball up in the
air. Our players need to be passing the ball in a controlled, targeted way to their setter to help
their team progress through the play.
In basketball, you’re giving up a turnover. Volleyball is no different when a player
simply bumps the ball up with no direction, it becomes a busted play that has to be rescued.
Communication is key in volleyball and players should be calling the ball as early as
possible with a “MINE” or “I GOT IT”. As they are making the hit they should be aiming for
their setter’s position, whether they are there or not.
If the setter is scrambling for some reason they may choose to give the ball a little more
height to give their setter time, but they need to still be sending the ball to the right location.
Setting and Volleying:

Almost every time the ball comes over the net, the plan will be to use all 3 hits to execute
a very aggressive play back at the other team. The second of those hits will be the set. The
majority of setters use the volley as their main tool for setting. The volley is an overhead hit
that uses both hands where your fingers are absorbing the ball and sending it back up. The
hands must make contact simultaneously to prevent being called for a “double hit”.
The volley is used for maximum control of the ball because a good setter can become
extremely accurate and consistent in providing the ball to any location to set their teammate up
for a great striking opportunity.
So why is it called a set instead of a volley? Again, the idea is intention. “Volley” is the
mechanics of how most setters will play the ball the majority of the time. Setting the ball
implies you are delivering a quality ball for your next player’s attack.
Setter is often referred to as the quarterback of your volleyball team and this is why: they
are controlling how this offensive play is going to develop. They are not simply volleying the
ball into the air to see what happens or who might come to get it.
They are making a plan and setting a goal. Ultimately your team wants to make the point,
but to do their part, the setter is placing the ball into the air at the right height and distance from
the net to help their hitter absolutely dominate the competition.
Communication between the setters and hitters is crucial. The hitters and setters need to
know as many details about where they’re agreeing the ball will end up as possible.

At beginner levels hitters usually call out their position if they are ready and wait to see if
the setter chooses them. The setters select the hitter and give them the best ball they can while
calling out their name.
At more advanced levels the setting becomes more and more precise. Will it be a quick set
(just barely rising above the net) or will it be several ball heights at a traditional pace.
This makes it more difficult for the defense to know who to block until the ball leaves the
setters hands. When the decoys are convincing, the defense may have to defend both the actual
hitter and the fake. Some setters have developed such strong and controlled bumping passes
that they are actually more consistent and successful at setting using that as their main tool.
Spiking, Hitting and Killing:
This is where the magic happens, in the third hit. If the team has executed the first 2 hits
properly, your team should have a great opportunity to score at this moment. The hit is when
the player approaches the ball, aggressively jumps, loads their arm back and spikes the ball to
the target they select on the other team’s side. Some players are outside hitters and others play
the middle. Although their positions look the same, they are surprisingly different. But they are
both focused on taking that third hit in the most offensive way possible to attack their
opponents.
What About All the Other Kinds of Hits?

There are so many other legal and necessary hits in volleyball. There are a wide variety
of hits that can happen. But these 3 types of hits are the core of volleyball. If your team masters
these 3 types of hits, they will be a strong team who executes strong defense and offense which
means they will be a very tough team to beat.
https://betteratvolleyball.com/the-3-types-of-hits-in-volleyball/
Blocking
Blocking is a defensive play made close to the net. The object of a block is to deflect an
offensive shot directly back toward your opponent. Block attempts can be made by individual
players or pairs of players. Blocking is not allowed on serves. Blocks often are utilized as a
defense against "kill" shots.
Types of Blocks by Number of Players
Single blocking:
The most effective type of blocking, a single block allows the back row to dig or pass
more easily and prevents a free kill. When you’re playing against tough competition, your team
may be scattered and scrambling and this may be the only kind of blocking you can do on many
plays. When your opposition is running multiple hitters on approach, you may have to divide
and each be ready to single block if necessary.

Double blocking:
Two blockers focus attention on the opposition’s hitter to deflect an attacked ball at the
net. Whoever the player is closest to being in front of the attacker becomes the primary blocker.
The teammate next to them needs to come in and assist by lining up as closely as possible to
create a wall.
Triple blocking:
With more hands available to deflect the ball and deter the play, triple blocking is the
most effective type. All three front row players jump in unison to create this triple block. This
really becomes the goal when you’re facing a dominant hitter that you need to shut down. If
you can mount a solid wall, the hitter will be forced to play around or over it which will give
your back row a much easier ball to defend. This is usually going to happen near the middle of
the net because your middle blocker will need to be your primary blocker. They will line up
and each of the outside hitters will close the gap on each side.
Catch Opposition Hitters Unaware with Alternative Blocking Strategies:

A large part of the blocking role is surprising the opposition hitters with unpredictable
blocking techniques and strategies. You should have a few of these perfected and “in reserve”
just in case you find yourself faced with strong hitters and a blocking defense that seems to be
failing. Consider these alternative volleyball blocking strategies:
Soft Blocking Strategy:

Soft blocking is a form of blocking the ball just enough to keep it in play. It is very
effective when you find yourself playing against a big hitter that keeps hitting the volleyball
over you or if the blockers are short.
How to soft block: reach high and backward when blocking the ball. The objective is to
deflect the ball in such a way that it deflects the ball upwards so that your teammates can make
a play.
Something to keep in mind: soft blocking is not an official block and may be considered your
volleyball team’s first contact with the ball. After this, your team can only contact the ball 2
more times before sending it over the net.
Split Blocking Strategy:

If you are dealing with a hitter that consistently hits the volleyball around the block
sharply, you may want to disarm and switch things up. A great way to take an opposing hitter
by surprise is by split blocking.
Split blocking is not something that happens spur of the moment without any prior
planning. You will need to strategize with your teammates ahead of time. This type of blocking
requires the Outside Side or Strong Side Blocker to take the line while the Middle Blocker
takes the angle hit.
Swing Blocking:

The term swing blocking covers multiple ideas:
1. Swing blocking is a modified jumping technique that uses forward stepping across the
horizontal space of the net, planting your inside foot, a twisting step, combined with a swinging
arm motion to generate more thrust upwards and a lunging arm motion that penetrates over the
net toward the ball.
2. Swing blocking also describes how the middle is moving to either side to assist the outside
blocker. The idea is that they swing to whichever side needs help on that particular play,
usually using the movement described above in #1.
Swing blocking takes better body control than a standard block, but with the right players, it
may produce more consistent penetration into your opponent’s air space.
Solo Blocking Strategy :

If you’re the only player going up to block, that’s a solo block. When you are blocking
alone, you will have to decide if you are “blocking line” or “blocking angle”. The line shot
means they are aiming to hit it down the sideline, while the angle shot is hitting it towards the
center of the court.
By choosing one or the other, you’re shutting down one of their options. Often, you’ll be
able to guess right and you’ll make a great block. When you misjudge them and guess wrong,
your defense can still try to read where you were going and cover the opposite to pick it up
with a nice dig.
Solo blocking is also mainly how you will block a back-row attack. When you see the
opposing setter put it up for their back row, you can usually solo block and your teammates can
help cover wide or get ready for their attack.
Volleyball Blocking Positions and Terms:
There are all kinds of blocking terms and concepts in volleyball. These are the most
common other terms that are used to describe positions, strategies, statistics, and concepts you
need to understand.
Weak Side Blocker:

The blocker that plays on the left of the court is called a Weak Side Blocker. Any attacks
played on the left of the court should be blocked or deflected by this particular blocker.
Middle Blocker:
The blocker covering the space in the middle of the net is called a Middle Blocker. This
blocker takes on a lot of pressure as they must essentially protect the net nearly all the way
across. Middle Blockers are often the tallest players on the court and must be quick on their
feet.
Strong Side Blocker:

While the Weak Side Blocker protects the left side of the court, the Strong Side Blocker
protects the right side. Most teams’ strongest hitters will be playing on the left side of their
court and so we have to put our strongest and most effective blocker against them on our right-
hand side.
Offside Blocker:
This can be the blocker on either side of the net, it just depends where the opponent is
attacking. So whichever side is not being attacked becomes the “offside.” When you are the
offside blocker your duty is to backup your teammates covering for tips or transition early to
make a quick attack when you’re set up.
A Block Assist
A block assist is a statistic that will be awarded to any player who combines for a block.
If you team up with another player (or two) and either of you blocks the ball, each of the
players working together is given a “block assist”. This is also sometimes called a collective
block.
Sealing or Closing The Block:

Whenever a block is being made, there is a primary blocker. This would be whoever is
the main player responsible for covering this part of the net. Whoever can come in and assist
the main blocker needs to try to close the gap to form a wall.
Closing or sealing the block is critical because you don’t want to let the ball slip through
your hands. Your back row defenders are counting on you and your fellow blockers to defend
that part of the net, so they won’t be ready to make a good pass if you let that ball between you.
A Stuff Block :
A stuff block is incredibly satisfying as a defender! It’s when you line up that ball just
right and deflect it back at your opponent or their floor just as hard as they hit it. Whether you
bounce it off their face, their body or the floor in the general area, if you got a good clean
ricochet, that’s a stuff block.
A Tip or Dink:
A tip is when an attacker doesn’t strike the ball full-force, but instead, they use a
“touch” shot to place the ball somewhere you may not be expecting or defending. In beach
volleyball, the attacker would use their knuckles instead of an open hand and this would be
called a dink.
These can be very hard to defend because you’re used to blocking a high-speed ball, but
they may barely tap it to the side or just above your hands. Advanced blockers will know to
watch the attacker’s hitting arm all the way through their approach to try to pick up information
as early as possible if the attacker decides to tip instead of deciding to spike.
A Joust:

When a player from each side of the net hit the ball at exactly the same time, that’s called a
joust. It usually feels pretty awkward and whoever has the most momentum usually ends up
being able to force their will on the ball.
As soon as you realize this is about to happen, be intentional about trying to make a hard
push with your fingers and wrists to push the ball to a target spot. Your opponent will usually
be just stretching to touch the ball if you are pushing to a specific direction that can force an
angle in your favor.
Tips for blockers:
 You have to stay close to the net and on high alert.

 Your palms should be facing the net at shoulder height, elbows bent, hands in, in
front of your face, but not blocking your vision.
 If the setter jumps sets, do not jump with her, watch her body to know where she is
sending the ball and prepare for your block.
 Watch which hitter the ball is set to and then focus your attention on that hitter.
 You need to work on your skills at reading other people. If you are able to read the
opposing team’s hitters well, it will make defense a lot easier.
 Pay attention to your hands in the air. You want to pinch your shoulders in when you
jump, then press your hands with your thumbs up making your hands big. You want
to spread your fingers to cover a wide space while keeping your hands close to not
leave gaps for the ball to pass through.
 As you stretch to reach your hands over the net, be careful not to touch it.
 Avoid connecting with the ball in a way that sends it off the court or into your side
of the court. If you block the ball out of bounds on either side of the court, you lose
the point. By angling your hands to face towards the middle of their court (this will
take practice), you can ensure that the ball rebounds off your hands and is delivered
into the opposing side’s court.
 As soon as you have connected with the ball (and even if you have not), make sure
that you know exactly where the ball is at all times of play. You cannot block the
ball if you don’t know where it is.
 When you are blocking the outsides, whoever is blocking the outside of the court, a
good strategy is to line up with the hitter’s arm. You are defending the cross-court
(or angle) attack, which is defending the majority of the court. This is inviting the
hitter to attack the line, which is a specific narrow lane that your libero or defensive
specialist can more easily defend.
 Only jump after the attacker from the opposing team jumps. If you jump before or
even at the same time, you will be too early and you’ll be coming down when the
ball is crossing the net. This is all about timing so be ready and be quick.

 When you’re assisting to form a double or triple block, make sure you’re jumping in
unison. This is critical!
A Note of Caution While Blocking:

While we always want to be aggressive and bring the fight to our opponents, when
you’re blocking you have to play by the rules. The rules say that you can’t impede your
opponent’s ability to hit an attack against you. Meaning you can’t block the ball before the
hitter has a chance to strike it.
This sounds crazy the first time you hear it, but it’s true. In the spirit of fair play, the
rules limit you to playing defense with your block. So if your opponents set the ball, it’s on the
way to the hitter and you reach over and block the ball before their hitter can strike it, the
referee should call you for interference and award the other team the point.
Blocking Styles and Strategies :

With different blocking positions and styles dominating the game of volleyball, it is
obvious that practice and strategic planning are important. Blocking is not only used to defend
the team from attacks, but also to throw the opposing team off and manipulate where they hit
the ball. the above tips and strategies to hone your skills and drive your volleyball team to more
wins.
betteratvolleyball.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-blocking-in-volleyball
SPIKING
A player is located on the “on hand” side when their predominant hand (right hand) is
on the same side as the approaching set, usually the left front position. Also referred to as the
“power side”. A player is on their “off hand” side when their hitting hand is on the opposite
side of the set, usually the right front position.
OFFENSIVE STRATEGY
The basic “pass-set-spike” concept is fundamental to all offensive play patterns.

When the ball is served or hit by the opponents it is passed ( usually by a bump) to the
center front position. This position should be occupied by the setter who can best set the ball
(preferably using the overhead pass) to one of the available spikers. On the third contact the
spiker hits the ball (preferably using the spike) into the opposite court.
An attacker is a very important player in a volleyball team. The attacker’s job is to spike
a ball effectively and get scores for his/her team. On the one hand, an attacker should aim to
spike a ball as hard as he/she can. Hitting a ball harder obviously makes it difficult for the
opposing team’s defensive players to resist your attack. On the other hand, a hitter should spike

a ball accurately and do his/her best to hit the target. If you are thinking of becoming a good
offensive volleyball player then you should definitely focus on mastering spiking skills. In this
blog, we’ll tell you everything you need to know about spiking in volleyball.
Volleyball Spiking Rules:
If you would like to become an effective hitter then you obviously need to familiarize yourself
with volleyball spiking rules. Below, we’ll explain to you what volleyball rules say about
spiking.
 First and foremost, you should know what a volleyball spike is. Actually, a volleyball
spike is all about directing a volleyball towards the opponent’s side of the court.
 A player can tip a ball during a volleyball spike only if it is hit cleanly (a ball doesn’t
have to be caught or thrown).
 A volleyball spike is completed when the ball crosses the net and lands on the opposite
side of the court (or touched by one of the opposing team’s players).
 A volleyball spike can be completed by either a back row player or front row player.
 A back-row player is not permitted to carry out a volleyball spike within the front zone.
 It’s not allowed for a libero to carry out a volleyball spike.
 A volleyball player is permitted to land within the front zone after a volleyball spike.
 It’s not allowed for volleyball players to complete a volleyball spike within the playing
space of the opposing team.
If a ball goes out after a volleyball spike that means that a volleyball player has committed a
fault.
How to Spike a Ball Correctly:
We have just described the basic rules of volleyball spiking. Now, it’s time for you to figure
out how to spike a ball the right way. It’s important to know that there are different types of
volleyball spikes including hard-driven spike, off-speed spike, open-handed tip as well as
standing spike. Below, we’ll provide you with general tips for spiking a ball correctly.
 An attacker should watch the game carefully all the time. Plus, a hitter should try to
predict where he/she is likely to carry out a volleyball spike.
 A hitter should also prepare his/her body for a volleyball spike. You should shift your
body weight to the ball. Let’s assume that the ball is to your left. In this case, you should
shift your body weight to the left.
 An attacker should position himself/herself correctly on the court. The distance between
a hitter and net has to be 5 – 6 feet.

