Unit 3

JavaScript
What is JavaScript?
JavaScript is a dynamic computer programming language. It is lightweight and most
commonly used as a part of web pages, whose implementations allow client-side
script to interact with the user and make dynamic pages. It is an interpreted
programming language with object-oriented capabilities.
JavaScript was first known as LiveScript, but Netscape changed its name to
JavaScript, possibly because of the excitement being generated by Java. JavaScript
made its first appearance in Netscape 2.0 in 1995 with the name LiveScript. The
general-purpose core of the language has been embedded in Netscape, Internet
Explorer, and other web browsers.
JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language. It is designed for

creating network-centric applications. It is complimentary to and integrated with
Java. JavaScript is very easy to implement because it is integrated with HTML. It is
open and cross-platform.
Why to Learn Javascript

Javascript is a MUST for students and working professionals to become a great
Software Engineer specially when they are working in Web Development Domain. I
will list down some of the key advantages of learning Javascript:
• Javascript is the most popular programming language in the world and
that makes it a programmer’s great choice. Once you learnt Javascript,
it helps you developing great front-end as well as back-end softwares
using different Javascript based frameworks like jQuery, Node.JS etc.
• Javascript is everywhere, it comes installed on every modern web

browser and so to learn Javascript you really do not need any special
environment setup. For example Chrome, Mozilla Firefox , Safari and
every browser you know as of today, supports Javascript.
• Javascript helps you create really beautiful and crazy fast websites. You
can develop your website with a console like look and feel and give your
users the best Graphical User Experience.
• JavaScript usage has now extended to mobile app development,
desktop app development, and game development. This opens many
opportunities for you as Javascript Programmer.
• Due to high demand, there is tons of job growth and high pay for those
who know JavaScript. You can navigate over to different job sites to see
what having JavaScript skills looks like in the job market.
• Great thing about Javascript is that you will find tons of frameworks and
Libraries already developed which can be used directly in your software
development to reduce your time to market.
There could be 1000s of good reasons to learn Javascript Programming. But one
thing for sure, to learn any programming language, not only Javascript, you just need
to code, and code and finally code until you become expert.
Hello World using Javascript

<html>
<body>
<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">

</script>
</body>
</html>
There are many useful Javascript frameworks and libraries available:

• Angular
• React
• jQuery
• Vue.js
• Ext.js
• Ember.js
• Meteor
• Mithril
• Node.js
• Polymer
• Aurelia
• Backbone.js
It is really impossible to give a complete list of all the available Javascript frameworks
and libraries. The Javascript world is just too large and too much new is happening.
Applications of Javascript Programming
As mentioned before, Javascript is one of the most widely used programming
languages (Front-end as well as Back-end). It has it's presence in almost every area
of software development. I'm going to list few of them here:
• Client side validation - This is really important to verify any user input
before submitting it to the server and Javascript plays an important role
in validting those inputs at front-end itself.
• Manipulating HTML Pages - Javascript helps in manipulating HTML
page on the fly. This helps in adding and deleting any HTML tag very
easily using javascript and modify your HTML to change its look and feel
based on different devices and requirements.
• User Notifications - You can use Javascript to raise dynamic pop-ups on
the webpages to give different types of notifications to your website
visitors.
• Back-end Data Loading - Javascript provides Ajax library which helps
in loading back-end data while you are doing some other processing.
This really gives an amazing experience to your website visitors.
• Presentations - JavaScript also provides the facility of creating
presentations which gives website look and feel. JavaScript provides
RevealJS and BespokeJS libraries to build a web-based slide
presentations.
• Server Applications - Node JS is built on Chrome's Javascript runtime
for building fast and scalable network applications. This is an event
based library which helps in developing very sophisticated server
applications including Web Servers.
This list goes on, there are various areas where millions of software developers are
happily using Javascript to develop great websites and others softwares.
Advantages of JavaScript
The merits of using JavaScript are −
• Less server interaction − You can validate user input before sending the
page off to the server. This saves server traffic, which means less load
on your server.
• Immediate feedback to the visitors − They don't have to wait for a page
reload to see if they have forgotten to enter something.
• Increased interactivity − You can create interfaces that react when the
user hovers over them with a mouse or activates them via the keyboard.
• Richer interfaces − You can use JavaScript to include such items as
drag-and-drop components and sliders to give a Rich Interface to your
site visitors.
Limitations of JavaScript
We cannot treat JavaScript as a full-fledged programming language. It lacks the
following important features −
• Client-side JavaScript does not allow the reading or writing of files. This
has been kept for security reason.
• JavaScript cannot be used for networking applications because there is
no such support available.
• JavaScript doesn't have any multi-threading or multiprocessor
capabilities.
Once again, JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language that
allows you to build interactivity into otherwise static HTML pages.
JavaScript Development Tools

