Intensitas Dan Magnitude Gempa
Intensitas Dan Magnitude Gempa
Intensitas Dan Magnitude Gempa
Pokok Bahasan
• Energi Gempa
– Magnitudo
– Momen
• Intensitas Gempa
– Efek gempa
– MMI
Magnitude
The best way to quantify the size of an earthquake is to determine its seismic
moment, and the shape of the overall source spectrum.
By recovering the source time function from either body or surface waves >>
requires relatively complete modeling of the waveform in question.
Limitation: thus different fault dislocation histories with the same seismic
moment can produce very different amplitude signals.
Mo in N-m or dyn-cm
II A few people might notice movement if they are at rest and/or on the upper floors of tall
buildings.
III Many people indoors feel movement. Hanging objects swing back and forth. People outdoors
might not realize that an earthquake is occurring.
IV Most people indoors feel movement. Hanging objects swing. Dishes, windows, and doors rattle.
The earthquake feels like a heavy truck hitting the walls. A few people outdoors may feel
movement. Parked cars rock.
V Almost everyone feels movement. Sleeping people are awakened. Doors swing open or close.
Dishes are broken. Pictures on the wall move. Small objects move or are turned over. Trees
might shake. Liquids might spill out of open containers.
VI Everyone feels movement. People have trouble walking. Objects fall from shelves. Pictures fall
off walls. Furniture moves. Plaster in walls might crack. Trees and bushes shake. Damage is slight
in poorly built buildings. No structural damage.
VII People have difficulty standing. Drivers feel their cars shaking. Some furniture breaks. Loose
bricks fall from buildings. Damage is slight to moderate in well-built buildings; considerable in
poorly built buildings.
VII Drivers have trouble steering. Houses that are not bolted down might shift on their foundations.
Tall structures such as towers and chimneys might twist and fall. Well-built buildings suffer slight
damage. Poorly built structures suffer severe damage. Tree branches break. Hillsides might crack
if the ground is wet. Water levels in wells might change.
Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale
IX Well-built buildings suffer considerable damage. Houses that are not bolted down move off their
foundations. Some underground pipes are broken. The ground cracks. Reservoirs suffer serious
damage.
X Most buildings and their foundations are destroyed. Some bridges are destroyed. Dams are
seriously damaged. Large landslides occur. Water is thrown on the banks of canals, rivers, lakes.
The ground cracks in large areas. Railroad tracks are bent slightly.
XI Most buildings collapse. Some bridges are destroyed. Large cracks appear in the ground.
Underground pipelines are destroyed. Railroad tracks are badly bent.
XII Almost everything is destroyed. Objects are thrown into the air. The ground moves in waves or
ripples. Large amounts of rock may move.
The MMI Intensity of the Oct. 17, 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake
The following table gives intensities that are typically observed at locations near the
epicenter of earthquakes of different magnitudes.