 A hitter should be able to select the right moment for a volleyball spike. First of all, a
hitter should approach to the net. If you are a right-handed person then you should take a
large step forward with your left foot. However, if you are a left-handed person then you
should take a large step forward with your right foot. Then, you need to bend your knees.
By doing so, a hitter will be able to get ready for a jump.
 A hitter should carry out a volleyball spike when it has approached the top of its flight.
When the moment to carry out a volleyball spike is getting closer an attacker needs to
jump off the ground. An attacker should try to jump as high as it’s possible. When
jumping off the ground a hitter should bring his/her right arm back behind his/her body.
In addition, a hitter should keep his/her palm open.
Lastly, a hitter should swing his/her arm forward. It’s crucial for a hitter to be very fast. After a
volleyball spike a ball should go downward. In addition, a ball should go away from blockers
of the opposing team. A volleyball player has to spike the ball with his/her hand. A ball should
contact the ball where the base of thumb meets a wrist. When carrying out a volleyball spike a
hitter needs to bring his/her hitting arm down. After that, a hitter needs to land on the ground
and continue to watch the game.
How to Spike a Ball Harder:
Aim to spike a ball hard with power. Spike a ball as hard as you can. Below are the two
volleyball hitting drills that you need to do consistently to spike a ball much harder.
Wall spikes. It’s a great idea for an attacker to practice such an exercise as wall spikes. What is
great about this type of exercise is that it’s easy to do. Initially, you need to stand in front of the
wall holding the ball in your hand. Make sure that the distance between you and a wall is about
10 feet. Now, it’s time for you to spike a ball to the wall. After a volleyball spike a ball will
bounce from the floor. So, you’ll have an opportunity to spike a ball again. It’s worth noting
that wall spikes give hitters a good chance to master their spiking skills. However, the most
important thing is that you’ll be able to spike a ball much harder if you do this exercise on a
regular basis.
Repetitive hitting. It’s another good exercise that helps hitters spike a ball harder. Without a
doubt, you’ll be able to hit a ball much harder over time if you practice repetitive hitting on a
regular basis. It’s worth noting that approach, jump and timing are 3 key ingredients for a
successful volleyball spike. That’s why you need to pay a close attention to these 3 important
aspects when practicing repetitive hitting exercise. You should always try to carry out a
volleyball spike in the right way. Constantly work hard to improve your vertical jump. And of
course, as a hitter you must be able to select the right moment for carrying out a volleyball
spike. You’ll never find it hard to do repetitive hitting exercise. First of all, you need to position
yourself on the court and hold a ball in your hand. Ask someone (a coach or other player) to set
or toss the ball for you. Your job is to carry out a volleyball spike and land the ball on the
opposite side of the court successfully. You can also put the target on the opposite side of the
court. In this case, you should try to hit the target each time you are carrying out a volleyball
spike. Repeat spiking a ball again and again. As a result, you’ll be able to spike a ball more
precisely over time.
Remember, learning a spiking skill is no easy task. That means that it may take you a long time
to master your spiking skills and develop your own spiking style. So, you should do repetitive
hitting on a regular basis to improve your volleyball spiking skills. That’s the reason why
practicing a volleyball spike needs to be a key part of a volleyball attacker’s training program.
Secrets to Becoming a Better Volleyball Spiker:
It’s crucial for you to know that mastering volleyball hitting skills is not enough to be a good
spiker. There are strategies that allow volleyball attackers to achieve better results. Here are a
few tips to help you become a better spiker and do great job on the court.
Obviously, a volleyball attacker should try to work better than the opposing team’s blockers to
win a score. And of course, the opposing team’s blockers will do everything they can to make it
difficult for you to carry out a volleyball spike. Your objective is to find holes in the opponent’s
defense. So, as a hitter you should constantly watch the opposing team’s blockers.
It’s incredibly important for you to be a smart and unpredictable attacker. Obviously, you
should definitely try to diversify your hitting strategy. Mixing up your shots will certainly make
it harder for the opposing team’s blockers to resist your attack hit. It’s a great idea for a hitter to
spike a ball to different parts of the court. As a result, the opposing team’s blockers will find it
hard to resist your attack. https://www.pakmen.com/volleyball-spike/
LESSON 5
Warm-up and conditioning exercise are very important before engaging in any physical
activities. Because through these it readies our body to a more complicated and strenuous
movements. This also makes the muscles more resistant to injury. And this will also give us a
successful performance during the training and actual game.


Cool-down Exercises

LESSON 6
 Serving Drills
Ball Toss Drills

Place a 12-inch square target on the floor in front and slightly to the center from your
forward foot. Stand in serving position and hold your hitting hand fully extended. Toss the ball
so that it goes higher than your hitting hand and lands on the target.
Competency Level
8-10 accurate tosses out of 10 attempts Proficient
5-7 accurate tosses out of 10 attempts Approaching Proficiency
2-4 accurate tosses out of 10 attempts Beginning Proficiency
Wall Serve Drill

Stand in a serving position approximately 20 feet from a wall which is painted a line at
the proper net height. Toss and serve the ball into the wall above this line ten times.
Competency Level
8-10 good underhand/ overhand floater Proficient
serve
5-7 good underhand/ overhand floater Approaching Proficiency
serve
2-4 good underhand/ overhand floater Beginning Proficiency

serve
Partner Serve at the Net Drill

You and your partner should stand in opposite sides of the court, each 20 feet from the
net. Serve ball cleanly over the net (the ball not touching the net) to your partner. Your partner
must be able to catch the ball without moving more than one step in any direction.
Competency Level
8-10 accurate underhand and overhand Proficient
serve
5-7 accurate underhand and overhand Approaching Proficiency
serve
2-4 accurate underhand and overhand Beginning Proficiency
serve
 Passing Drills
Passing and Held Ball Drill

Have a partner loosely hold the ball of your partner’s hands so that it is directed over
your partner’s head. Your partner then retrieves the ball and the drill continues.
Competency Level
8-10 good forearm passes in 30 attempts Proficient
5-7 good forearm passes in 30 attempts Approaching Proficiency
2-4 good forearm passes in 30 attempts Beginning Proficiency
Partners Pass Drill

Have partner toss a ball, using your forearms, pass the back to your partner. Your
partner must be able to catch your pass without taking more than one step in any direction.
Competency Level
21-25 good forearm passes in 25 attempts Proficient
16-20 good forearm passes in 25 attempts Approaching Proficiency
11-15 good forearm passes in 25 attempts Beginning Proficiency
Continuous Bumping Drill

Gently toss volleyball underhand to yourself and use forearm pass technique to keep the
ball in the air. Bump the ball 8-10 feet high by using the net as a guide. Stay within a 10 -foot
square space or area for the drill.
Competency Level
21-25 good bumps while remaining in the Proficient

10-foot square
16-20 25 good bumps while remaining in Approaching Proficiency
the 10-foot square
11-15 25 good bumps while remaining in Beginning Proficiency
the 10-foot square
 Spiking Drills
Spiking Drill #1
Stand by yourself with a ball 10 feet away from the wall. Spike the ball into the floor.
The ball should bounce sharply off the floor, rebound off the wall and come back to you on the
fly. Spike the ball again and continuously.
Competency Level
21-25 consecutive sharp spike hits Proficient
16-20 25 consecutive sharp spike hits Approaching Proficiency
11-15 25 consecutive sharp spike hits Beginning Proficiency
Spiking Drill #2
Your target here is 10-foot square placed 5 feet from the next (extending 10 feet
forward the end line). Place target starting 10 feet in from each sideline.
Attacker hit oof-speed spikes over the blocker and onto the target from both the left and
right sides of the court.
Competency Level
9-10 out of 15 good off-speed spikes Proficient
6-8 out of 15 good off-speed spikes Approaching Proficiency
3-5 out of 15 good off-speed spikes Beginning Proficiency
 Blocking Drills
Toss to Block Drill

Have a partner be a tosser on one side of the net; you are a blocker on the opposite side.
The tosser, using the two-handed overhead throw, jumps and throws the ball over the net in a
downward motion. Jump and attempt to block the ball before it penetrates the net. The blocked
ball should land within the boundaries of the opposite court.
Competency Level
8-10 out of 15 good blocks Proficient
4-7 out of 15 good blocks Approaching Proficiency
1-3 out of 15 good blocks Beginning Proficiency
Blind Blocking

For this you need a group of three- the blocker(yourself) and a tosser on one side of the
net and the spiker on the opposite side of the net.
From a position behind you the tosser throws the ball over the net, high and relatively
close to the net. The attacker jumps and spikes the ball, aimimg at you the blocker. Jump and
attempt to block at the attacker, it should land inbounds.
Competency Level
4-5 out of 10 good blocks Proficient
2-3 out of 15 good blocks Approaching Proficiency
1-2 out of 15 good blocks Beginning Proficiency
Double Blocking Drill
Have group of four take roles of a tosser and an attacker on one side of the net and two
blockers (including you) on the opposite side. One of the blockers should be near the middle of
the court, the other near the sideline.
The tosser tosses the ball high and outside to the attacker, who is near their sideline at
the attack line. The attacker approaches and spikes the ball over the net. The middle blocker
who has set the block to form a double block.
Competency Level
4-5 out of 10 successful blocks Proficient
2-3 out of 10 successful blocks Approaching Proficiency
1-2 out of 10 successful blocks Beginning Proficiency
 Setting Drills
DRILL DESCRIPTION: Two players face each other and set balls back and forth. The
correct body position is with the ball, forehead and hips in a vertical line. After person sets
ball, move forward three steps. Stay there until after partner passes ball, move to ball and
set again. Drill #2 Take three steps backward after you set ball, and move your feet to get
under the ball.
Long Distance Sets
DRILL DESCRIPTION: Two partners face each other from a distance of 20 feet and set the
ball back and forth. This exaggerated distance helps develop hand and wrist strength and
makes a setter better at smaller distances. These replicates setting the ball crosscourt during
a match accuracy is just as important as setting to a nearby hitter.
One and Freeze
DRILL DESCRIPTION: One player stands on opposite side of net and serves to another. A
third player stands in the receiver's side setting position. Receiving player must set serve.
The correct contact point is just above the forehead (hairline). When contacting the ball, the

hands move in one direction only. Freeze with arms fully extended in the direction you
want the ball to go. (Hands are same distance apart upon completion as they were during
contact.) Hands follow the ball. Receiving player must set the ball to a third player standing
in the setter position. After three successful passes, the threesome rotates and setter goes to
serve etc.
Side to Side
DRILL DESCRIPTION: partners face each other and stand about 10 feet apart. Set balls
back and forth and focus on using proper technique. One partner stands still while setting
and sets balls to the right and left of the other player forcing him to move laterally to get to
the ball. This player then sets the ball directly and accurately. Switch after 2-3 minutes.
Checkpoint: feet and shoulders are square to target.
Have a Seat
DRILL DESCRIPTION: 2 partners sit cross legged about 8-10 feet apart from each other.
They set the ball back and forth. This develops arm and wrist strength because the legs are
taken out of the set. Great drill for young players because it helps develop their strength and
coordination. Again, the idea is to get a high arcing lob on the ball and to get it to the
target. This drill can be difficult because the players are sitting down. However, it is an
excellent way to develop a young setter.
Competency Level
8-10 accurate tosses out of 10 attempts Proficient
5-7 accurate tosses out of 10 attempts Approaching Proficiency
2-4 accurate tosses out of 10 attempts Beginning Proficiency
Note: All Drills and Assessment Guidelines is adapted from Calicdan, Antonio V. et.al
2013. Physical Education 4 (Team Sports), Jimczyville Publications
LESSON 7
Rules and Regulations of the Game; Positions and Structures of Players; Game Officials
and their Duties
Objectives:

2. To familiarize oneself with the common terms used in volleyball.


game officials.
Volleyball is a sport played by two teams on a playing court divided by a net. There are
different versions available for specific circumstances in order to offer the versatility of the
game to everyone. The object of the game is to send the ball over the net in order to ground it
on the opponent’s court, and to prevent the same effort by the opponent. The team has three
hits for returning the ball (in addition to the block contact). The ball is put in play with a
service: hit by the server over the net to the opponents. The rally continues until the ball is
grounded on the playing court, goes “out” or a team fails to return it properly. In Volleyball, the
team winning a rally scores a point (Rally Point System). When the receiving team wins a rally,
it gains a point and the right to serve, and its players rotate one position clockwise Volleyball is
a complex game of simple skills.
Object of the Game
The object of volleyball is to hit the volleyball over the net (by only using your hands)
running through the center of the court whilst trying to get it to bounce in your opponent’s half.
The opposing team have to try and prevent the ball from bouncing before returning the ball.
Games are played out in best of 3 or 5 sets and the team with most sets at the end of the game
wins.
https://www.rulesofsport.com/sports/volleyball.html
Players & Equipment
There are six players on court in a volleyball team, who each must rotate one position
clockwise every time their team wins back service from the opposition. Only the three players
at the net positions can jump and spike or block near the net. The backcourt players can only hit
the ball over the net if they jump from behind the attack line, also known as the three-meter
line, which separates the front and back part of the court.
https://www.fivb.com/en/volleyball/thegame_glossary/basicvolleyballrules
Substitutes can be used throughout the game. There are no professional mixed sex teams.
Each player takes up a position in either the attacking zone (next to the net) or the defensive
zone (at the back of the court). Three players are in each zone and rotate in a clockwise position
after every point.
Each team gets up to two timeouts per set of 30 seconds each. After each set the number of
timeouts resets back to two regardless of how many have been used previously.

