CPH -education, nationality, religion and ethnicity.

-demography is considered a field of sociology.

DEMOGRAPHY-
FORMAL DEMOGRAPHY
RATIO-RATE  limits its object of study to the
measurement of populations processes.
DEMOGRAPHY  it comprises "a set of techniques by
 is the statistical study of human which data collected in censuses,
population. surveys and vital registration systems
 It encompasses the study of the size, about age, sex, births, deaths,
structure and distribution of populations migrations and marriages.
 Spatial and or temporal changes in
response to birth, migration, aging and SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY
death  population studies analyze the
relationships between economic, social,
DEMOGRAPHICS - refers to characteristics of cultural and biological processes
a population influencing a population.

POPULATION POPULATION STUDIES

 is the study of the character, number,  encompasses the study of fertility,
and distribution of living organisms mortality and migration.
residing in or migrating through
particularplaces. DATA AND METHODS
CENSUS is the common direct method of
FACTORS IN POPULATION collecting demographic data.
 Social and Biological Science  conducted by a national government
 Size of Breeding Group and attempts to enumerate every person
in a country.
There are three principal uses of population  occur every 10 years
data in health administration, and these are  not the best source of data on births
for: and deaths.
CENSUSis defined as an official and periodic
The computation of vital and health statistics enumeration of population.
rates and ratios. determining and explaining trends in terms of
 Setting up coverage of activities. population changes and planning programs
 Setting up norms for assignment of and services
health facilities, staff and funds
VITAL STATISTICS DATA
ESTIMATES OF POPULATION SIZE  collected continuously and summarized
 Continuous Population Registration on an annual basis
.
 Consist of registering births, deaths,
2 WAYS OF ASSIGNING PEOPLE WHEN
emigration and immigration, making
CENSUS IS BEING TAKEN
necessary additions and subtractions to
the existing population
 DE JURE METHODis done when
 SURVEYS - Simple way of estimating
people are assigned to the place where
the number of population in a smaller
they usually live regardless of where
area.
they are at the time of census.
 DE FACTO METHODis done when the
Mathematical Estimates:
people are assigned to the place where
Maybe done by means of Arithmetic and
they are physically present at the time of
Geometric increase method:
the census regardless of their usual
 Arithmetic Increase Method- it is
place of residence.
assumed that the population increases
at a constant amount per year.
SAMPLE SURVEY
 Geometric Increase Method- assume
 obtained data come from a small
that population increases at a constant
number of people proportionate to the
rate per year.
total population, the results will always
be generalized for the whole population.
DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
- can be applied to whole societies or to groups
REGISTRATION SYSTEMS
defined by criteria.
  collected by the civil registrar's office  The CRUDE DEATH RATE, the annual
deal with recording vital events in the number of deaths per 1,000 people.
community.
 The INFANT MORTALITY RATE, the
VITAL EVENTS annual number of deaths of children less
 refer to births, deaths, marriage, than 1 year old per 1,000 live births.
divorces and the like.

CENSUSES  The EXPECTATION OF LIFE(or life

 collect information about families or expectancy), the number of years which
households an individual at a given age could expect
 characteristics as age, sex, marital to live at present mortality levels.
status, literacy education, employment
status  The TOTAL FERTILITY RATE, the
- occupation, and geographical number of live births per woman
location. completing her reproductive life, if her
 collect data on migration (or place of childbearing at each age reflected
birth or of previous residence), current age specific fertility rates.
language, religion, nationality (or
ethnicity or race), citizenship.
 used as a direct source of information  The REPLACEMENT LEVEL
about fertility and mortality. FERTILITY, the average number of
children a woman must have in order to
TWO METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION: replace herself with a daughter in the
next generation.
DIRECT DATA
 come from vital statistics registries that  The GROSS REPRODUCTION RATE,
track all births and deaths. the number of daughters who would be
 changes in legal status (marriage, born to a woman completing her
divorce) reproductive life at current age specific
 migration (registration of place of fertility rates.
residence).
**registry statistics are the best method for
estimating the number of births and deaths.  The NET REPRODUCTION RATIO is
the expected number of daughters, per
INDIRECT METHODS newborn prospective mother, who may
 required in countries where full data are or may not survive to and through the
not available. ages of childbearing.