One of major strengths of JavaScript is that it does not require expensive
development tools. You can start with a simple text editor such as Notepad. Since it
is an interpreted language inside the context of a web browser, you don't even need
to buy a compiler.
To make our life simpler, various vendors have come up with very nice JavaScript
editing tools. Some of them are listed here −
• Microsoft FrontPage − Microsoft has developed a popular HTML editor
called FrontPage. FrontPage also provides web developers with a
number of JavaScript tools to assist in the creation of interactive
websites.
• Macromedia Dreamweaver MX − Macromedia Dreamweaver MX is a
very popular HTML and JavaScript editor in the professional web
development crowd. It provides several handy prebuilt JavaScript
components, integrates well with databases, and conforms to new
standards such as XHTML and XML.
• Macromedia HomeSite 5 − HomeSite 5 is a well-liked HTML and
JavaScript editor from Macromedia that can be used to manage personal
websites effectively.
JavaScript – Syntax
JavaScript can be implemented using JavaScript statements that are placed within
the <script>... </script> HTML tags in a web page.
You can place the <script> tags, containing your JavaScript, anywhere within your
web page, but it is normally recommended that you should keep it within
the <head> tags.
The <script> tag alerts the browser program to start interpreting all the text between
these tags as a script. A simple syntax of your JavaScript will appear as follows.
<script ...>
JavaScript code
</script>
The script tag takes two important attributes −
• Language − This attribute specifies what scripting language you are
using. Typically, its value will be javascript. Although recent versions of
HTML (and XHTML, its successor) have phased out the use of this
attribute.
• Type − This attribute is what is now recommended to indicate the
scripting language in use and its value should be set to "text/javascript".
So your JavaScript segment will look like −
JavaScript code
</script>
Your First JavaScript Code

Let us take a sample example to print out "Hello World". We added an optional
HTML comment that surrounds our JavaScript code. This is to save our code from a
browser that does not support JavaScript. The comment ends with a "//-->". Here "//"
signifies a comment in JavaScript, so we add that to prevent a browser from reading
the end of the HTML comment as a piece of JavaScript code. Next, we call a
function document.write which writes a string into our HTML document.
This function can be used to write text, HTML, or both. Take a look at the following
code.
<html>
<body>

</script>
</body>
</html>
This code will produce the following result −

Hello World!
Whitespace and Line Breaks

JavaScript ignores spaces, tabs, and newlines that appear in JavaScript programs.
You can use spaces, tabs, and newlines freely in your program and you are free to
format and indent your programs in a neat and consistent way that makes the code
easy to read and understand.
Semicolons are Optional

Simple statements in JavaScript are generally followed by a semicolon character, just
as they are in C, C++, and Java. JavaScript, however, allows you to omit this semicolon
if each of your statements are placed on a separate line. For example, the following
code could be written without semicolons.


</script>
But when formatted in a single line as follows, you must use semicolons −


</script>
Note − It is a good programming practice to use semicolons.
Case Sensitivity
JavaScript is a case-sensitive language. This means that the language keywords,
variables, function names, and any other identifiers must always be typed with a
consistent capitalization of letters.
So the identifiers Time and TIME will convey different meanings in JavaScript.
NOTE − Care should be taken while writing variable and function names in
JavaScript.
Comments in JavaScript
JavaScript supports both C-style and C++-style comments, Thus −
• Any text between a // and the end of a line is treated as a comment and
is ignored by JavaScript.
• Any text between the characters /* and */ is treated as a comment. This
may span multiple lines.
• JavaScript also recognizes the HTML comment opening sequence  is not recognized by
JavaScript so it should be written as //-->.
Example
The following example shows how to use comments in JavaScript.


</script>
Placement in HTML File

There is a flexibility given to include JavaScript code anywhere in an HTML document.
However the most preferred ways to include JavaScript in an HTML file are as follows
−
• Script in <head>...</head> section.
• Script in <body>...</body> section.
• Script in <body>...</body> and <head>...</head> sections.
• Script in an external file and then include in <head>...</head> section.
In the following section, we will see how we can place JavaScript in an HTML file in
different ways.
JavaScript in <head>...</head> section
If you want to have a script run on some event, such as when a user clicks somewhere,
then you will place that script in the head as follows −
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">

</script>
</head>
<body>
<input type = "button" onclick = "sayHello()" value = "Say Hello" />
</body>
</html>
This code will produce the following results −
JavaScript in <body>...</body> section

If you need a script to run as the page loads so that the script generates content in
the page, then the script goes in the <body> portion of the document. In this case,
you would not have any function defined using JavaScript. Take a look at the
following code.
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>

</script>
<p>This is web page body </p>

</body>
</html>
This code will produce the following results −

JavaScript in <body> and <head> Sections
You can put your JavaScript code in <head> and <body> section altogether as follows
−
<html>
<head>

</script>
</head>
<body>

</script>
<input type = "button" onclick = "sayHello()" value = "Say Hello" />

</body>
</html>
This code will produce the following result −
JavaScript in External File

As you begin to work more extensively with JavaScript, you will be likely to find that
there are cases where you are reusing identical JavaScript code on multiple pages of
a site.
You are not restricted to be maintaining identical code in multiple HTML files.
The script tag provides a mechanism to allow you to store JavaScript in an external
file and then include it into your HTML files.
Here is an example to show how you can include an external JavaScript file in your
HTML code using script tag and its src attribute.
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript" src = "filename.js" ></script>
</head>
<body>
.......
</body>
</html>
To use JavaScript from an external file source, you need to write all your JavaScript
source code in a simple text file with the extension ".js" and then include that file as
shown above.
For example, you can keep the following content in filename.js file and then you can
use sayHello function in your HTML file after including the filename.js file.
}
Variables
JavaScript Datatypes
One of the most fundamental characteristics of a programming language is the set of
data types it supports. These are the type of values that can be represented and
manipulated in a programming language.
JavaScript allows you to work with three primitive data types −
• Numbers, eg. 123, 120.50 etc.
• Strings of text e.g. "This text string" etc.
• Boolean e.g. true or false.
JavaScript also defines two trivial data types, null and undefined, each of which
defines only a single value. In addition to these primitive data types, JavaScript
supports a composite data type known as object. We will cover objects in detail in a
separate chapter.
Note − JavaScript does not make a distinction between integer values and floating-
point values. All numbers in JavaScript are represented as floating-point values.
JavaScript represents numbers using the 64-bit floating-point format defined by the
IEEE 754 standard.
JavaScript Variables
Like many other programming languages, JavaScript has variables. Variables can be
thought of as named containers. You can place data into these containers and then
refer to the data simply by naming the container.
Before you use a variable in a JavaScript program, you must declare it. Variables are
declared with the var keyword as follows.


</script>
You can also declare multiple variables with the same var keyword as follows −


</script>
Storing a value in a variable is called variable initialization. You can do variable

initialization at the time of variable creation or at a later point in time when you need
that variable.
For instance, you might create a variable named money and assign the value 2000.50
to it later. For another variable, you can assign a value at the time of initialization as
follows.


</script>
Note − Use the var keyword only for declaration or initialization, once for the life of
any variable name in a document. You should not re-declare same variable twice.
JavaScript is untyped language. This means that a JavaScript variable can hold a
value of any data type. Unlike many other languages, you don't have to tell JavaScript
during variable declaration what type of value the variable will hold. The value type
of a variable can change during the execution of a program and JavaScript takes care
of it automatically.
JavaScript Variable Scope

The scope of a variable is the region of your program in which it is defined. JavaScript
variables have only two scopes.
• Global Variables − A global variable has global scope which means it
can be defined anywhere in your JavaScript code.
• Local Variables − A local variable will be visible only within a function
where it is defined. Function parameters are always local to that
function.
Within the body of a function, a local variable takes precedence over a global variable
with the same name. If you declare a local variable or function parameter with the
same name as a global variable, you effectively hide the global variable. Take a look
into the following example.
<html>
<body onload = checkscope();>

</script>
</body>
</html>
This produces the following result −

local
JavaScript Variable Names

While naming your variables in JavaScript, keep the following rules in mind.
• You should not use any of the JavaScript reserved keywords as a
variable name. These keywords are mentioned in the next section. For
example, break or boolean variable names are not valid.
• JavaScript variable names should not start with a numeral (0-9). They
must begin with a letter or an underscore character. For
example, 123test is an invalid variable name but _123test is a valid
one.
• JavaScript variable names are case-sensitive. For
example, Name and name are two different variables.
JavaScript Reserved Words

A list of all the reserved words in JavaScript are given in the following table. They
cannot be used as JavaScript variables, functions, methods, loop labels, or any object
names.
abstract else instanceof switch
boolean enum int synchronized
break export interface this
byte extends long throw
case false native throws
catch final new transient
char finally null true
class float package try
const for private typeof
continue function protected var
debugger goto public void
default if return volatile
delete implements short while
do import static with
double in super
Operators
What is an Operator?
Let us take a simple expression 4 + 5 is equal to 9. Here 4 and 5 are
called operands and ‘+’ is called the operator. JavaScript supports the following
types of operators.
• Arithmetic Operators
• Comparison Operators
• Logical (or Relational) Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Conditional (or ternary) Operators
Lets have a look on all operators one by one.
Arithmetic Operators
JavaScript supports the following arithmetic operators −
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −
Sr.No. Operator & Description
1
+ (Addition)
Adds two operands
Ex: A + B will give 30
2
- (Subtraction)
Subtracts the second operand from the first
Ex: A - B will give -10
3
* (Multiplication)
Multiply both operands
Ex: A * B will give 200
4
/ (Division)
Divide the numerator by the denominator
Ex: B / A will give 2
5
% (Modulus)
Outputs the remainder of an integer division
Ex: B % A will give 0
6
++ (Increment)
Increases an integer value by one
Ex: A++ will give 11
7
-- (Decrement)
Decreases an integer value by one
Ex: A-- will give 9
Note − Addition operator (+) works for Numeric as well as Strings. e.g. "a" + 10 will
give "a10".
Example
The following code shows how to use arithmetic operators in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>


</script>
Set the variables to different values and then try...

</body>
</html>
Output
a + b = 43
a - b = 23
a / b = 3.3
a%b=3
a + b + c = 43Test
++a = 35
--b = 8
Set the variables to different values and then try...
Comparison Operators
JavaScript supports the following comparison operators −
1
= = (Equal)
Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if yes, then the condition becomes
true.
Ex: (A == B) is not true.
2
!= (Not Equal)
Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if the values are not equal, then
the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A != B) is true.
3
> (Greater than)
Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than the value of the right operand,
if yes, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A > B) is not true.
4
< (Less than)
Checks if the value of the left operand is less than the value of the right operand, if
yes, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A < B) is true.
5
>= (Greater than or Equal to)
Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than or equal to the value of the right
operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A >= B) is not true.
6
<= (Less than or Equal to)
Checks if the value of the left operand is less than or equal to the value of the right
operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A <= B) is true.
Example
The following code shows how to use comparison operators in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

</script>
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...
</body>
</html>
Output
(a == b) => false
(a < b) => true
(a > b) => false
(a != b) => true
(a >= b) => false
a <= b) => true
Logical Operators
JavaScript supports the following logical operators −
1
&& (Logical AND)
If both the operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A && B) is true.
2
|| (Logical OR)
If any of the two operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A || B) is true.
3
! (Logical NOT)
Reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then the Logical NOT
operator will make it false.
Ex: ! (A && B) is false.
Example
Try the following code to learn how to implement Logical Operators in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

</script>
<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
(a && b) => false
(a || b) => true
!(a && b) => true
Bitwise Operators
JavaScript supports the following bitwise operators −
1
& (Bitwise AND)
It performs a Boolean AND operation on each bit of its integer arguments.
Ex: (A & B) is 2.
2
| (BitWise OR)
It performs a Boolean OR operation on each bit of its integer arguments.
Ex: (A | B) is 3.
3
^ (Bitwise XOR)
It performs a Boolean exclusive OR operation on each bit of its integer arguments.
Exclusive OR means that either operand one is true or operand two is true, but not
both.
Ex: (A ^ B) is 1.
4
~ (Bitwise Not)
It is a unary operator and operates by reversing all the bits in the operand.
Ex: (~B) is -4.
5
<< (Left Shift)
It moves all the bits in its first operand to the left by the number of places specified in
the second operand. New bits are filled with zeros. Shifting a value left by one position
is equivalent to multiplying it by 2, shifting two positions is equivalent to multiplying
by 4, and so on.
Ex: (A << 1) is 4.
6
>> (Right Shift)
Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operand’s value is moved right by the number of
bits specified by the right operand.
Ex: (A >> 1) is 1.
7
>>> (Right shift with Zero)
This operator is just like the >> operator, except that the bits shifted in on the left are
always zero.
Ex: (A >>> 1) is 1.
Example
Try the following code to implement Bitwise operator in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

</script>
</body>
</html>
(a & b) => 2
(a | b) => 3
(a ^ b) => 1
(~b) => -4
(a << b) => 16
(a >> b) => 0
Assignment Operators
JavaScript supports the following assignment operators −
1
= (Simple Assignment )
Assigns values from the right side operand to the left side operand
Ex: C = A + B will assign the value of A + B into C
2
+= (Add and Assignment)
It adds the right operand to the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
Ex: C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
3
−= (Subtract and Assignment)
It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left
operand.
Ex: C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A
4
*= (Multiply and Assignment)
It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left
operand.
Ex: C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A
5
/= (Divide and Assignment)
It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left
operand.
Ex: C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
6
%= (Modules and Assignment)
It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand.
Ex: C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
Note − Same logic applies to Bitwise operators so they will become like <<=, >>=,
>>=, &=, |= and ^=.
Example
Try the following code to implement assignment operator in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Value of a => (a = b) => 10
Value of a => (a += b) => 20
Value of a => (a -= b) => 10
Value of a => (a *= b) => 100
Value of a => (a /= b) => 10
Value of a => (a %= b) => 0
Miscellaneous Operator
We will discuss two operators here that are quite useful in JavaScript: the conditional
operator (? :) and the typeof operator.
Conditional Operator (? :)
The conditional operator first evaluates an expression for a true or false value and
then executes one of the two given statements depending upon the result of the
evaluation.
Sr.No. Operator and Description
1
? : (Conditional )
If Condition is true? Then value X : Otherwise value Y
Example
Try the following code to understand how the Conditional Operator works in
JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
((a > b) ? 100 : 200) => 200
((a < b) ? 100 : 200) => 100
typeof Operator
The typeof operator is a unary operator that is placed before its single operand,
which can be of any type. Its value is a string indicating the data type of the operand.
The typeof operator evaluates to "number", "string", or "boolean" if its operand is a
number, string, or boolean value and returns true or false based on the evaluation.
Here is a list of the return values for the typeof Operator.
Type String Returned by typeof
Number "number"
String "string"
Boolean "boolean"
Object "object"
Function "function"
Undefined "undefined"
Null "object"
Example
The following code shows how to implement typeof operator.
<html>
<body>

</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Result => B is String
Result => A is Numeric
if...else Statement
While writing a program, there may be a situation when you need to adopt one out
of a given set of paths. In such cases, you need to use conditional statements that
allow your program to make correct decisions and perform right actions.
JavaScript supports conditional statements which are used to perform different
actions based on different conditions. Here we will explain the if..else statement.
Flow Chart of if-else

The following flow chart shows how the if-else statement works.
JavaScript supports the following forms of if..else statement −

• if statement
• if...else statement
• if...else if... statement.
if statement
The if statement is the fundamental control statement that allows JavaScript to make
decisions and execute statements conditionally.
Syntax
The syntax for a basic if statement is as follows −
if (expression) {
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
}
Here a JavaScript expression is evaluated. If the resulting value is true, the given
statement(s) are executed. If the expression is false, then no statement would be not
executed. Most of the times, you will use comparison operators while making
decisions.
Example
Try the following example to understand how the if statement works.
<html>
<body>

</script>
<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
Qualifies for driving
Set the variable to different value and then try...
if...else statement
The 'if...else' statement is the next form of control statement that allows JavaScript
to execute statements in a more controlled way.
Syntax
if (expression) {
} else {
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is false
}
Here JavaScript expression is evaluated. If the resulting value is true, the given
statement(s) in the ‘if’ block, are executed. If the expression is false, then the given
statement(s) in the else block are executed.
Example
Try the following code to learn how to implement an if-else statement in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Does not qualify for driving
if...else if... statement

The if...else if... statement is an advanced form of if…else that allows JavaScript to
make a correct decision out of several conditions.
Syntax
The syntax of an if-else-if statement is as follows −
if (expression 1) {
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 1 is true
} else if (expression 2) {
} else if (expression 3) {
} else {
Statement(s) to be executed if no expression is true
}
There is nothing special about this code. It is just a series of if statements, where
each if is a part of the else clause of the previous statement. Statement(s) are
executed based on the true condition, if none of the conditions is true, then
the else block is executed.
Example
Try the following code to learn how to implement an if-else-if statement in
JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

</script>
</body>
<html>
Output
Maths Book
Switch Case
You can use multiple if...else…if statements, as in the previous chapter, to perform a
multiway branch. However, this is not always the best solution, especially when all
of the branches depend on the value of a single variable.
Starting with JavaScript 1.2, you can use a switch statement which handles exactly
this situation, and it does so more efficiently than repeated if...else if statements.
Flow Chart
The following flow chart explains a switch-case statement works.
Syntax
The objective of a switch statement is to give an expression to evaluate and several
different statements to execute based on the value of the expression. The interpreter
checks each case against the value of the expression until a match is found. If nothing
matches, a default condition will be used.
switch (expression) {
case condition 1: statement(s)
break;
case condition 2: statement(s)

break;
...
case condition n: statement(s)

break;
default: statement(s)
}
The break statements indicate the end of a particular case. If they were omitted, the
interpreter would continue executing each statement in each of the following cases.
We will explain break statement in Loop Control chapter.
Example
Try the following example to implement switch-case statement.
<html>
<body>

</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Entering switch block
Good job
Exiting switch block
Break statements play a major role in switch-case statements. Try the following code
that uses switch-case statement without any break statement.
<html>
<body>

</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Entering switch block
Good job
Pretty good
Passed
Not so good
Failed
Unknown grade
Exiting switch block
While Loops
The flow chart of while loop looks as follows −
Syntax
The syntax of while loop in JavaScript is as follows −
while (expression) {
}
Example
Try the following example to implement while loop.
<html>
<body>


</script>

</body>
</html>
Output
Starting Loop
Current Count : 0
Current Count : 1
Current Count : 2
Current Count : 3
Current Count : 4
Current Count : 5
Current Count : 6
Current Count : 7
Current Count : 8
Current Count : 9
Loop stopped!
The do...while Loop