In 1998, the FIVB introduced a new specialist role: the libero. This player wears a
different colored uniform from the rest of the team and can be substituted in backcourt for any
player on the team. The libero cannot serve, spike the ball over the net or rotate into the front-
line positions, but plays a vital role for the team in serve reception and backcourt defense.
There must be at least one point played between a libero substituting off for a player and going
back on the court for another player – hence he/she cannot be on the court for the whole game.
The libero has added an extra dimension to backcourt defense, improving the reception of
teams, lengthening the rallies and giving a vital role to shorter players.
Volleyball has developed into a very specialized sport. Most teams will include in their
starting line-up a setter, two center blockers, two receiver-hitters and a universal spiker. Only
certain players will be involved with service reception. Players will also have specialist
positions for attack and defense. Substitutions are allowed during the game.
Since 1998, volleyball bas been using a new scoring system. Teams scored a point on
every rally (Rally Point System), regardless of which team served. Formerly, a team could only
win a point if it served the ball. Winning the serve back from the opposition was known as a
side-out.
A team can touch the ball three times on its side of the net. The usual pattern is a dig (an
underarm pass made with the forearms), a set (an overhead pass made with the hands) and a
spike (the overhead attacking shot). The ball is served into play. Teams can also try to block the
opponent's spike as it crosses the net. A block into your own court counts as one of your three
touches in beach volleyball, but not in volleyball.
Power and height have become vital components of international teams, but the ability of
teams and coaches to devise new strategies, tactics and skills has been crucial for continued
success.
The court is of a rectangular shape and measures 18m x 9m. Running across the court is a
2.43m high net with the ball measuring 8 inches in diameter and weighing between 9 and 10
ounces. Around the outlines of the court is an out of bounds area and if the ball were to bounce
in these sections, then a point would be awarded to the opposing team.
The ball is spiked from up to 60 cm above the height of a basketball hoop (about 3.65
meters) and takes fractions of a second to travel from the spiker to the receiver. That means the
receiver must assess incoming angle, decide where to pass the ball and then control their pass
in the blink of an eye. A purely rebound sport (you can't hold the ball), volleyball is a game of
constant motion.
Scoring

A player serving must do so from behind the base line and can use either an over or
underarm action and hit with only the hand. Once the serve has been made the sever can join
their team in-play and battle out the point.
To score a point the ball must hit the ground within the outlined section in your
opponent’s half. You can also score a point by your opponent failing to hit the outlined section
within your half or your opponent hitting the ball into the net. A point can be scored off either
team serve.
Each team is allowed to hit the ball three times before the ball must be returned. A
player is not allowed to hit the ball twice in succession. If the ball hits the boundary line, then
the ball is deemed to be in-play. The defensive team can jump and try to block the ball
returning to their side of the court. If a block attempt is made and the ball bounces in their
opponent’s half then a point is awarded. If after the block the ball bounces out then a point is
awarded to the opposing team.
Violations will be called for the following:
- Stepping over the base line when serving the ball.

- Ball hits the net and fails to get over the net (If the ball hits the net and still goes over
the net then this is perfectly legal).
- Players are not allowed to carry, palm or run with the ball.
- Players must not touch the net with any part of the body. If the net is said to have hit –
them rather than vice-versa, then this is ok.
-The ball cannot travel under the net.
- Players cannot reach over the net and hit the ball.
Matches are played best of five sets. The first four sets are played to 25 points, with the
final set being played to 15 points. If the scores reach 24-24 then the game is played until one
team leads by two.
A team must win a set by two points. There is no ceiling, so a set continues until one of the teams
gains a two-point advantage. Previously, all sets were to 15 points, with the first four sets having a
ceiling of 17 and the final set requiring at least a two-point winning advantage.
Winning the Game
To win the game you must score more points than your opponents. The best of 3 or 5 sets
are generally played and the winners will be the first team to reach the required number of sets.
SIMPLIFIED RULES

Volleyball rules are simple and can be learned quickly by beginners. The simplified
rules follow. The penalty for practically every foul is the loss of the ball for the side serving
and/or a point awarded to the non-fouling side.
1. The ball must be served by the right back from anywhere behind the rear line, and may
be hit in any manner with the hand.
2. Only one serve is allowed per side point and it must land within the opponents’ court. It
may touch the net as long as it goes over.
3. It is a foul for players to touch the net, or to step completely over the center line.
4. Lifting or throwing the ball while it is in play is a foul. The play must be a distinct hit
of the ball.
5. A ball landing on a boundary line is “in”.
6. A point is scored on each volley, by the team who wins the volley. You do not have to
be the serving team to score a point.
7. If a ball touches a player or a player touches a ball, he is considered as having played
the ball. If the ball hits 2 or more blockers after being spiked, it is considered as having
been played just once. A block is not considered as one of the three allowable hits.
8. The ball may be played only three times by one team in a volley, and a player may not
play it twice in succession but may play it twice if it is played by a teammate in
between.
9. Players of the serving team must rotate clockwise when receiving the ball to serve.
10. When two opponents simultaneously hit the ball out of bounds or touch the net at the
same time, the point is played over.
11. Players may shift position after the ball is served, but back row players are not
permitted to block or spike.
12. Balls may be played only with body parts above the waist. Ball may not be kicked.
13. First serve or choice of court side is decided by a coin toss. Teams alternate opening
serves with each game.
14. Net height is 8 feet for men, 7 feet 4 ¼ inches for women. Physical education classes
may adjust net height to age and ability of their students.
15. Players substituted for may return only for their replacement.
16. Ball may be blocked over the net, but may not be touched before the spike. You may
not block a set or serve.
17. Ball being spiked must be on your side of the net, but you may follow through over the
net.
18. Back row players may spike form behind the 10-foot spiking line.
Positions and Structures of Players
There are six positions on a volleyball court, and each position serves a unique role in the
success of the team. Just like other competitive teams, you need to depend on each player to not
only do their job but do their job well. Volleyball is extremely fast-paced and requires serious

athletic ability. Depending on your skill-set and which aspect of the game you excel in the
most, you can determine which of these six positions you will play.
Setter
The setter is the main contributor to the offense of the volleyball team. One of the requirements
of the setter is having a delicate touch to set the ball perfectly for one of the attacking players.
Communication is extremely important for the setter because they need to get the rest of the
players on the same page. Without the setter, there wouldn’t be hard spikes or technical ball
movement.
Outside Hitter
The outside hitter is also known as the left-side hitter and is the lead attacker in the offensive
strategy. To be a successful outsider hitter, you must be able to jump high, be quick on your
feet, and be ready to adapt to different situations. The volleyball won’t always be placed where
the outsider hitter would like, so they need to be prepared for hits from a variety of places.
Opposite Hitter
Also known as the right-side hitter, these players need to be a perfect balance of both offense
and defense. They will also get many opportunities to hit the volleyball, so similar to the
outside hitter, jumping ability is vital. The main difference that sets the opposite hitter apart is
their defensive responsibility. Being able to receive the serve from the opposing team is just
one of the many requirements of this specialized position.
Middle Blocker
The middle blocker, sometimes known as the middle hitter, is the tallest player on the
volleyball team. Their main role for the team is being the first line of defense against the
opposing team’s hits. The middle blocker needs to read the other team’s attackers to quickly
raise his or her arms above the net in a blocking attempt. However, this is not a defense-only
position. The middle blocker will have chances for quick points throughout the set.
Libero
The libero can become confusing for non-volleyball players. They can only play on the back
row of the court, and because of this, are the ideal person to receive a hit from the opposite
team. There are set rules the libero needs to follow, such as not attacking the ball at the net,
playing a set for an attacker from the front, and more. You can always tell a libero apart from
the rest of the team because they wear a different colored jersey.
Defensive Specialist
The thing that sets the defensive specialist apart from other volleyball positions is their ability
to substitute out any player on the court. This will count against the team’s total of 12

substitutions. The defensive specialist traditionally focuses on ball control and passing and
works well with the libero.
https://hoovermetcomplex.com/back-to-basics-volleyball-player-positions/
Volleyball Officials and Their Duties
As in most sporting competitions, volleyball employs referees in order to control the flow of
the game and enforce the rules. The volleyball referee team includes the first referee, the
second referee, the scorer and two-line judges. Without the referee team, the fast-paced game
could easily get out of hand if disputes regarding rules were to arise.
Scorers
The official scorer keeps track of the score throughout the volleyball game. Before the game
begins the scorer notes the starting lineup of each team and notifies the referees if the lineup
was not received on time.
If a dispute or irregularity arises regarding the score, the scorer uses a buzzer to notify the first
and second referees. Additionally, when a substitution request arises, the scorer notifies the
referees.
Line Judges
At least two, and as many as four, line judges monitor each game. The line judges stand at the
corners of the court watching the lines to indicate whether a ball in play falls in or out of the
court.
If a server steps on the line during a serve, the line judge watching the given line notifies the
referees using a flag. When a player touches an out-of-play ball or if the ball hits an antenna,
the designated line judge also indicates the interference.
First Referee
The first referee stands on the referee stand and controls the play of the entire game. Whatever
issues arise during the game, the first referee determines the call and the has the final say. After
making a call, no player or other referee can argue the call, although a formal protest can be
placed with the scorer.
Before the match begins, the first referee inspects the equipment and the players' uniforms. The
warm-ups and the coin toss also fall under the jurisdiction of the first referee.
Throughout the match, the first referee makes calls regarding faults and scoring issues.
Following the match, the first referee notes the score and signs the official paperwork.

Second Referee
The second referee works to assist the first referee throughout the game. If for some reason the
first referee cannot finish her duties, the second referee may take the place of the first referee.
The second referee stands next to the post opposite the first referee. In addition to assisting the
first referee with determining faults throughout the game, the second referee is in charge of all
substitutions, timeouts and the actions of the scorer's table.
https://www.sportsrec.com/504918-how-to-officiate-a-game-of-volleyball.html
LESSON 8
Hand Signals
Objectives:
3. To execute the different hand signals in volleyball through actual officiating.
4. To apply the basic rules of volleyball through actual officiating.
Hand signals is important during the game, both for table officials and the referees.
For Official Referees:


For Line Judges:
https://usavolleyball.org/resource/officials-hand-signals-for-indoor/
VOLLEYBALL GLOSSARY
1. Ace serve – any serve delivered in such a manner that the opponents are unable to receive it.
2. Block – Defensive play by players (or a player) in the forward position who places their hands and
arms above the net so that a spiked ball rebounds into the opponents’ court or back to their own.
3. Bump pass – The forearm pass made on low balls.
4. Carrying the ball – The ball must be clearly batted. If it rests momentarily in the player’s hands, it
is considered illegal.
5. Dead ball – A ball out of play following a point, side out, or any other decision of the referee
temporarily suspending play.

6. Dig pass – A pass made with the hand slightly cupped or with the fist of one hand, usually on a
difficult play.
7. Dink – A soft shot off the fingertips used when faking a spike.
8. Double foul – Infraction of rules by both teams during the same play. Results in a replay of the
point.
9. Double hit – A ball hit twice in succession by the same player in a single attempt to play the ball.
10. Forearm pass – A pass made off the forearms. Used to play served balls, hard-driven spikes, or
any low ball.
11. Free ball – A return of a ball by the opponent that may be easily handled.
12. Game Point - That situation in a game when a team is within one point of winning the game.
13. Kill – A spike that cannot be returned.
14. Overhand pass – A pass made by contacting the ball above the head with the finger pads.
15. Point – A point is scored when a team fails to return the ball legally to the opponents’ court.
16. Rotation – Shifting of the players, clockwise, when gaining the ball from the opponents.
17. Serve – The method of putting the ball in play over the net by striking it with the hand.
18. Set – The placement of the ball near the net to facilitate spiking.
19. Setter – Person assigned to set the ball.
20. Side out – Side is out when the serving team fails to win a point or plays the ball illegally.
21. Spike – A ball hit with a strong downward force into the opponents’ court.
22. Spiker – Person assigned to spike the ball.
1. Group/Pair reporting
2. Return demonstration (by pair)
3. Actual game (by team)
4. Basic Officiating (by team)
CHAPTER 3
SOFTBALL
Objectives:
1. To trace the brief history of softball.
2. To discuss the nature of the game.
3. To analyze the development of the game softball.
4. To appreciate the contribution of different countries to the development of the game.
LESSON 1
History of the Game
Although many people assume that softball was derived from baseball, the sport’s first game
actually came about because of a football game. The history of softball dates back to
Thanksgiving Day of 1887, when several alumni sat in the Chicago, Illinois Farragut Boat
Club, anxiously awaiting the outcome of the Yale versus Harvard football game. When Yale
was announced as winner, a Yale alumnus playfully threw a boxing glove at a Harvard
supporter. The Harvard fan swung at the balled-up glove with a stick, and the rest of the group
looked on with interest. George Hancock, a reporter for the Chicago Board of Trade, jokingly
called out, “Play ball!” and the first softball game commenced with the football fans using the
boxing glove as a ball and a broom handle in place of a bat.
Due to the initial excitement surrounding the game, the Farragut Boat Club decided to officially
devise their own set of rules, and the game quickly leaked to outsiders in Chicago and,
eventually, throughout the rest of the Midwestern U.S. As the history of softball shaped itself
over the next decade, the game went under the guise of “indoor baseball,” “kitten baseball,”
“diamond ball,” “mush ball,” and “pumpkin ball.” In 1926, Walter Hakanson coined the term
“softball” while representing the YMCA at a National Recreation Congress meeting, and by
1930, the term stuck as the sport’s official name.
In 1934, the Joint Rules Committee on Softball collaborated to create a set of standardized
rules. Up until this point, the game was being played with varied rules, player positions, and
ball sizes. The original softball used by the Farragut Boat Club was 16 inches in circumference.
However, Lewis Rober Sr., the man responsible for organizing softball games for firefighters in
Minneapolis, used a 12-inch ball. Rober’s ball won out as the preferred softball size, and
professional softball games today are played using a 10–12-inch ball. However, many
Chicagoans still hold fast to the belief that real softball is played using a 16-inch ball. Games
using these 16-inch balls are often referred to as “cabbage ball,” “super slow pitch,” and “mush
ball,” and unlike competitive softball, players are not allowed to wear fielding gloves.
While the sport was originally advertised as an indoor game for baseball players looking to
maintain their dexterity during the off season, it gained so much popularity and recognition that
it quickly became its own official sport. In 1991, women’s fast pitch softball was added to the
roster of the 1996 Summer Olympics—a landmark many people recognize as the ultimate
success of a sport. Although softball was later dropped from the 2012 Summer Olympics
lineup, the game is still one of the most popular participant sports in the United States and 113
countries have officially joined the International Softball Federation since the organization’s
formation in 1952.
According to the official rules developed early in the history of softball, and eventually defined
by the International Softball Federation, there are nine players on the field at a time. The
players take the positions of pitcher, catcher, first baseman, second baseman, shortstop, third
baseman, and outfielder. Usually, there are three outfielders holding the positions of right

fielder, left fielder, and center fielder. However, slow pitch softball allows for a fourth person
in the outfield. Similar to baseball, the team with the most runs at the end of the seventh inning
is named the winner. However, if the teams are tied at the end of the seventh inning, the game
can go into extra innings, until the tie is broken.
Today, softball is one of the most popular sports in the country, and an estimated 40 million
Americans engage in at least one softball game each year. Because it can be played on either a
field or an indoor arena, softball games are played year-round and involve teams with players
as young as 8 years old and some players over 60 years in age. Softball is sometimes played by
co-recreational leagues, where both women and men play on the same teams, but the rules are
generally modified to reduce physical inequalities between the sexes. Often, companies and
organizations form amateur coed teams to play for benefits and charity fund-raiser events.
The history of softball is still unfolding, and the game has undergone numerous modifications
since its creation in 1887, but it is still one of the most preferred sports games in the country
and has developed a following in several countries throughout the world, especially in
Australia, China, and Japan. Loved by amateurs and professionals of all ages and athletic
backgrounds, the world can only anticipate what is in store for the future of America’s other
favorite pastime. https://www.athleticscholarships.net/history-of-softball.htm
The International Softball Federation (ISF)is the international governing body for the sport
softball. ISF is a non-profit corporation recognized by the International Olympic Committee
(IOC) and sport accord (formerly the General Association of International Sports
Federations)
Women’s softball became recently competitive with the first softball appearance in the
Women’s World Championships in 1965. Originally, pitchers were encouraged to throw the
ball softly because of the widespread belief that a hard throw could break the batter’s bones. As
time went on, the belief in women’s fragility faded and women became more adept to the fast
pitches. In 1996, fast pitch softball was added as an official sport in the women’s summer
Olympics. Currently, women’s fast pitch is played more competitively at the high school,
collegiate, and professional levels while slow-pitched softball is played more as a social
activity by both genders.
https://www.classicalhistorian.com/jessicas-blog/the-development-of-softball
ASAPHIL is the governing body of softball in the Philippines, they are the one who implement
and organize the softball game during the higher competition in the country.
LESSON 2
Nature of the Game