 A STABLE POPULATION, one that has

SISTER METHOD TECHNIQUE had constant crude birth and death rates
 where survey researchers ask women for such long time that the percentage of
how many of their sisters have died or people in every age class remains
had children and at what age. constant, or equivalently, the population
 Other indirect methods include asking pyramid has an unchanging structure.
people about siblings, parents, and  A STATIONARY POPULATION, one
children. that is both stable and unchanging in
size.
KEY MEASURES IN DEMOGRAPHY -it can be expanding or shrinking
 The crude birth rate, the annual number
of live births per 1,000 people. THREE PROCESSES POPULATIONS CAN
CHANGE:
 The general fertility rate, the annual a) Fertility
number of live births per 1,000 women b) Mortality
of childbearing age (often taken to be c) Migration
from 15 to 49 years old, but sometimes
from 15 to 44).age-specific fertility rates, FERTILITY
the annual number of live births per  involves the number of children that
1,000 women in particular age groups women have and is to be contrasted
(usually age 15-19, 20-24 etc.) with fecundity (a woman's childbearing
potential).
MORTALITY
  is the study of the causes,  The sex ratio represents the number of
consequences, and measurement of males for every 100 females in the
processes affecting death to members population
of the population.
MIGRATION 2. AGE COMPOSITION
 refers to the movement of persons from Two ways to describe the age composition of
an origin place to a destination place the population.
across some pre-defined, political A. MEDIAN AGE divides the population
boundary. into two equal parts.
 if the median age is 19 years old, it
METHOD OF MEASURING THE means half of the population belongs to
POPULATION SIZE 19 years and above, while the other half
belongs to ages below 19 years old.
1. By determining the increase in the B. DEPENDENCY RATIO compares the
population resulting from excess of births number of economically dependent with
compared to deaths the economically productive group in the
 NATURAL INCREASEis simply the population.
difference between the number of births  The economically dependent are those
and the number of death occurring in a who belong to the 0-14 and 65 above
population in a specified period of time age groups.
 NATURAL INCREASE= Number of  Economically productive are those
births - Number of deaths within the 15-64 age group.
(specified year) (specified year)  The dependency ratio represents the
(specified year) number of economically dependent for
 RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE is the every 100 economically productive.
difference between the Crude Birth Rate
and the Crude Death rate occurring in a AGE AND SEX COMPOSITION
population in a specified period of time  described at the same time using a
RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE = population pyramid.
Crude Birth Rate - Crude Death Rate  It is a graphical presentation of the age
(specified year) (specified year) and sex composition of the population.
(specified year)
The CRUDE BIRTH RATE, the annual POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
number of live births per 1,000 people.  can be described in terms of urban-rural
The CRUDE DEATH RATE, the annual distribution, population density and
number of deaths per 1,000 people. crowding index.
 The measures help how resources can
2. To determine the increase in the population be justifiably allocated based on
using data obtained during two census periods. concentration of population in a certain
 This implies that the increase in the size place
of the population is not merely attributed
to excess in births but also the effect of POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
migration.  Urban-rural distribution simply illustrates
the proportion of the people living in
POPULATION COMPOSITION urban compared to rural areas.
 The composition of the population is
commonly described in terms of its age CROWDING INDEX
and sex.  describe by which a communicable
 Utilizes data who among the population disease will be transmitted from one
groups merits attention in terms of host to another susceptible host.
health services and programs.  This is described by dividing the number
of persons in a household with the
1. SEX COMPOSITION number of rooms used by the family for
To describe the sex composition of the sleeping.
population, the nurse computes for the sex
ratio. The sex ratio compares the number of POPULATION DENSITY
males to the number of females in the  determine how congested a place is and
population using the formula below has implication in terms of the adequacy
SEX RATIO = Number of males x1000 of basic health services present in the
Number of females community.
  It can be computed by dividing the  This is a measure of fertility of the
number of people living in a given land population
area  The rate is called crude for the following
reasons
POPULATION DENSITY = No of People/Land o Only live births are counted
area o The denominator is the total
population which includes
RATES, RATIOS,&VITAL STATISTICS children, old people and males
o The rate is expressed in
RATIO population unit of 1000 to make
 also called a proportion if the quotient of the figures meaningful
the sum of the two numbers.
 also called a proportion if the quotient of CRUDES DEATH RATE (CDR)
the sum of the two numbers.  This is a measure of the risk of dying
RATE from all causes in a population.
 ratio involving a time period.  The Crude Birth Rate (CBR) and Crude
 count or measurement is observed over Death Rate (CBR)
a period and then divided by its base or - statistical values that can be utilized
population of observation. to measure the growth or decline of a
population.
INCIDENCE RATE - measured by the rate of births or
 measures the frequency of occurrence deaths respectively among a
of the phenomenon during a population of 1000.
 Given period of TIME. Deals only with - determined by taking the total
NEW cases. number of births or deaths in a
PREVALENCE RATE population and dividing both values
 Measures the proportion of the by a number to obtain the rate per
population which exhibits a particular 1000.
disease at a particular time.
 This can only be determined following a MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (MMR)
survey of the population concerned.  Measure the risk of dying due to the
 Deals with total (OLD and NEW) number process of pregnancy, childbirth and
of cases puerperium.
  It also measures the adequacy of
CONCEPTS OF INCIDENCE & maternal health services
PREVALENCE
INFANT MORTALITY RATE (IMR)
 Measures the risk of dying due to
INCIDENCE infancy (under 1 year of age) deaths
 Also known as attack rate, case, under 1 year of age/ number of live
sickness rate morbidity rate births x 1000
 It refers to newly discovered cases of a
particular disease NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE
 It answers the question "how frequent  Measures the risk of dying in the first
do cases of a particular disease occur four weeks of life of the infant (newborn)
during a given period of time  The number of children dying under 28
 Used when dealing with acute days of age divided by the number of
conditions and accidents live births that year
 (Number of infant death/number of life
PREVALENCE birth) X 1000
 It refers to the newly discovered and old
cases of a particular disease over a FETAL DEATH RATE
population  Measures the risk of dying before birth
 Used when dealing with chronic
conditions and disabilities PERINATAL MORTALITY RATE
 It answers the question "what proportion  The word means around the period of
of the group or population is actually ill birth (a month or more before births and
with a particular disease at a point in one month after birth)
time. Usually determined by means of  Measures the loss of life in later
survey pregnancy and early infancy.
CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR)