Guia de Estudio 1-2 Primer Año
Guia de Estudio 1-2 Primer Año
Quirk
1- What are the different possible forms for the irregular verbs?
2- Name all the modal auxiliaries according to Quirk.
3- What is the difference between finite and non-finite verb phrases?
4- Write a brief paragraph explaining the meaning of tense, mood and
aspects.
5- What are the future forms and what are their differences?
6- How many categories of subjunctive can be distinguished? Explain and
provide examples.
7- Draw a chart with the uses of modal auxiliaries.
8- What are the corresponding present and past forms of some modals? Do
all the modals have present and past forms?
9- What happens with the perfective and progressive aspects when the
modal expresses ability or permission?
10- What happens with other modal meanings?
1) Irregular verbs do not have a /d/ or /t/ inflection. There are three different
possible forms:
The base (V), the past (V-ed) and the past participle (V-ed2). (Cut cut cut)
The base=participle
2) Modal auxiliaries: all of that modal auxiliaries have three forms (Non-negative,
uncontracted negative and contracted negative)
- Can.
- Could.
- May.
- Might.
- Shall.
- Should.
- Will.
- Would.
- Must.
- Ought to.
- Used to.
-Dare.
- Occur as the verb element of a clause. There is a person and number concord
between the subject and the finite verb. (I+am; You/we/they+are; He/she/it+is)
Examples:
Mandative subjunctive: has only one form, the base (V); this means there is
lack of the regular indicative concord between subject and finite verb in the 3rd
person singular present, and the present and past tense are indistinguishable.
Examples: - It is/was necessary that every member inform himself of these rules.
Formulaic subjunctive: also consists of the base (V) but is only used in clauses
in certain set expressions which have to be learned as wholes.
7)
8) A)
Present Past
Can Could
Shall Should
Will/’ll Would/’d
Must (had to)
- Used to
B) No, ‘Used to’ don’t have present form. while ‘ought to’ and ‘need’ don’t have
past form.
9/10) The perfective and progressive aspects are normally excluded when the
modal expresses ‘ability’ or ‘permission’ and also when shall or will express
‘volition’. These aspects are freely used, however, with other modal meanings.
I must be dreaming.
- The girl
- The pretty girl
- The pretty girl in the corner Is Mary Smith
- The pretty girl who became angry
- She
3) Can be both count and non-count, we see that there is often considerable
difference in meaning involve and that this corresponds broadly to concreteness
or particularization in the count usage and abstractness or generalization in the
non-count usage.
Count: Non-count
In many cases the type of distinction between count and non-count is achieved
by separate lexical items:
4) There are six classes of determiners with respect to their co-occurrence with
the noun classes singular count (bottle) plural count (bottles) and non-count
nouns (furniture).
Count Non-count
Singular bottle
A)
+ +
+
The
Possessive (My, our, etc)
Whose, which (ever), what (ever)
Some (stressed)
Any (stressed)
No
B)
+
+
Zero article
Some (unstressed)
Any (unstressed)
Enough
C)
+ +
This
That
D)
These
Those
E)
+
A(n)
Every
Each
Either
Neither
F)
+
Much
Indefinite articles: a, an
Definite article: the
Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
Possessives: adjectives (my, his, their, etc.;) nouns (Sally’s, my mother’s,
the children’s, etc.;)
Quantifiers: some, many, much, a lot of, each, every, etc.
Numerals: one, two, five, seventeen, etc.
5) Few and a few: they are both used with countable nouns in the plural, but they
are not interchangeable. They have different meanings and occur in different
contexts. A few implies more than few. Few has more negative connotations tan
a few does.
Little and a Little work the same way with countable nouns.
6)
There are usually compelling reasons for preferring one or other construction in
a given case, and numerous environments in which only one construction is
grammatically acceptable.
8) There are several features that pronouns have in common, which distinguish
them from nouns:
Demostrative
Universal
Indefinite
Assertive
Partitive Non-assertive
Negative
quantifying general
enumerative