Softball is a game that is played with a bat and ball between two teams. The field is made up of
two parts; the infield and the outfield. In the infield, four bases form a diamond, with the
pitcher’s mound in the middle. The outfield is often made up of grass. Much like in its
relative’s game, baseball, the defensive team stands on the field while the offensive team bats.
In order to score, a player must hit the ball with the bat and run around the four bases. The
batter starts at home plate and passes through first, second, and third until he comes back to
home. In a typical game, after each team has had seven at bats, the team with the most runs
wins. Three of the currently biggest differences softball has with baseball are; the ball is bigger,
pitchers underhand the ball, and it is mostly a women’s sport.
https://www.classicalhistorian.com/jessicas-blog/the-development-of-softball
Fast pitch softball is played between two teams on a large field, with 9 players from one team
on the field at a time. Slow-pitch softball is played with ten fielders but can be played with nine
if needed. The field is usually composed of a dirt or brick-dust (colloquially called
"sand") infield that contains the shape and running areas of a diamond and a grass outfield.
However, the field can consist of other solid and dry surfaces such as artificial turf or asphalt.
There are four bases on the infield: First base, second base, third base, and home plate. The
bases are arranged in a square and are typically 60 feet (18 m) apart. Near the center of this
square is the pitcher's mound, and within the circle is the "rubber", a small flat rectangular
piece of rubber about a foot and a half in length. The rubber can be 40 or 43 feet away in fast
pitch, or 43, 46 or 50 feet in slow pitch, from home plate, depending on age level and the
league one is playing in.
The object of the game is to score more runs (points) than the other team by batting (hitting) a
ball into play and running around the bases, touching each one in succession. The ball is a
sphere of light material, covered with leather or synthetic material. It is 11 to 12 inches
(28–30 cm) (or, rarely, 16 in or 41 cm) in circumference. The game is officiated by one or more
neutral umpires. Players and umpires are generally free to ask for a brief stoppage at any time
when the ball is not in play (called a time out), or immediately following a play once its
outcome is clear.
The game is played in usually seven innings. Each inning is divided into a top half, in which
the away team bats and tries to score runs, while the home team occupies the field and tries to
record three outs; then a bottom half, when the teams' roles are reversed. Some leagues play
with a reduced number of innings or with a time limit, rather than the traditional seven innings.
To start play, the offense sends a batter to home plate. The batting order must be fixed at the
start of the game, and players may not bat out of turn. The defense's pitcher stands atop the
rubber and pitches the ball towards home plate using an underhand motion. In fast pitch, the
pitcher is allowed to take one step back prior to releasing the ball during the forward
movement. The batter attempts to hit the pitched ball with a bat, a long, round, smooth stick
made of wood, metal or composite. If the pitcher throws three strikes against a batter, then the
batter is out and the next batter in the order comes up to bat. A strike is recorded any time a
batter swings at and misses a pitch or when a batter hits a ball foul (out of play). A strike is also
recorded any time the batter does not swing at a pitch that crosses home plate within an area
known as the strike zone. In fast pitch, to be within the strike zone, the pitch must cross over

home plate, and as it crosses it must be above the knees and slightly below the shoulders
(roughly the armpit or the shirt logo). The strike zone therefore varies from batter to batter. In
slow pitch, the ball must land on a carpet or marked area behind the plate, therefore
standardizing the strike zone. A pitch outside the strike zone is a ball. If the batter reaches four
balls, the batter is awarded the first base in what is known as a "walk". The umpire behind
home plate is the sole arbiter of balls and strikes. A foul ball may or may not result in a
strikeout dependent upon what association and local league rules. However, bunting a foul ball
does result in a strikeout. In some associations and leagues, bunting is not allowed and results
in an out. Also, if a player has two strikes, swinging and partially hitting the ball can result in
an out if the catcher manages to catch the tipped ball.
The batter attempts to swing the bat and hit the ball fair (into the field of play). After a
successful hit the batter becomes a base runner (or runner) and must run to first base. The
defense attempts to field the ball and may throw the ball freely between players, so one player
can field the ball while another moves to a position to put out the runner. The defense
can tag the runner, by touching the runner with the ball while the runner is not on a base. The
defense can also touch first base while in possession of the ball; in this case it is sufficient to
beat the batter to first base and an actual tag of the batter is unnecessary. A runner is said to be
"thrown out" when the play involves two or more defensive players. Runners generally cannot
be put out when touching a base, but only one runner may occupy a base at any time and
runners may not pass each other. When a ball is batted into play, runners generally must
attempt to advance if there are no open bases behind them; for example, a runner on first base
must run to second base if the batter puts the ball in play. In such a situation, the defense can
throw to the base that the lead runner is attempting to take (a force out), and the defense can
then also throw to the previous base. This can result in a multiple-out play: a double play is two
outs, while a triple play, a very rare occurrence, is three outs. Runners with an open base
behind them are not forced to advance and do so at their own risk; the defense must tag such
runners directly to put them out rather than tagging the base.
A ball hit in the air and caught before hitting the ground, in fair or foul territory, puts the batter
out. A fly ball is a ball hit high and deep, a pop fly is a ball hit high but short, and a line drive is
a ball hit close to the horizontal. After the catch, runners must return to their original bases; if
the defense throws the ball to that base before the runner returns, the runner is out as well,
resulting in a double play. A runner who remains on the base until the ball is touched, or returns
to the base (tags up) after the catch, may try to advance to the next base, at the risk of being
tagged out between bases. As in baseball, the infield fly rule applies in some game situations to
prevent the defense from recording multiple force outs by deliberately dropping an easy catch.
Offensive strategy is mostly just to hit the ball skillfully to let the batter reach base and advance
other runners around the bases to score runs. The count of balls and strikes indicates how
aggressive the batter should be. The offense may try to sacrifice, with the batter deliberately
making an out in order to advance runners. Defensive strategy is more complex, as particular
situations (number of outs and positions of base-runners) and particular batters call for different
positioning of fielders and different tactical decisions. The defense may decide to allow a run if
it can achieve one or multiple outs. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball

LESSON 3
Objectives:
3. To identify the different facilities and equipment required in softball game.
4. To familiarize with the specifications of different facilities and equipment.
The Playing Field
The playing field is divided into 'fair territory' and 'foul territory'. Fair territory is further
divided into the 'infield', and the 'outfield', and the territory beyond the outfield fence.
The field is defined by 'foul lines' that meet at a right angle at 'home plate'. The minimum
length of the baselines varies classification of play. A fence running between the baselines
defines the limits of the field; distance from home plate to the fence varies by field. The width
of the field is the distance between the 'foul poles', which are erected where the foul lines meet
the fence, and are about 310 to 420 feet (94 to 128 m) apart.
Behind home plate is a 'backstop'. It must be between 25 and 30 feet (7.62 and 9.14 meters)
behind home plate depending on the type of division that is playing.
'Home Plate' is one corner of a diamond with 'bases' at each corner. The bases other than home
plate are 15 in (38 cm) square, of canvas or a similar material, and not more than 5 in (13 cm)
thick. The bases are usually securely fastened to the ground. The bases are numbered counter
clockwise as first base, second base, and third base. Often, but not always, outside first base
(that is, in foul territory) and adjacent and connected to it, there is a contrast-colored "double
base" or "safety base". It is intended to prevent collisions between the first baseman and the
runner. The runner runs for the foul portion of the double base after hitting the ball while the
fielding team tries to throw the ball to the regular first base before the runner reaches the safety
base. However, not all softball diamonds have these safety bases and they are much more
common in women's softball than in men. The double base is required in ISF championships.
The infield consists of the diamond and the adjacent space in which the infielders normally
play. The outfield is the remaining space between the baselines and between the outfield fence
and the infield. The infield is usually "skinned" (dirt), while the outfield has grass in regulation
competitions.
Near the center of the diamond is the pitching plate, or colloquially "rubber". In fast pitch, a
skinned circle 16 feet (4.88 meters) in diameter known as the pitching circle is around the
pitching plate.

A field is officially required to have a warning track between 15 and 12 feet (5 and 4 meters)
from the outfield fence. However, if the game is being played on a field larger than required, no
warning track is required before the temporary outfield fencing.
Located in foul territory outside both baselines are two coach's boxes. Each box is behind a line
15 feet (5 meters) long located 12 feet (3 meters) from each baseline
Illustration of the Playing Field:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball

Equipment
Equipment required in softball includes a ball, a bat (composite, metal or wooden),
gloves, uniforms and protective gear. For example, helmets for the offensive team and a
helmet, shin guards, and chest protector for the defensive catcher. Also cleats, sliding shorts,
face masks and knee sliders may be worn for softball.
Ball
Despite the sport's name, the ball is not soft at all. The size of the ball varies according to the
classification of play; the permitted circumferences in international play are 12-0.125 in (30.5-
0.3 cm), in mass between 6.25 and 7.0 oz (177–198 g) in fast pitch and adults and males 13 and
older for slow pitch, 11-0.125 in (27.9-0.3 cm), mass between 5.875 and 6.125 oz
(166.6–173.6 g) in slow pitch for females 18 and younger, and kids 12 and younger. For
comparison, under the current rules of Major League Baseball, a baseball has a mass between 5
and 5+1⁄4 ounces (142–149 g), and is 9 to 9+1⁄4 inches (229–235 mm) in circumference
(2+7⁄8–3 in or 73–76 mm in diameter). A 12-inch circumference ball is generally used in slow
pitch, although in rare cases some leagues (especially recreational leagues) do use a 14-inch
circumference ball. Some balls have a raised seam, and others do not. The ball is most often
covered in white or yellow leather in two pieces roughly the shape of a figure-8 and sewn
together with red thread, although other coverings are permitted. The core of the ball may be
made of long fiber kapok, or a mixture of cork and rubber, or a polyurethane mixture, or
another approved material.[26]
In 2004, high-visibility yellow "optic" covering, long-used for restricted flight balls in co-ed
recreational leagues, became standard for competitive play. Yellow is the color of official
NCAA and NAIA softballs. Yellow softballs are fast becoming the standard for all levels of
play for girls' and women's play in particular. White balls are also allowed, but are very
uncommon in slow pitch and fast pitch.
16-inch Softball
In Chicago, where softball was invented, it remains traditional to play with a ball 16 inches (41
centimeters) in circumference. The fielders do not wear gloves or mitts. A 16" softball when
new is rough and hard, with hand and finger injuries to fielders frequent if they do not "give"
when receiving a ball, but the ball "breaks in" slightly during a game and continues to soften
over time with continued play. A well-broken-in ball is called a mush ball and is favored for
informal "pick-up" games and when playing in limited space, such as a city street (because the
ball does not go as far). A 16-inch ball is also used for wheelchair softball.
Bat
The bat used by the batter can be made of wood, aluminum, or composite materials such as
carbon fiber. Sizes may vary but they may be no more than 34 inches (86 cm) long, 2.4 inches
(6 cm) in diameter, or 38 ounces (1.1 kg) in mass. The standard bat barrel diameter for both
slow pitch and fast pitch softball is 21⁄4 inches. Many players prefer a smaller barrel, which

reduces mass and allows higher swing speed. Although there are a variety of bats used, there
are several that are banned due to performance enhancement. These bats are determined to be
illegal by the Amateur Softball Association of America. For example, with a thinner wall, the
ball recoils faster off the bat, allowing it to travel further. Major League Softball, played at
Recreational Parks, include a variety of teams; Men's, Women's, Co-Ed. Each League has its
own specific regulations with bats, but most must be approved by the Amateur Softball
Association. Many bats may be "doctored" or "juiced" in a sense that they are end loaded,
shaved and or painted. End loading of a cap refers to the addition of weight manually placed at
the end of the barrel to distribute more weight at the tip. Shaving bats require machine use in
order to remove the inner walls of the bat to improve elasticity. Lastly, painting bats is done
because competitors purchase "illegal" bats that are dangerous and hazardous to the opposing
team. These three "doctored" and "juiced" techniques are banned from Leagues, but are still
done today.
Gloves
Fielding in softball
All defensive players wear fielding gloves, made of leather or similar material. Gloves have
webbing between the thumb and forefinger, known as the "pocket". No part of the glove is
allowed to be the same color as that of the ball, including that of its seams. Pitchers are also not
allowed to have any white on their gloves including the seams. It is up to the umpire's
discretion if he or she believes that any coloring on the glove interferes with or hinders the
batter from seeing the ball clearly. Gloves used in softball are larger than the ones used in
baseball. No glove larger than 14 in (36 cm) can be used in ASA (American Softball
Association) sanctioned play.
While extremely rare in recreational play, there are sometimes different size gloves for
different positions on the field. Catchers and 1st baseman have what is called a mitt, whose
pockets are larger than other gloves. These are more padded. An outfielder's glove is smaller
than the catcher's, typically 12 inches to 13 inches for fast pitch softball or 12 to 15 inches for
slow pitch. An infielder's glove is the smallest, typically from 11.5 inches to 13 inches. A
pitcher's glove is typically 11.5 to 12.5 inches for fast pitch or 11.5 to 13 inches for slow pitch.
However, in recreational and church leagues, these sizing rules do not apply, and everyone
wears their own glove at a size that fits their hand.
Uniform
Each team wears a distinctive uniform. The uniform may include a cap, a shirt displaying team
colors and the players' number, sliding undershorts/compression shorts (optional), socks, and
pants/athletic shorts. The team is required to have all of its members wear the same uniform.

