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AnaChem Lec Topic 1 Reviewer 1
AnaChem Lec Topic 1 Reviewer 1
Topic 1 evaluation
Definition of Terms
Analytical Chemistry 1. Analyte - the specific components in a sample
- specific study that made Chemistry the central that is determined
science
- seek to know the composition of matter 2. Matrix - component of the sample other than
- highly relevant scientific field the analyte components that are not of interest
- enabled the other disciplines to dig further
- one of the avenues of delving deeper into 3. Interferrent - a substance that can potentially
discovering the unknown interfere with the analysis
- knowing more about the things that exists in
the present: relevant or detrimental to the 4. Signal - concerned about the analyte
society
- Branch of chemistry 5. Noise - unwanted information of the data
- deals with the chemical characterization lowers the accuracy and precision of analysis
(quanti or quali) of matter
Quantitative 6. Limit of Detection (LOD) - smallest
- how many are present concentration or amount of analyte that can be
- determination of how much of reliably detected in a given analytical method
one or more constituent is
present
Qualitative Environmental Science
- what is present
increasing effect of pollution to the
- deals with the identification of
environment
elements, ions or compounds
monitoring pollutants in the
present in a sample
environment
Analyst effect to its inhabitants
- must know what information is really needed
Food and Feed Analysis
- obtain a representative sample
ensuring that the products produced
Medical Laboratory Analyses are true to what is indicated in the
- used as bases to diagnose patients packaging (nutritional labelling, health
- founded on concepts of analytical chemistry claims)
Blood gas analysis FDA
- blood is examined - Food and Drug Administration
- monitor the levels of oxygen - tests products
and carbon dioxide - certify that the contents of the
- acid-base status products are safe for
- glucose levels consumption
Ionized calcium in the blood - if it follows acceptable levels of
- quantitatively measured to chemical and microbiological
detect parathyroid disease substances
Pregnancy kits
Functional Foods and Drug Discovery
- urine as a sample
exploring the possible health benefit of
Analytical Process
food products against diseases:
o Define the problem
cancer
what is needed to be identified? use of the
diabetes
information obtained
cardiovascular diseases
o Select a method
further elucidation of its contents
sample type, size, preparation, conc.
research institutions are initiating in
Tools/instruments availability
taking steps to harness the potential of
o Obtain a representative sample
the biodiversity
type, size and error
examining the potential of plants for
o Prepare the sample for analysis
drug discovery and development
state of sample, interference
o Perform any necessary chemical separations Clinical Chemistry Tests
distillation, precipitation, extraction
chemical test done to human biological
o Perform the measurement
specimens:
calibration, validation
urine
o Calculate the results and reports
blood
tissues
ultraviolet-visible (UV-
Vis) diode array
qualitatively or quantitatively measure detector (DAD)
the levels of chemical components: - detection and early
glucose identification of acetone:
electrolytes initial indicator of
enzymes detection of all these
hormones physio pathological
lipids conditions and the
proteins biological monitoring
to anchor medical diagnosis of a test
patient’s condition Limit Test
- specific substance is below a
Mettalurgical specific limit
Ex. Carbon content of steel that - make a simple pass/fail
contributes to its quality evaluation of the sample
o Forensic - presence of trace elements - relies on the comparison of an
o Pharmaceutical Chemistry - purity of the drugs unknown sample to a standard
that influence their efficacy solution
- rely on a visual evaluation by
Laboratory Tests the technician
Urinalysis Quantitative Analysis
- examine for presence of red
blood cells, white blood cells, Sample composition will often be
microorganisms, or levels of known
proteins Quantitative Analytical Methods
- used to check for drugs and
other chemical substances Classical Methods
Blood Tests Advantages:
- examine cell count cheap initial cost
- examine presence of cheap operating cost if
pathogenic microorganisms used in a small – scale
- measure quantitative amounts operation
of chemicals in blood Disadvantages
Fecalysis high LOD
- examine presence of pathogens less specific
procedures are done manually
Analytical Methods
more expensive operating cost
Qualitative if used in a large-scale
- aims to know the chemical 1. Gravimetric
identity of the species in the - measured signal: weight
sample - Gravimetry is a sub-branch of analytical
- identify the presence of a chemistry: concept of conservation of mass
specific substance in a sample - measurement of the weight of a pure substance
- results: giving meaning, of known composition
confirming, verifying - a convenient method
- testing whether the hormone, - only requires an analytical balance and furnace
human chorionic gonadotropin
(HCG) is present 2. Volumetric
Quantitative - measured signal: volume
- determine the relative - Titrimetry: a titrant is slowly added to the
amounts of species, or analyte until an equivalence point is reached
analytes, in numerical forms - equivalence point: the point where the analyte
- Derivatizing reagent: and the titrant are in stoichiometric amounts
high-performance liquid - Uses indicator: substance that changes color at
chromatography (HPLC) the end point
2,4- - ideally the equivalence point is equal to the end
dinitrophenylhydrazine point
(2,4-DNPH)
- quantitative determination of
acetone in human blood: Types of Titration Based on Reactions
carried out at 365 nm Acid – Base Titration (CH3OOH
titrated with NaOH)
Precipitimetric Titration (Cl titrated o can detect many cations in one
with AgNO3) reading - portable
Compleximetrix Titration (Ca2+
titrated with EDTA) 4. Spectroscopic
Redox Titration - measured signal: absorbance or emission
- energy levels in atoms are discrete
Qualitative Test
- energy difference between energy levels is the
Performed by selective chemical property of each specific element
reactions/instrumentation - Absorbance Spectrometer
Selective – rxn or test occur with other o most common instrument
substances but exhibits a degree of o cost effective
preference for the substance of interest o can be utilized for various types of
Specific – occurs only with the analysis
substance of interest - UV-VIS Spectrometer
o for measuring concentrations of
Selective reactions
substances
Strategies for achieving selectivity:
Analytical Method Validation
1. Sample preparation (extraction,
precipitation) testing if an analytical method is suitable under
2. Instrumentation (selective detectors) actual conditions of use and for quality control
3. Target analyte derivatization (derivatize
Considerations Prior to Method Validation
specific functional groups)
4. Chromatography, separates the sample 1. Suitability of Equipment - equipment should be
constituents qualified based on its intended use
Instrumental Techniques o Check for the equipment’s accuracy,
linearity and precision
measurement of a physical property of the
sample 2. Suitability of Materials - should also be
Electrical property - absorption of qualified based on its use
electromagnetic radiation
Spectrophotometry o use America Chemical Society (ACS)
Fluorimetry Reagent Grade
atomic spectroscopy 3. Suitability of Analyst - capability of the analyst
mass spectroscopy to use the equipment and instruments
NMR
chromatography o laboratory techniques
Compedial Methods
1. Analytical Balance
- most basic tool in a chemistry lab
- a precision instrument
- allows measurement of masses to a
limit of ± 0.0001 g
- highly relevant in every analytical
laboratory
- electromagnetic force balance or
electronic balance
- uses electric current to generate a
magnetic force
2. Furnace
- drying samples or removing moisture
- used during gravimetric analysis
- used in sterilizing laboratory equipment
- recording of time start after the furnace
reached the desired temperature
(preheat)
3. Desiccator
- an airtight container
- uses desiccant to maintain low moisture
- used in cooling hot objects
- maintaining low moisture of dried
samples
4. Filter Paper
- used in gravimetric analysis
- separates the solid components from
the liquid component during filtration
5. Crucible
- made of porcelain
- used in heating samples
- moisture removal