The do...while loop is similar to the while loop except that the condition check
happens at the end of the loop. This means that the loop will always be executed at
least once, even if the condition is false.
Flow Chart
The flow chart of a do-while loop would be as follows −
Syntax
The syntax for do-while loop in JavaScript is as follows −
do {
Statement(s) to be executed;
} while (expression);
Note − Don’t miss the semicolon used at the end of the do...while loop.
Example
Try the following example to learn how to implement a do-while loop in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Starting Loop
Current Count : 0
Current Count : 1
Current Count : 2
Current Count : 3
Current Count : 4
Loop Stopped!
For Loop
The 'for' loop is the most compact form of looping. It includes the following three
important parts −
• The loop initialization where we initialize our counter to a starting
value. The initialization statement is executed before the loop begins.
• The test statement which will test if a given condition is true or not. If
the condition is true, then the code given inside the loop will be
executed, otherwise the control will come out of the loop.
• The iteration statement where you can increase or decrease your
counter.
You can put all the three parts in a single line separated by semicolons.
Flow Chart
The flow chart of a for loop in JavaScript would be as follows −
Syntax
The syntax of for loop is JavaScript is as follows −
for (initialization; test condition; iteration statement) {
Statement(s) to be executed if test condition is true
}
Example
Try the following example to learn how a for loop works in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Starting Loop
Current Count : 0
Current Count : 1
Current Count : 2
Current Count : 3
Current Count : 4
Current Count : 5
Current Count : 6
Current Count : 7
Current Count : 8
Current Count : 9
Loop stopped!
Loop Control
JavaScript provides full control to handle loops and switch statements. There may be
a situation when you need to come out of a loop without reaching its bottom. There
may also be a situation when you want to skip a part of your code block and start the
next iteration of the loop.
To handle all such situations, JavaScript provides break and continue statements.
These statements are used to immediately come out of any loop or to start the next
iteration of any loop respectively.
The break Statement

The break statement, which was briefly introduced with the switch statement, is
used to exit a loop early, breaking out of the enclosing curly braces.
Flow Chart
The flow chart of a break statement would look as follows −
Example
The following example illustrates the use of a break statement with a while loop.
Notice how the loop breaks out early once x reaches 5 and reaches
to document.write (..) statement just below to the closing curly brace −
<html>
<body>

</script>

</body>
</html>
Output
Entering the loop
2
3
4
5
Exiting the loop!
We already have seen the usage of break statement inside a switch statement.
The continue Statement

The continue statement tells the interpreter to immediately start the next iteration of
the loop and skip the remaining code block. When a continue statement is
encountered, the program flow moves to the loop check expression immediately and
if the condition remains true, then it starts the next iteration, otherwise the control
comes out of the loop.
Example
This example illustrates the use of a continue statement with a while loop. Notice
how the continue statement is used to skip printing when the index held in
variable x reaches 5 −
<html>
<body>

</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Entering the loop
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
Exiting the loop!
Using Labels to Control the Flow

Starting from JavaScript 1.2, a label can be used with break and continue to control
the flow more precisely. A label is simply an identifier followed by a colon (:) that is
applied to a statement or a block of code. We will see two different examples to
understand how to use labels with break and continue.
Note − Line breaks are not allowed between the ‘continue’ or ‘break’ statement and
its label name. Also, there should not be any other statement in between a label
name and associated loop.
Try the following two examples for a better understanding of Labels.
Example 1
The following example shows how to implement Label with a break statement.
<html>
<body>

</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Entering the loop!
Outerloop: 0
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Innerloop: 3
Outerloop: 1
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Innerloop: 3
Outerloop: 2
Outerloop: 3
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Innerloop: 3
Outerloop: 4
Exiting the loop!
Example 2
<html>
<body>


</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Entering the loop!
Outerloop: 0
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Outerloop: 1
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Outerloop: 2
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Exiting the loop!
Functions
A function is a group of reusable code which can be called anywhere in your program.
This eliminates the need of writing the same code again and again. It helps
programmers in writing modular codes. Functions allow a programmer to divide a big
program into a number of small and manageable functions.
Like any other advanced programming language, JavaScript also supports all the
features necessary to write modular code using functions. You must have seen
functions like alert() and write() in the earlier chapters. We were using these
functions again and again, but they had been written in core JavaScript only once.
JavaScript allows us to write our own functions as well. This section explains how to
write your own functions in JavaScript.
Function Definition
Before we use a function, we need to define it. The most common way to define a
function in JavaScript is by using the function keyword, followed by a unique function
name, a list of parameters (that might be empty), and a statement block surrounded
by curly braces.
Syntax
The basic syntax is shown here.