Caps, visors, and headbands are optional for female players, and have to be the same color.
Caps are mandatory for male players. A fielder who chooses to wear a helmet or face mask is
not required to wear a cap.
Many players use "sliding shorts", otherwise known as compression shorts in other sports.
These can be outfitted with a pouch for fitting a protective cup for male players. These shorts
also help to protect the upper thigh when sliding into a base. "Sliders" may also be worn for
similar protection. These are somewhat padded shinguards that extend usually from the ankle to
the knee of the wearer and wrap all the way around the leg(s). They protect the shin, calf, etc.
from getting bruised or damaged while sliding into home plate and make it much more
comfortable to slide into the plate. Some male players use long, baseball-style pants. However,
some female players now wear a shorter version of baseball pants.
At the back of the uniform, an Arabic numeral from numbers 0 through 99 must be visible.
Numbers such as 02 and 2 are considered identical. Also, on the back of the uniforms players'
names are optional.
All players are required to wear shoes. They may have cleats or spikes. The spikes must extend
less than 0.75 in (19 mm) away from the sole. Rounded metal spikes are illegal, as are ones
made from hard plastic or other synthetic materials. High school athletes are sometimes
permitted to wear metal cleats, such as in Ohio.
Many recreational leagues prohibit the use of metal cleats or spikes to reduce the possible
severity of injuries when a runner slides feet-first into a fielder. At all youth (under 15) levels,
in co-ed (the official terminology for mixed teams) slow pitch, and in modified pitch, metal
spikes are usually not allowed.
Protective equipment
Catcher wearing a helmet and chest protector

A helmet must have two ear flaps, one on each side. Helmets and cages that are damaged or
altered are forbidden. Helmets must be worn by batters and runners. In NCAA fastpitch
softball, players have the option to wear a helmet with or without a face mask. Most female
travel ball teams for fastpitch softball require the batter to wear a helmet with a face mask. In
male fastpitch masks are generally only used for medical reasons. In fastpitch, the catcher must
wear a protective helmet with a face-mask and throat protector, shin guards and body
protector. Shin guards also protect the kneecap.
In slow pitch, the catcher must wear a helmet, chest protector and mask at youth levels. At
adult levels, there is no formal requirement for the catcher to wear a mask, although the official
rules recommend it. A catcher may optionally wear a body protector in adult slow pitch.
While mandatory for the pitcher in some slow pitch leagues, there is an option to wear a face
mask on the field. It is recommended in lower age groups. It must be in proper condition and
not damaged, altered, or the like. This is intended to prevent facial injuries.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball

LESSON 4
Basic Skills in Softball
Objectives:
1. To identify the different basic skills in softball.

2. To appreciate the importance of each basic skills in softball.
3. To demonstrate the appropriate procedure in executing the different basic skills in
softball.
Playing softball competitively or recreationally requires a set of basic skills which include
catching, throwing, fielding, hitting/batting and base running. A beginner players must take
time to practice the right techniques on the following basic skills because even seasoned
players must continue practicing in order to improve their performance.
Infield
The infield is the first line of defense behind the pitcher and will generally make more
defensive plays than the outfield. Key positions that make up the infield include the:
Pitcher
Catcher
1st Base
2nd Base
Third base
Shortstop
Infield players are responsible for fielding ground balls, catching fly balls, throwing to various
bases, covering bases, backing up and tagging runners. It is important for all players to develop
the basic fundamentals in any position to be successful, there are usually four common qualities
that characterize a good infielder. These include the ability to be alert on every pitch thrown
and make the right play, an eagerness or aggressiveness to go after the ball rather than waiting
for it to come to them, good reflexes and the ability to move quickly in all directions and no
fear of hard-hit balls or oncoming baserunners.
Outfield
The outfield is sometimes considered less demanding than the infield, however a strong
defensive outfield will execute important outs, and like the infield, will make a valuable
contribution to the game. Key positions in the outfield include:
Left Field
Centre Field; and

Right Field
Outfield players are responsible for catching fly balls, fielding ground balls, throwing to
infielders at various bases including home plate, covering bases from time to time and backing
up. Whilst it is important for all players to develop the basic fundamentals in any position to be
successful, there are usually three common qualities that characterize a good outfielder.
These include the ability to position themselves properly for different batters and different
situations, react to the batted ball quickly and possess a strong accurate throw.
Selecting a fielding glove
There is a tremendous range of gloves available for players to choose from. They vary in size
and style to suit players needs and positions played. When making a selection it is important
that the player can control the glove, so the weight and size of it are important criteria to
consider.
Getting familiar with a fielding glove
For a right-handed thrower the glove is placed on the left hand

For a left-handed thrower the glove is place on the right hand
Place the thumb in the section marked Thumb
Place the index and middle fingers
Place the pinkie and ring fingers
Catch the ball in the pocket of the glove
On impact squeeze the thumb and fingers together to close the glove around the ball
Note: Using the fielding glove is explained in terms of the glove pictured which is a glove for a
right-handed thrower.
Throwing
Throwing is one of the two most important defensive skills a player must learn in softball. A
quick and accurate throw can make it hard for the opposing team to advance their runners or
make a score. Softball players should practice the right throwing technique in order to hit their
targets quickly, precisely and consistently.
Preparing to throw:
Once the ball is secured take the glove and throwing hand to the throwing shoulder
Turn the glove towards the body
Use the throwing hand to reach in the glove and grip the caught ball
Bring the body to the 'Set Position' for throwing by using either a crow hop or crossover
step
Gripping the ball 'Set Position' for throwing
Executing an overhand throw

Throwing grip:
Hold the ball in the fingers not the palm
Hold the ball with 2, 3 or 4 fingers on top of the ball
Fingers are placed across the seams
Aim to have the thumb on the seam directly under the ball
Hold the ball firmly but not rigidly
Set position:
Stand side on and point the glove hand shoulder and elbow at the target.
Feet are slightly wider than shoulder width apart
Head is over the belly button
Throwing hand is extended back with the elbow above the shoulder
Fingers and ball are pointing away from the body
Head remains still and level with eyes looking at the target
Throwing technique:
Throw starts with an extended walking step using the foot opposite to the throwing hand
Step should be straight at the target
Rotate hips, then body and then shoulders to the throwing side as weight is driven off
back foot and transferred onto the front foot
Weight transfers to the front foot as arm comes forward and over the top. Fingers are
behind the ball
Ball hand trails the elbow until the shoulders are square
As the arm comes forward the wrist is under the ball and wrist is kept cocked
Ball is released at a 'high five' position with wrist snap toward the target
Follow through:
After release the body continues forward rotation until the throwing shoulder is pointing
at the target and weight is on the front foot
Throwing hand continues down and past the opposite hip and knee
Catching
The right catching skills allow a player not only to catch the ball without getting hurt but also to
position him to throw the ball precisely. The fact is that catching and throwing are two of the
fundamental defensive skills in softball. The ability to catch and throw a ball is very important
as this enables a player to throw out a baserunner who attempting to advance to the next base.
Catching a thrown ball
Catching sequence:
Hold the glove open in front of the chest with the palm facing the thrower
After the ball is released, move the body in line with the thrown ball

Adjust the glove position depending on the location of the throw:

If the ball is above the waist, fingers of the glove point up
If the ball is below the waist, fingers of the glove point down
Watch the ball into the glove
Catch the ball in the pocket of the glove, not the fingers
Squeeze the glove closed and cover the glove with the throwing hand
As the ball enters the glove 'give' with the hands and arms to cushion its impact and
draw the ball and glove towards the body Take the glove and ball to the throwing shoulder as
the throwing hand reaches into the glove to grip the ball ready to throw
Ready position ;
Body position:
Face the thrower
Feet are shoulder width apart and parallel
Bend the knees slightly with weight evenly distributed
Hold both hands chest high with the glove open to the ball, fingers up and thumbs
together
Body movement:
Move the body behind the ball using a shuffle step or cross over step depending on the
accuracy of the throw
Catching technique:
Catch the ball in the pocket of the glove
Draw the hands slightly back towards the body to 'soften' the impact of the ball into the
glove
Catching below the waist the fingers are pointing down with the little fingers together
Catching above the waist the fingers are pointing up with the thumbs together
Secure the ball by squeezing the glove around the ball after impact and covering the
glove with the throwing hand
Fielding
Fielding is another essential defensive skill that a softball team must master. Good team
fielding makes it difficult for the opposition to score runs. Players are drilled on the right way
of fielding a ball that hit on the ground as well as in the air. Fielding drills is also involve
knowing where to throw the ball. Many times, fielders must rehearse particular play so they
will know where to throw the ball if it is hit to them.
Fielding a ground ball

Fielding sequence:
Move behind the path of the ball and set feet slightly wider than shoulder width apart
Bend the knees and lean from the waist with the weight on the inside part of the balls of
the feet
Lean forward from the waist so that the glove touches the ground in front of the body.
(Players should be able to see their elbows)
Hold the glove wide open facing the ball with the fingers of the glove pointing down
The throwing hand is close to and beside the glove
Watch the middle of the ball into the glove
Close the glove and cover it with the throwing hand to secure the ball firmly
In one continuous motion grip the ball and transfer the glove and ball to the throwing
shoulder ready to throw
Ready position
Body position:
Have the feet slightly wider than shoulder width apart
Weight is forward, but spread along the inside part of the balls of the feet
Bend the knees with the bottom low to the ground (like sitting on a milk crate)
Keep the head up with eyes focused on the batter
Keep the upper body relaxed
Hand position:
Keep the hands low
Glove touching the ground
Have the elbows out in front of the knees and not locked in
Fielding technique
Body position:
Get into the path of the ball
The body must stay low, with knees well bent and bottom low
Feet should be at least shoulder width apart
The striding foot should be slightly ahead of the pivot foot
Move the head only to enable you to watch the ball into the glove
Body should be directly facing the oncoming ball
Hand position:
Keep hands well out in front of the body
Glove should touch the ground
Field the ball from the ground up
Hold the glove wide open facing the ball
As the ball hits the glove elbows 'give' with the ball
Once secured, use the throwing hand to grip the ball inside the glove

In one continuous motion take the glove and ball over the throwing shoulder ready to
throw
Preparing to throw:
Bring the ball in the glove straight up from the ground to the belly button/stomach. This
is sometimes coined 'up the funnel'.
Turn the body side-on to the target using either a crow hop or crossover step
Take the ball and glove directly to the overhand throwing position (no windup)
Point the glove side elbow to the target
Commence throwing progression
Fielding a fly ball
Fielding sequence:
Move feet and body under the ball
Hands are above the head and in front of the line of the body
Hold the glove wide open facing the ball with the fingers of the glove pointing up
The throwing hand is close to and beside the glove to secure the ball
Watch the middle of the ball into the glove
On impact close the glove and cover it with the throwing hand to secure the ball
Let hands and arms give to soften the impact as the catch is made
Bring the glove to the throwing shoulder ready to throw
Ready position
Body position:
Have the feet shoulder width apart
The body is more upright for outfielders than for infielders:
knees are bent less
hands are further from the ground
Keep the head up with eyes focused on the batter
Keep the upper body relaxed
Body movement:
Run to get under the ball as quickly as possible
If the ball is hit beyond the fielder avoid running backwards to get to the ball
If the ball is hit to the left turn to the left to get to the ball
If the ball is hit to the right turn to the right to get to the ball
Catching technique:
Watch the ball all the way into the glove
Catch the ball as close as possible to the throwing shoulder
Catch the ball with the fingers of the glove pointing up
On impact close the glove and cover it with the throwing hand to secure the ball

Let hands and arms give to 'soften' the impact as the catch is made
Once the ball is secured prepare to throw using either a crow hops or cross over step
Pitching
Basic pitching technique
Pitching grip:
Hold the ball in the tips of the fingers and not in the palm
Grip the ball comfortably but do not strain
Hold the ball firmly to avoid slipping from the fingers
Place the fingers in contact with the seams whenever possible
Release the ball off the ends of the fingers
Pitching sequence
Stance:
Ensure both feet are in contact with the plate
Feet are approximately shoulder width apart, with the pivot foot at the front of the plate
and the stride (leg) foot at the back
Shoulders and hips must be in line with first and third base
Hold the ball in both hands in front of the body
The entire body must remain motionless for at least 2 seconds but not more than 5
seconds
Pump (drive phase):

Weight is transferred back on to the stride leg
Glove and pitching hand extend down as the body moves over the front leg and into a
sprint position
In this position the weight is loaded onto the front leg
Glove and pitching arm are usually in the middle of the body or slightly towards the
throwing side
Stride:
Take an explosive stride straight towards the catcher by driving the stride leg up and out
with the glove arm and pitching arm
Accompany the stride with a hard push off the plate by the back (pivot) foot
During the stride the pitching arm reaches the top of the arm circle (above your head)
and the back foot pivots (squash the bug) allowing the hips and shoulders to rotate away from
the batter (right-handed towards Third base, left-handed towards 1st Base).
Point the toes of the stride foot almost towards the catcher (45degree tolerance)
The back leg continues to maintain weight as it drives forward off the plate
The body moves from a forward lean (pump) to an upright or very slightly back

For beginners use an exaggerated or extended walking step
Pitching arm action:

Move the pitching arm in a complete circle by bringing it straight up the front and
straight down the back of the body
Extend the arm but keep it relaxed
At the top of the circle, have the arm close to the head by brushing the ear as it passes
the head
Ensure the arm makes the largest circle possible for maximum force
Point your glove to the target to maintain balance and direction
Delivery phase:
Drive the total body weight towards the catcher
Stride foot lands on the ground with knee flexed to absorb shock
Toes should be at about a 45º angle
As the stride foot is planted drive the back (pivot) foot forward directly to the target
This causes the hips to rotate back towards the batter, followed by the trunk and the
shoulders
At this stage the pitching arm has come from above the head and is well on the way
down with the ball still facing out and the wrist cocked
At this point ensure that the shoulders are back in line with the hips. This is achieved by
ensuring the glove arm remains at shoulder height and out in front of the body whilst pointing
to the target.
Whilst the hips and the shoulders remain open with the glove arm coming down, snap
the wrist alongside the thigh region to release the ball
It is important to keep the pitching shoulder back during release
At this time the back leg is beginning to straighten in order to drive the hips square
immediately
AFTER the release of the ball

If the hips square up too soon this will prevent the pitching arm from staying in line to
the target and inhibit the speed of the wrist snapping action
Follow through:
Allow the pitching arm to continue forward naturally
Allow the back (pivot) foot to come forward naturally to a position parallel with the
stride foot
The body should be well forward with the weight over the toes and distributed evenly
on both feet
Summary:
Basic Pitching Technique
Stance:

Ensure both feet contact the plate and are shoulder width apart
Pump:
Weight is loaded on to the front leg (pivot foot) leg with hands and glove in front of the
body
Stride:
Take an explosive stride but ensure weight is maintained on the back (pivot) leg
Arm circle/delivery:
Hips and shoulders remain open
Snap the wrist at the thigh region Follow through
Back (pivot) foot and pitching arm comes forward naturally
Body well forward and weight over toes
Basic catching technique for Catcher
Catching equipment:
Full protective equipment must be worn at all times.

This includes:
Face mask
Chest protector
Leggings
Helmet
Throat protector
Ready position:
Positioning in the Catcher's Box:

Wait for the batter to set up
Set up about one bat length behind the back foot of the batter and directly behind home
plate
Stance:
Squat like a frog.
Trunk is forward.
Weight is on the inside part of the balls of the feet.
Glove is in front of the body.
Throwing hand is hidden behind the back (experienced players) or behind the glove
(beginners).
Receiving the ball:

Knees and shoulders are square to the pitcher
Do not reach for the ball

Catch the ball in the centre of the body

Catch the ball out in front of the body
Give' with the arms on impact
Stay low
Blocking the ball:
When the pitch is in the dirt over home plate:

Keep the eyes on the ball
Directly face the ball
Bend the upper body slightly over the ball
Place the glove between the knees
Drop the knees to the ground as the ball is about to reach the glove
When the pitch is in the dirt to the left of home plate:

Step sideways with the left leg first and drop both knees to the ground
Place the glove between the knee and the foot
When the pitch is in the dirt to the right of home plate:

Step sideways with the right leg first and drop both knees to the ground
Place the glove between the knee and the foot
Note: Blocking is explained in terms of the catcher's view from behind home plate.
General hitting
Hitting/Batting
Hitting is the most challenging and enjoyable skill to learn in softball. Hitting a small ball with
a rounded bat to a particular area-in a split of second is a technique that a softball player must
continually practice and perfect. A good hit requires hand-eye coordination, quick reaction
time, right technique and confidence.
Selecting a bat
There is a tremendous range of bats available for players to choose from. They vary in length
and weight to suit players' needs. When making a selection it is important that the player can
control the bat, so the weight and length of it are important criteria to consider.

Batting grip:
Place the hands together on the bat at a comfortable distance from the knob
Right-handed batters place the left hand closest to the knob of the bat (
Left-handed batters place the right hand closest to the knob of the bat
Wrap the fingers around the handle
Hold the bat in the base of the fingers and not in the palm
Centre the knuckles of the fingers (door knockers) so that they are in a straight line up
the handle of the bat
The grip on the bat should be relaxed but firm enough so that the bat does not slip from
the hands. If the bat is too heavy slide both hands away from the knob until the bat can be
swung comfortably (this is known as 'choking the bat')
Batting grip activities:
Activity 1
Stand with the knees together and rest the bat against the knees
Reach down with both hands and wrap the fingers around the handle of the bat
Close the hands around the bat to form a 'V' between the thumb and index finger. The V
should point down the line of the bat
Lift the bat straight up to their shoulder
Activity 2
Place the bat on the ground in front of the player
Have them pick the bat up off the ground using both hands at the same time
Check to see if the grip matches the key points
Basic hitting technique
Ready position:
Stance:
Take a comfortable and balanced position with weight distributed on the inside part of
the balls of feet
Feet should be shoulder-width apart and parallel to each other
Bat is held roughly over the shoulder
Knees are flexed
Head and eyes are level
Sequence
Stride:
Take a soft step towards the pitcher (this is a trigger to commence the batting sequence)

Front foot and knee are closed and feet are parallel to home plate
Keep hands and eyes level
Head remains over the belly button
Hip rotation:
Hip rotation commences after the stride
Pivot on the ball of the rear foot after the stride foot is in position (squash the bug)
Back leg forms an L shape in line with the back shoulder
Front knee is flexed slightly (shark fin effect)
Swing:
Shoulders commence rotation after hip rotation
Belly button points to the ball
Head and eyes remain level looking at the contact point
Arms are well extended
Throw the bat head at ball
Extent the bat through the path of the ball
Follow through:
Shoulders continue to rotate
Maintain a balanced position
Knee, hip and shoulder are aligned
Bat finishes above the shoulder
Head and eyes are
Note: Make sure your players always wear a helmet when practicing batting or bunting. The
coach in these photographs is demonstrating the segments of the hitting action for teaching
purposes only.
Summary – basic hitting technique
Stance:
Take a comfortable and balanced position with weight distributed on the inside part of the balls
of feet.
Stride:
Take a soft step towards the pitcher (this is a trigger to commence the batting sequence).
Hip rotation:
Hip rotation commences after stride.
Swing
Bat extension

Follow through
Basic bunting technique
Ready position
Body positioning using pivot stance:

Pivot early (as the pitcher commences wind up)
Pivot on both feet:
Front foot is closed slightly (approx 45ºangle)
Back foot pivots on ball of foot (squash the bug)
Knees are slightly bent
Body is bent at the waist
Eyes are looking over the bat for the ball at the release point of the pitcher
Weight is on the inside part of the balls of the feet
Hand and bat positioning:

Slide the top hand up the barrel of the bat (about one third of the way).
Form a 'V' with the index finger and the thumb of the top hand, with the remaining
fingers underneath and closed in a fist.
Rest the bat in the 'V'.
Arms are extended in front of the body with the elbows relaxed.
Hold the bat loosely yet comfortably.
Hold the barrel of the bat over home plate at the top of the strike zone and away from
the body.
The barrel of the bat should be slightly higher than the knob of the bat.
Executing the bunt
Select a good pitch to bunt:

Bend the knees to take the body and bat to a ball that is pitched in the lower part of the
strike zone (bat remains in the same position)
As the ball hits the bat, draw both hands slightly back toward the body to 'soften' the
impact
Try to contact the top of the ball
Put the ball on the ground in fair territory
Bunting a ball in the lower part of the strike zone:

Note: how well the batter pictured below bends her knees to get down to bunt the low pitch
Note: Make sure your players always wear a helmet when practicing batting or bunting. The
coach in these photographs is demonstrating the segments of the hitting action for teaching
purposes only

Baserunning
Excellent baserunning is not just about speed, it is also about running. Even more important
than simply moving around the base in the wisdom to evaluate the current game situation. A
wily baserunner takes into consideration the number of outs and the fielding placements of the
opposition. Fast smart baserunning puts great pressure on the defensive team.
Basic base running technique
Batter-base runner
Digging out of the batter's box:

Take the first step with the back foot (the one farthest from the pitcher)
Initially take short wide steps to gain power and momentum
Lengthen the stride and pump the arms to maximize speed for running to 1st Base
Running to first
Run in foul territory within the tramline markings
Continue running straight down the line and contact the base at top speed
Don't break stride when contacting the base
Focus on the base (do not watch the ball)
Contact the front corner of the safety base (the one in foul territory)
After contacting the base bend, the knees, take short pumping steps and shift weight
back to facilitate coming to a stop
As speed is reduced glance left and/or right to look for the outcome of the play
Turn to the left, toward the field of play, without making any attempt to go to 2nd Base
Go directly back to the base in fair territory NOT the safety base
Never slide into 1st Base unless avoiding a tag
Base runner
Leading off on the pitch:

rolling start
Front foot is beside the front of the base
Rear foot is behind the base
Bend the knees and lean forward from the waist to take up a sprint position
Watch the pitcher and take up this position when they are ready to pitch
When the pitching arm reaches the highest point of the arc, begin the rocking movement
Transfer body weight to the back foot to enable an 'explosive' drive from the sprint
position
Take the first step with the rear foot at the time the pitcher takes the stride
Players should always remain alert and take cues from the pitcher, the defence and the
coach.

Rolling start:
Leading off on the pitch – track start
Rear foot is on the front of the base
Front foot is extended in front of the base and points in the direction of the next base
Bend the knees and lean forward from the waist to take up a sprint position
Watch the pitcher and take up this position when they are ready to pitch
When the pitching arm reaches the highest point of the arc, begin the rocking movement
Transfer body weight to the back foot to enable an 'explosive' drive off the base
Take the first step with the rear foot at the time the pitcher takes the stride
Players should always remain alert and take cues from the pitcher, the defense and the
coach
Executing a bent leg slide
Safety considerations:
Coaches must address the safety considerations and be clear about the correct execution
of the highly technical aspects of sliding before beginning coaching
Make sure that all players have long pants or knickerbockers on before starting any
sliding drills
Players should practice in bare feet or socks until the technique is mastered
A grassed area is preferable to use when working with beginners
Model the finishing position, and then WALK through the sequence of the slide first
with players
Practice in this way until players feel comfortable with the technique. The more relaxed
players are the easier it will be to slide and the risk of injury is reduced.
Timing the slide:

Players should start the slide about one and a half body lengths from the base,
depending on their weight, running speed and ground conditions
Sliding leg:
Have players sit down from a standing position
They will naturally tuck one leg underneath the other
The leg that is tucked under is their natural sliding leg
Emphasize to players that sliding is a natural motion
Body position:
The sliding leg is bent at about 90and tucked under the other leg, which is extended
over the top
Weight is well back and on the side of the sliding leg
Chin is tucked to the chest
Hands and arms are raised above the head to prevent the head hitting the ground.
(Hands should stay clean)

In the event that beginners hit their head on the ground whilst sliding, as a progression,
allow them to cross their arms on their chest rather than throwing their hands back as they slide
The extended leg is slightly bent and foot is kept off the ground approximately 10-15cm
with toe pointed up (although not vertical) 
Base is contacted with the extended leg
Finish position:
As the base is contacted with the extended leg, the upper body lays back
The back and side of the player's uniform should get dirty
Players should stay alert for the outcome of play
Track start:
Note: The Rules of Softball prevent a runner leaving the base before the pitcher releases the
ball (or in tee ball before the batter hits the ball). If a runner is caught leaving the base early,
they will be called out.
Information on the following skills is provided for general interest only and is not an official or
assessable part of the Fundamentals of Softball (Level 1) Coach Accreditation Program.
https://eznearticles.com/?The-5-Basic-Skills-Needed-to-Play-Softball&id=8195147
Skills Performance Assessment Guidelines for Basic Skills
Competency Specific Skill(s) Level

Successfully done Proficient
Successfully done but a Approaching Proficiency
little difficulty
Successfully done with Beginning Proficiency
difficulty
Over-All Student Performance on the Different Fundamental Skills

Rating (1-5) see below for scale
Day Day Day Day Day
1 2 3 4 5
Technical Ability
Catching
Pitching
Hitting/Batting
Bunting
Baserunning
Tactical Awareness
In Attack

In Defense
Physical Aspect
Endurance
Speed
Agility
Strength
Personality Traits
Drive
Aggressiveness
Determination
Responsibility
Leadership
Self-confidence
Mental Toughness
Coachability
TOTAL POINTS
Rating Scale: 5 - Excellent 4 - Above Average 3 - Average

2 – Needs Improvement 1 - Unsatisfactory
Note: Assessment Guidelines is adapted from Calicdan, Antonio V. et.al 2013. Physical
Education 4 (Team Sports), Jimczyville Publications
LESSON 5
1. Balls to Spots
Purpose: To teach outfielders to run to a spot and then find the ball. This skill is used for balls
that the player immediately knows are overhead but that she can still catch. This drill includes
a good conditioning element as well. This is one of the better outfield drills.
Procedure:
- Outfielders form a line at one of the starting positions (e.g. , everyone lines up in left field.)
One outfielder is up at a time, and a coach is in front of the fielder. Prior to tossing the ball the
coach picks a spot to the left or to the right of the player, approximately 30 feet behind her, and
shows the spot to the player. This spot should be within the range of a sprinting outfielder.

- When the coaches toss the ball to the designated spot the player puts her head down (taking
her eyes off the ball) and sprints to the spot she thinks the ball will be. Next, she turns to find
the ball and catches it.
- Toss 8-10 balls to a spot to the left of each outfielder and then repeat to the right.
2. Throw to Trash Can
Purpose: To develop accurate throws to bases. This drill emphasizes keeping the ball low and
using one hop.
Procedure:
- Begin with outfielders in their positions. Place a large trash can on its side at home plate, with
the open end facing the outfield.
- From the edge of the grass, toss grounders and fly balls to the outfielders. The outfielder
fields the ball and throws it into the can on one hop (if possible).
- Outfielders field and throw 10-15 balls each: the total can vary depending on how much other
throwing will be done that practice session.
3. Momentum into the Throw
Purpose: To teach use of the total body, staying back, and moving into the ball.
Procedure:
- A tosser stands 5 feet in front of a fielder. Another player stands 50-100 feet from the fielder
and acts as a target.
- The tosser begins by throwing a ball straight up in the air directly in front of the fielder.
- The fielder stays back and waits for the ball to come down, then catches the ball while
moving forward and throws to the target all in one motion.
- Each player throws 5-8 balls.
4. Football Drill
Purpose: To catch fly balls with a good balance, glove work, and footwork.
Procedure
Each player has a softball. The player gives the ball to the coach and then starts running straight
ahead. The coach calls right or left and throws the ball in that direction. The fielder catches the
ball and sprints to the end of the line behind the coach. A throw of 30 to 60 feet is sufficient
and allows for more practice.
5. Drop-Step Reaction

Purpose: To learn to react and drop step to the appropriate side.

Procedure
The coach faces players, who are in staggered position in three or four lines. The coach points
direction with a ball. Players react with a drop step in that direction. They return to ready
position and repeat. When the drop step becomes automatic, add the turn with inside and
outside rolls. Then add easy tosses.
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LESSON 6
Warm-up and conditioning exercise are very important before engaging in any physical
activities. Because through these it readies our body to a more complicated and strenuous
movements. This also makes the muscles more resistant to injury. And this will also give us a
successful performance during the training and actual game.

Cool-down Exercises


LESSON 7
Rules of the Game
Objectives:

2. To familiarize oneself with the common terms used in soft ball.
game officials.
Starting the Game
 The pre-game conference will consist of each captain meeting with the umpire before
the game to go over ground rules.
 Scoresheets must be filled out before the game.
 The general rules of slow pitch softball are used.
 12” softball teams can have up to 10 players (4 infielders, 4 outfielders, 1 pitcher, 1
catcher). Only 9 players in the field during the actual game.
 An official game is 7 innings (an innings is when both teams have had their turn at bat)
 Gloves are required for 12inch softball; gloves are not required for 16 inch softball.
 Overthrows may be made to first, third, or home. If a ball goes into foul territory 30 feet
or more, the runner will advance one base only on an overthrow.
 One run is scored each time a base runner crosses home plate before the third out of the
inning. The run will not score if the third out is a result of: a. the batter being out at first
base. b. the base runner being forced out at any base.
Pitching Regulations:
 The pitcher must take a position with both feet firmly on the ground and with one or
both feet in contact with the pitcher's plate.

 The pitch starts when the pitcher makes any motion that is part of his/her wind up.
His/her arm must come to a rest holding the ball in front of his/her body, with a pivot
foot in contact with the pitcher's plate.
 This position shall be held for at least 1 second and not more than 10 seconds.
 He/She must deliver the ball on the first forward swing to the pitching arm past the hip.
 There must be no reserve stopping of the forward motion.
 The pitcher shall not deliberately stop, roll, or bounce the ball while in the pitching
position in order to prevent the batter from striking it.
 The pitcher shall not at any time during the game be allowed to use tape or other
substances upon the ball, the pitching hand, or fingers. Under supervision of the umpire,
powder resin may be use to dry the hands.
 The pitch must be delivered with an arc between six and ten feet.
 "NO PITCH" shall be declared when:
1) The pitcher pitches during a suspension of play,
2) The runner is called out for leaving the base too soon,
3) The pitcher makes a quick return pitch,
4) The ball slips from the pitcher's hand during the windup or backswing, or
5) The pitching arc is lower than 6 feet or higher than 10 feet.
 At the beginning of the game or when a pitcher relieves another, no more than 5 pitches
may be used as a warm up. Only 3 pitches will be allowed between innings. Play shall
be suspended at this time.
 Intentional walks may be made by informing the plate umpire, no pitches are necessary.
 The pitch will be delivered with a slow underhand motion. All pitches must have a 3
to12 foot arc.
 GAME TIME IS START TIME.
Batting
 Each player of the side at bat shall become a batter in order in which his/her name
appears on the scoresheet.
 The batter shall not hinder the catcher from fielding or throwing the ball by stepping out
of the batter's box, or intentionally hindering the catcher while standing within the
batter's box.
 Members of a team at bat shall not interfere with a player attempting to field a foul fly
ball.
 A strike is called by the umpire for each legally pitched ball hitting the strike zone mat
and the batter does not swing, and for each pitched ball swung at and missed by the
batter. This includes pitches the umpire has already declared "NO PITCH".
 A ball is called by the umpire for each pitched ball which does not hit the strike zone
mat or touches the ground before reaching home plate and is not swung at by the batter,
and for each illegally pitched ball.

 A foul tip is a batted ball which goes directly from the bat to the catcher's mitt or hand
and is legally caught by the catcher. The batter is not out unless the ball goes above the
batter's head before being caught or it is the third strike.
 The batter gives up all rights if he swings at an illegal pitch.
 If an Extra Player (EP) is used, all 11 on the starting line-up must bat and any 10 of
those 11 may play defense.
 The batter must swing at a pitched ball. He/she cannot chop at the ball or bunt it.
 When an over the fence homerun is hit, the batter and all base runners may go directly
to dugout. Appeals for runners missing a base are not allowed. This speeds up the game
as batters and runners do not have to run the bases.
 The batter is called out in the following situations:
a. When a fly ball is caught.
b. When the batter bunts or chops the ball. A chopped ball is when the batter
strikes downward with a full swing.
c. When there is any combination of two strikes.
d. When the ball is thrown to first base before the batter arrives.
Balls and Strikes
 4 balls constitute a walk.

 3 strikes constitute an out (strike out).
 If the batter has a foul after receiving the second strike, the batter is out.
 Each batter will start with a 1 ball/1 strike count.
Base Running:
 Runners must touch each base in order

 Runners may overrun 1st base only, all other bases the runner is liable to be put-out if
they are not in the base
 Runners cannot lead off a base, they must be on base until the pitcher released the ball
during pitching
 After a fly ball has been caught, the baserunner must return to the previous base he/she
occupied during the pitching
 One baserunner cannot pass another baserunner that is ahead of him/her
 Stealing is not allowed
 A runner is out if:
a. tagged with the ball before reaching the base
b. the ball gets to 1st base before the runner
c. he/she run more than 3 ft. out of the baseline to avoid being tagged
Protest
 Protests shall not be received or considered if they are based solely on a decision
involving the accuracy of judgement on the part of an umpire.

 The Supervisor on duty must be notified at the time of the protest.

 A formal protest must be written and turned into the Intramural Office within 24 hours
after the game, but no sooner than 6 hours after the contest. See Intramural Recreational
Sports Handbook for more details.
Player Conduct
5. Anyone involved in a fight will be suspended for the remainder of the softball
season and possible further disciplinary action, if necessary.
6. Any player ejected from 2 games in the season is suspended for the remainder
of the season and possible further disciplinary action, if necessary.
7. Any player pushing, shoving, disrespecting, etc. an umpire will be ejected from
the game. Refer to the Intramural Recreational Sports Handbook for further
penalties.
Miscellaneous
 Games consist of 7 innings.

 The game will be called at the completion of the 3rd inning if one team is ahead by
20runs, in the 4th inning if a team is ahead by 15 runs, and in the 5th inning if a team is
ahead by 10 runs. If the home team is ahead at the middle of the inning and the above
scenarios exist then the game is over.
 There is a 50-minute time limit.
 Bunting and stealing are not permitted.
 Rainouts will be rescheduled at the end of the regular season if possible.
 Each team is responsible for providing a scorekeeper. The home team will keep the
official score. The umpire will make the final decision on any discrepancies of the
score.
 The catcher is recommended to wear a mask.
 No infield practice will be allowed after the first inning.
 Runners may not leave the base until the ball has been struck by the batter.
 Each runner is allowed one base if a fielder catches a fly ball in fair or foul territory but
carries it out of bounds.
 When a ball is ruled out of play, all baserunners will be awarded two bases, the base
he/she is running to at the time of the throw and the following base.
 If a play is close (i.e. force out at second), then the baserunner MUST slide except for
running to first base. (no longer a rule)
 A forfeit will constitute a 6 point differential (changed to 6-0 with the new forfeit
policy)
 No artificial noise-makers are allowed.
https://web.mst.edu/~ima/rules/Softballrules.html
Safety Reminders:

1. Batting: the bat should always be dropped and not thrown after the swing. Team members
should line up on the first base side and constantly be alert. Stay away from the foul line to
prevent getting hit by the bat or ball.
2. Sliding: players are not allowed to slide because time does not allow teaching of the
technique and for safety reasons.
3. Fielding: players must call for fly balls in order to avoid collisions with other players. Give
on contact with the hands (glove) when catching. Do not put hands (glove) in front of the face
when catching.
4. Base running: defensive players should not stand in the base paths on force plays. The
defensive player should tag the base and then take his/her foot off the base.
5. When playing 12-inch softball, all players should wear the proper glove. All gloves should
be in good condition to prevent injury.
6. Facilities and Equipment Set up the fields with 60-foot bases and a pitching mark 40 feet
from home plate.
7. Bats should be checked for proper grip.
8. Gloves should be laced and in good condition. The overthrow line is marked 30 feet behind
first and third base.
Positions and Structures of Players
The game of softball involves team members taking turns as batters to play against the other
team of fielders, with the latter side made up of a pitcher, a catcher, three basemen, a
shortstop, and three outfielders.
Batter
A team sends one batter out to the field at a time. The batter competes against the entire
opposing team, which will strategies in a bid to prevent the batter from getting to the bases
before the ball does. The game begins with the batter hitting the ball, thrown by the pitcher,
with a bat. He or she will then drop the bat and run, attempting to make it to first base before
the ball, depending on where the ball lands.
Pitcher
The pitcher throws, or pitches, the ball from the pitcher’s mound. He or she must always stand
with both feet on the pitcher’s rubber - a rectangular area on the mound - when making the
pitch. The rubber and the mound are all on level ground. However, once the ball has been hit,
the pitcher must ensure that neither foot is on the rubber. The pitcher usually pitches from
under the arm and the ball should pass through a strike zone. The location of the strike zone, an
imaginary area from the chest to just below the knee, depends on the pitcher’s position and
stature. Height is an advantage for pitchers, as well as upper body agility and strength.
Catcher

Positioned in a crouch behind the home plate, the catcher plays a crucial role in helping to gain
points. Helping to throw balls ahead of the batter before he or she can reach the bases, the
catcher also catches balls fielded from third base. A catcher must also call pitches and
communicate the number of outs, strikes, and whatever is going on at the home base to the rest
of the players.
First Baseman
The first baseman of each team will stand at the first base, to the right of the pitcher. He or she
will catch throws at first base in order to prevent the other team from scoring. Usually a good
catcher.
Second Baseman
You will find the second baseman at the second base, which is positioned opposite the home
base across the field. Also known as the second bagger sometimes, he or she does not usually
stand at the exact right angle that marks the second base, but more towards the first base
instead. The second baseman may catch balls at second base, as well as help the first baseman,
or even throw balls to the pitcher to help eliminate the opponent, depending on where the ball
ends up. Second base players are commonly right-handed.
Third Baseman
The remaining base is reserved for the third baseman. This area is the corner diagonally
opposite the first base. The third baseman has to catch the hits that land around his or her area,
in addition to their most important responsibility - to throw the ball, if they get it, to the catcher
before the opponent reaches the home plate.
Shortstop
The shortstop stands between the second and third bases, and is responsible for balls that end
up in that area. In fact, most balls actually do end up there. The shortstop has many
responsibilities, including catching and fielding, and are very versatile and agile players. This is
perhaps the most difficult position on the field.
Outfielders
There are three outfielders, and their positions are called right fielder, center fielder, and left
fielder. The outfielders are positioned outside the area marked by the four bases (infield
square), with the right one standing closest to first base. Their job is to catch and throw balls
that fly out of the infield, backing up their teammates at the bases. Because of their distance
from the rest of the game, outfielders are usually strong throwers.

https://www.myactivesg.com/Sports/Baseball-and-Softball/How-To-Play/Softball-for-
Beginners/Player-positions-in-Softball
Game Officials and their Duties
Softball officials are known as umpires, and each has a different responsibility depending on
where he covers the field. The umpires must ensure the rules of the game are followed, and
there is a decisive winner and loser based on fair play and accurate calls based upon what
happens in the game.
Home Plate Umpire
Umpires working home plate in a softball game have the most responsibility of any umpire on
the field. They must call every pitch a ball, strike or foul within a strike zone which varies from
batter to batter. This requires the umpire to pay close attention to each pitch and the number of
balls and strikes with each batter, as well as how the pitcher pitches the ball and whether he is
doing it legally or not. They must also pay attention to other rules pertaining to batters and
catchers, for example, making sure batters stay within the batter's box when they are hitting,
catchers don't interfere with a batter's swing and batters don't interfere with a catcher trying to
throw base runners out. The home plate umpire must also call base runners out or safe at home
plate, which are also often game-deciding calls.
Base Umpires
Umpires are also assigned to watch each base, from first to third. These umpires have a number
of duties each inning, which entail watching each base and deciding whether runners are safe or
out on plays at that base. First base umpires usually have the most challenging job of the three,
as many close plays are made at first base. They must watch the base to see if the runner beat
an attempted out and is safe, or if the throw beat them and they are out. These umpires must
also watch baserunners who are stealing bases and determine if they were tagged out, picked
off, or if they made it to the bag before the tag was made. These umpires must also watch the
pitcher, to see if they are pitching illegally.
Line Umpires
While these umpires are not always needed in smaller league games, they are often hired to
simply watch balls hit down the lines of the outfield and decide whether the ball is fair or foul.
If the ball lands on or inside the white line, it is fair. If it lands outside the white line, it is foul.
These umpires also have the final call on whether home runs bounced off the top of the wall are
fair or not.
https://www.sportsrec.com/softball-officials-duties-6639609.html

LESSON 8
Hands Signals
Count
Signal: The umpire will show the number of balls using the fingers on his or her left hand and
the number of strikes with the right. The numbers will also have to be called out loud too,
starting with the number of balls, then the number of strikes.
What it means: This helps to update all the players on what is going on in the game.
Delayed Dead Ball
Signal: A clenched left fist, stretched out at the side.

What it means: A live ball refers to a ball that is in play. When the defensive side commits an
error, the ball should be called dead. However, if the offensive team is already running and has
a chance to score, the ball’s so-called death may be delayed.
Double
Signal: Right arm is put up, displaying two fingers, along with the call, “two bases”.
What it means: The batter has hit a fair ball that eventually bounces out of play, but manages
to run past first base and reach second base before that happens.
Fair Ball
Signal: Using the hand that is in closer proximity to the infield, the umpire will point to the
ball. He or she will also point towards the infield space with the other hand.
What it means: If it is not clear whether or not a ball has landed on fair territory, the umpire
will have to wait till it ceases all movement before declaring judgment. If the ball is considered
fair, this signal will be presented.
Foul Ball
Signal: The dead ball signal - two palms raised and facing outwards at either side of the body -
will be shown, along with a call of “foul ball”.
What it means: When an action on the field is deemed illegal, the ball will be called dead.
Foul Tip
Signal: Bringing the fingers from both hands down to meet in front of the chest, the umpire will
follow the foul tip signal with a strike signal - by putting his or her right hand to face the ear,

then folding it back down at the elbow with a clenched fist. No verbal notification will be
given.
What it means: When the batter bats a ball straight into the catcher’s hands, a foul tip occurs.
This is counted as a strike, and the ball remains in play.
Hold up Play/ Do Not Pitch
Signal: The umpire will raise the hand that is nearer to the pitcher with his or her palm facing
out like a stop signal.
What it means: This signal notifies the pitcher not to start the game yet because the batter is
still not ready to bat.
Home Run
Signal: Right fist rotating in a counter-clockwise motion while raised. The umpire will also
declare “home run”.
What it means: The batter has hit the ball far enough to allow him to run back to home base,
having run through the first, second, and third bases as well.
Infield Fly
Signal: Right fist displayed, along with the call “infield fly”.
What it means: If the umpire decides, while the ball is in mid-flight, that the defensive team
will definitely be able to catch it easily, they will call the batter out under the infield fly rule.
Play Ball
Signal: A wave to the pitcher, using the hand that is closer to him or her. “Play ball” will also
be announced.
What it means: This is the signal for the pitcher to throw the ball and start the game.
Strike/Out
Signal: Beginning with both hands in front of the chest, the umpire will raise his or her right
hand to face the ear. Following that, he or she will form a clenched fist and put it back down,
resuming the original position by bending at the elbow.
What it means: A strike happens when the batter misses a pitch. Three strikes becomes one
“out”.
Signal: Arms spread out at the sides, forming a horizontal line, palms down. The umpire’s
decision, whether “trapped ball” or “safe”, will also be announced.

What it means: Trapping occurs when a ball hasn’t been caught properly, hitting the ground
before the player catching it can scoop it up. It is up to the umpire to make the final decision
whether or not the ball is safe or trapped.
https://www.myactivesg.com/Sports/Baseball-and-Softball/How-To-Play/Softball-for-
Beginners/Umpire-signals-in-softball
Illustrations of the Official Hand Signals

http://www.allstaractivities.com/sports/softball/softball-refs.htm
Softball Glossary

1. Appeal Play - A play upon which an umpire cannot make a decision until requested by
a player. The appeal must be made before the next ball is delivered to the batter.
2. Ball: a legally pitched ball that does not enter the strike zone (four balls equals a walk).
3. Base Path - An imaginary line three feet to either side or direct line between the bases.
4. Bases: Home plate is one corner of a diamond with bases at each corner.
5. Batter’s Box: Box marked with chalk near home plate that a batter must stay within
while batting.
6. Batter/Baserunner - A player who has finished his/her turn at bat, but has not yet
been put out or touched first base.
7. Bunt - An illegally tapped ball not swung at, but intentionally met with the bat and
tapped slowly within the infield.
8. Catcher's Box - An area which the catcher must stand while and until the pitcher
delivers a pitched ball.
9. Dead Ball - Ball is not in play and is not considered in play again until the pitcher is
within 8 feet of the pitcher's mound and the umpires has called "Play Ball".
10. Double play: A play in which the defense records two outs.
11. Fair Ball - Any batted ball which settles on fair territory between home and first base
or home and third base; or that is on or over fair territory including any part of first and
third base when traveling to the outfield; or that touches any of the bases; or if it
touches any person (player or umpire); or that passes out of the playing field beyond
the outfield fence.
12. Fair Territory: Fair territory is that part of the playing field within and including the
first and third base foul lines from home plate to the extreme playing field fence and
perpendicularly upward.
13. Fly ball: ball hit up in the air to the outfield.
14. Foul Lines: Two lines (first and third base line) that distinguish fair territory from foul
territory.
15. Foul Tip - A foul ball which goes directly from the bat, not higher than the batter's
head, to the catcher's hand and is legally caught.
16. Force out: when the runner has to advance to the next base to make room for the
following base runner.
17. Grounder: A ball that is hit on the ground.
18. Hit: A batted ball that allows a batter to safely reach base.
19. Home Run: Fair ball hit over the outfield fence between the two foul poles.
20. Illegally Caught Ball - Occurs when a fielder catches a batted or thrown ball with
his/her cap, glove, or any part of his/her uniform while it is detached from his/her
proper place.
21. Infield: The infield is that portion of the field in fair territory which includes areas
normally covered by infielders.
22. In Jeopardy - A term indicating that a ball is in play and an offensive player may be
put out.

23. Interference - The act of a defensive player which hinders or prevents a batter from
striking or hitting a pitched ball, or the act of an offensive player, which impedes,
hinders, or confuses a defensive player while attempting to execute a play.
24. Line drive: Ball hit with a trajectory almost parallel to the ground.
25. Obstruction - The act of a fielder, while not in possession of the ball or in the act of
fielding a batted ball, which impedes the progress of a base runner who is legally
running bases.
26. On deck: the next batter
27. Out of Play - A ball that has gone past the out of play boundary lines.
28. Outfield: The part of the field beyond the diamond, or infield. It is occupied by the
fielders and it is farthest from the batsman.
29. Pitcher’s Mound: Located near the center of the diamond it is the spot from where the
pitcher throws the ball.
30. Pivot Foot - The foot which the pitcher must keep in contact with the pitcher's plate
until the ball is delivered.
31. Play Ball - The term used by the umpire to indicate that play shall begin or resume.
32. Pop up: ball hit up in the air to the infield.
33. Run: An offensive player safely tags home plate.29.
34. Sacrifice Fly - A fair fly ball which enables any runner to advance or enables a runner
to score, but which results in the batter/runner to be out.
35. Sacrifice: A batter strategically hits the ball into an out situation to advance or score a
runner. Usually a “sacrifice bunt” or “sacrifice fly.”
36. Safe: Called when a base runner reaches a base without getting tagged out or avoids a
force out.
37. Strike: term used when a ball is swung at and missed or is called when the ball enters
the strike zone and is not swung at all.
38. Strike Out: Occurs during an at-bat when a batter accumulates three strikes, at which
point the at bat ends and the player is called out. Umpires make the decisions about
play in a softball game. Most games use a crew of two umpires (one plate umpire, one
base umpire). The umpire's decisions are usually indicated by both the use of hand
signals, and by vocalizing the call.
39. Strike zone: the ball passes the batter over the plate between their chest and knees.
40. Tag Out: A base runner that is not on a base when she or he is tagged by a player with
the ball. The defense must create three "outs" before it can switch to defense. Outs can
be by strike out, force out, fly out or tag out.
41. Time - Term used by the umpire to order the suspension of play.
42. Triple Play: A play during which the defense records three outs.
43. Turn at Bat - Begins when a player first enters the batter's box and continues until he
is out or becomes a baserunner.
44. Walk: Player advances to 1st base when 4 consecutive pitches were called as balls.
https://www.cpschools.org/cms/lib/MI01001578/Centricity/Domain/217/Softball%20Rules.p
https://web.mst.edu/~ima/rules/Softballrules.html

a. Group/Pair reporting
b. Return demonstration (by pair)
c. Actual game (by team)
d. Basic Officiating (by team)
BIBLIOGRAPHY / WEBLIOGRAPHY
Books:


Publishing Inc.
Websites:
yellow/2020.pdf
-
ball_study_guide.d
volleyball.html
softball
Softball&id=8195147
-
RG

-
ball%20Rues.p
for-youth-athletes (
2020-EN-v06.pdf

SAMPLE EXMINATION IN PE 4N
PE 4n- Recreational Activities: Team Sports (Basketball)
NAME: ____________________________________
Crs. & Yr: __________________________________
AY: ______________________
General Instruction: Please write all your answers in the answer sheet.
TEST I. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Select the best answer from the given choices. (50pts.)
1. A team sports in which two teams of five active players.

A. Basketball B. Volleyball C. Softball D. Soccer
2. The inventor of basketball.
A. William G. Morgan C. Kobe Bryant
B. Dr. James Naismith D. Frederick Catherwood
3. The place where basketball was invented.
A. Holyoke Massachusetts C. Springfield Massachusetts
B. Ontario Canada D. Toronto Canada
4. The year when basketball was invented.
A. 1891 B. 1892 C. 1893 D. 1894
5. A children's game where basketball rules were incorporated.
A. "Duck on a Rock" C. "Behind the Back"
B. "Rock n' Roll" D. "Top Toe"
6. The second oldest basketball association in professional league in the world.
A. PBA B. NBA C. NCAA D. PNB
7. The year when women's basketball began.
A. 1894 B. 1893 C. 1892 D. 1891
8. In what year the International Basketball Federation was formed?
A. 1932 B. 1933 C. 1832 D. 1833
9. Who introduce the orange ball that is now in common use?
A. Senda Berenson C. Larry Bird
B. Tony Hinkle D. Michael Jordan
10. The representative of his team on the court.

A. Coach B. Captain C. Referee D. Scorer
11. What is the measurement of the playing court.
A. 28m x 15m B. 28m x 17m C. 34m x 18m D. 29m x 18m
12. It consists of team’s own basket, the inbounds part of the backboard and that part of playing
court limited by endline behind the team’s own basket, the sidelines and center line.
A. Front court B. Backcourt C. Centerline D. Endline

13. The width of all lines which includes the boundary lines found the playing court.
A. Lines B. Boundary C. Restricted areas D. None of the above
14. The area where the referee administers the jump ball to start the game.
A. Centerline B. Center circle C. Free throw lane D. All of the above
15. A personal contact that takes place when a player forcibly moves or attempts to move an
opponent.
A. Pushing B. Palming C. Assist D. Charging
16. Any pass that leads directly to a basket by a teammate.
A. Held ball B. Assist C. Holding D. Fast break
17. An illegal move where the player is running with ball without bouncing it.
A. Dribbling B. Passing C. Traveling D. Stealing
18. An attempt to prevent an opponent who does not control the ball from reaching a desired
position.
A. Traveling B. Screening C. Palming D. Charging
19. A continuous dribbling of the ball with two hands.
A. Held ball C. Fast break
B. Palming D. Double dribbling
20. The successful gain of possession of the basketball after a missed field goal or free throw.
A. Blocking B. Dribbling C. Rebounding D. Passing
21. A method of moving the ball between players.
A. Shooting B. Passing C. Dribbling D. Blocking
22. An attempt to unfairly disadvantage an opponent through physical contact.
A. Time-out B. Charging C. Violations D. Foul
23. A shot that completely misses the rim or backboard.
A. Air ball B. Assist C. Ball handling D. Basketball
24. A basic type of passing wherein the ball is held infront of the body.
A. two-hand underhand shot C. One-hand push shot
B. Set-shoot D. Jump-shot
25. The basic type of passing to recover short distance.
A. shoulder pass C. bounce pass
B. Chest pass D. No-look pass
26. A time violations where the offensive team fails to throw the ball within 5 seconds from the
time the official handed the ball to the in bounder.
A. 3 sec. in the lane C. 5 sec. inbound
B. 5 sec. imposession D. 10 sec. in backcourt
27. Protect the basket closely (on defense).
A. point guard C. center
B. shooting guard D. small forward
28. Usually the fastest player on the team.
A. point guard C. shooting guard
B. small forward D. power forward
29. Primarily responsible for scoring points, seeks rebound and steals.
A. shooting guard C. small forward

B. power forward D. center

30. Plays offensively often with his back to basket, on defense plays under the basket.
A. shooting guard C. center
B. point guard D. power forward
31. Creates a high value of shots on offense.
A. point guard C. shooting guard
B. small forward D. power forward
32. Each defensive player guards a specific opponent and tries to prevent him from taking
action.
A. Zone defense C. Man-to-man defense
B. Rebounding D. Guarding
33. It involves players in defensive positions guarding which ever opponent is in their zone.
A. Zone defense C. Man-to-man defense
B. rebounding D. Guarding
34. The representative of his team on the court.
A. Coach C. Captain
B. Referee D. Scorer
35. One of the officials of the game who has the power to make decisions in any point not
specifically covered in the rules.
A. Scorer C. Referee
B. Time Keeper D. 24 sec. Operator
36. Keep the chronological running summary of points scored and shall record the field
goals made and free throws made or missed.
A. Referee C. Scorer
B. Time Keeper D. 24 sec. Operator
From #’s 37. Identify the hand signals used to call a violations or fouls.
37. Both hands on hips.

A. Personal foul C. Basket Interference
B. Blocking violation D. Pushing foul
38. Patting motion.
A. Travelling C. Goal tending
B. Illegal dribble D. Blocking
39. Rotate fists.
A. Travelling C. Pushing
B. Carrying the ball D. Holding
40. Grasp fist downward.
A. Blocking C. Holding
B. Charging D. Illegal use of hands
41. Thumbs up by followed by point finger in direction of alternating possession arrow.
A. Jump ball C. Deliberate football
B. Out-of-bounds D. Ball returning to back court

42. Point finger parallel to sidelines.

A. 5 seconds C. 3 seconds
B. Out-of-bounds D. Held ball
43. Form T, palm facing.
A. Personal foul C. Technical Foul
B. Unsportsmanlike D. Disqualifying
44. Scissors-like action with arms, once across chest.
A. 2 points C. Time-in
B. cancel score D. Stop clock
45. Chop with hand.
A. 24 seconds C. Three-point attemp
B. 2 points D. Time in
46. Three fingers extended on both hands.
A. 3 points successful shot C. 3 points attempt
B. 3 times violations D. Cancel play
47. Cross forearms, blowing whistle simultaneously.
A. Charged time-out C. substitution
B. Time in D. 24 second violation
48. Finger’s touch shoulder.
A. 8 sec. violation C. 5 sec. violation
B. 24 sec. violation D. 3 sec. violation
49. Wave arm, index finger pointing.
A. Back court violation C. 24 sec. violation
B. Goal tending D. Held ball
50. Rotate hand, index finger extended.
A. 24 sec. reset C. 3 points attempt
B. Stop clock D. illegal dribble
TEST II. TRUE or FALSE: Write the word true if the statement is correct and false if it
is incorrect. (10pts.)
1. Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball.

2. Passing was part of the original game except for the bounce pass.
3. The game shall start by a jump ball in the center circle.
4. Over time period is six minutes long.
5. The ball is out of bounds if touches or crosses over a centerline.
6. A player’s hand should not be under the ball while dribbling.
7. After a team has committed a specified number of fouls it is said to be “in the basket”.
8. A player fouled while attempting a regular two-point shot; receives one free throw.
9. In basketball game, the ball may be struck with a fist.
10. No player may interfere with the basket or ball on its upward flight to the basket.

Good Luck and God Bless!!!!


PE 4N Syllabus

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PE 4n Ma. Annie A.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

 Lesson 1: History of the Game………………………………. 80

 Lesson 1: History of the Game………………………………. 116

Professional and Physical Education Department, SY 2019-2020 -1-

 Lesson 5: Fundamental Skills Drills…………………………. 142

Professional and Physical Education Department, SY 2019-2020 -2-

Physical Education is one of the required subjects in every course offered in a

Grateful acknowledgement is also given to Dr. Delma A. Yuarata, Vice-President for

Professional and Physical Education Department, SY 2019-2020 -3-

Professional and Physical Education Department, SY 2019-2020 -4-

Part I. Course Identification

2. Course Title: Recreational Activities (Team Sports)

5. General Goals and Objectives:

6. Course Audience: 2nd Year Students without PE 4n

7. Attendance Policy: Refer to the University Guidelines

8. Other General course Requirements: PE 1n

1. Acquire knowledge on the history of Basketball, Volleyball and Softball games.

10. Learning Resources/References:

Professional and Physical Education Department, SY 2019-2020 -5-

Professional and Physical Education Department, SY 2019-2020 -6-

11. Table of Specification (TOS)

Content Knowledg Comprehension Application Total

Professional and Physical Education Department, SY 2019-2020 -7-

their duties during the

The students shall be able to: 11 3 0 14

The students shall be able to: 11 3 0 14

Professional and Physical Education Department, SY 2019-2020 -8-

signals during the

12. Grading Policy:

Midterm Grade 1/3 1st TG + 2/3 2nd TG

Final Grade 50% MG + 50% 3rd TG

Professional and Physical Education Department, SY 2019-2020 -9-

1. Course pack: PE 212

Professional and Physical Education Department, SY 2019-2020 - 10 -

14. Instructor Data:

Part II. Course Schedule Matrix

Week Learning Content/Topics Strategy Values Evaluation References

1 The student General Orientation Lecture Cooperation Reporting

Professional and Physical Education Department, SY 2019-2020 - 11 -

3 1.demonstrate the Fundamental Skills Lecture Participation Demo

Professional and Physical Education Department, SY 2019-2020 - 12 -

5.demonstrate Positions and

Officials of the Game

The Hand Signals

Professional and Physical Education Department, SY 2019-2020 - 13 -

Professional and Physical Education Department, SY 2019-2020 - 14 -

Positions and Terms:

Professional and Physical Education Department, SY 2019-2020 - 15 -

9 1.know and Rules and Regulations Lecture Participation Reporting

Professional and Physical Education Department, SY 2019-2020 - 16 -

practices in Actual game (by team) demo demo

Professional and Physical Education Department, SY 2019-2020 - 17 -

Game Officials and

Professional and Physical Education Department, SY 2019-2020 - 18 -

Actual game (by team)

Professional and Physical Education Department, SY 2019-2020 - 19 -

signals through team representative) Honesty vidual

Part III. Research Oriented Instruction

Department: College of Education

Professional and Physical Education Department, SY 2019-2020 - 20 -

Lesson 1- History of the Game