</script>
Example
Try the following example. It defines a function called sayHello that takes no
parameters −


</script>
Calling a Function
To invoke a function somewhere later in the script, you would simply need to write
the name of that function as shown in the following code.
<html>
<head>
document.write ("Hello there!");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following button to call the function</p>
<form>
<input type = "button" onclick = "sayHello()" value = "Say Hello">
</form>
<p>Use different text in write method and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
Function Parameters
Till now, we have seen functions without parameters. But there is a facility to pass
different parameters while calling a function. These passed parameters can be
captured inside the function and any manipulation can be done over those
parameters. A function can take multiple parameters separated by comma.
Example
Try the following example. We have modified our sayHello function here. Now it
takes two parameters.
<html>
<head>
function sayHello(name, age) {
document.write (name + " is " + age + " years old.");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type = "button" onclick = "sayHello('Zara', 7)" value = "Say Hello">
</form>
<p>Use different parameters inside the function and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
The return Statement

A JavaScript function can have an optional return statement. This is required if you
want to return a value from a function. This statement should be the last statement
in a function.
For example, you can pass two numbers in a function and then you can expect the
function to return their multiplication in your calling program.
Example
Try the following example. It defines a function that takes two parameters and
concatenates them before returning the resultant in the calling program.
<html>
<head>
function concatenate(first, last) {
var full;
full = first + last;
return full;
}
function secondFunction() {
var result;
result = concatenate('Zara', 'Ali');
document.write (result );
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type = "button" onclick = "secondFunction()" value = "Call Function">
</form>
<p>Use different parameters inside the function and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Dialog Boxes
JavaScript supports three important types of dialog boxes. These dialog boxes can
be used to raise and alert, or to get confirmation on any input or to have a kind of
input from the users. Here we will discuss each dialog box one by one.
Alert Dialog Box

An alert dialog box is mostly used to give a warning message to the users. For
example, if one input field requires to enter some text but the user does not provide
any input, then as a part of validation, you can use an alert box to give a warning
message.
Nonetheless, an alert box can still be used for friendlier messages. Alert box gives
only one button "OK" to select and proceed.
Example
<html>
<head>

</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following button to see the result: </p>
<form>
<input type = "button" value = "Click Me" onclick = "Warn();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Confirmation Dialog Box

A confirmation dialog box is mostly used to take user's consent on any option. It
displays a dialog box with two buttons: OK and Cancel.
If the user clicks on the OK button, the window method confirm() will return true. If
the user clicks on the Cancel button, then confirm() returns false. You can use a
confirmation dialog box as follows.
Example
<html>
<head>

</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type = "button" value = "Click Me" onclick = "getConfirmation();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Prompt Dialog Box
The prompt dialog box is very useful when you want to pop-up a text box to get user
input. Thus, it enables you to interact with the user. The user needs to fill in the field
and then click OK.
This dialog box is displayed using a method called prompt() which takes two
parameters: (i) a label which you want to display in the text box and (ii) a default
string to display in the text box.
This dialog box has two buttons: OK and Cancel. If the user clicks the OK button, the
window method prompt() will return the entered value from the text box. If the user
clicks the Cancel button, the window method prompt() returns null.
Example
The following example shows how to use a prompt dialog box −
<html>
<head>

</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type = "button" value = "Click Me" onclick = "getValue();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
JavaScript - Objects Overview

JavaScript is an Object Oriented Programming (OOP) language. A programming
language can be called object-oriented if it provides four basic capabilities to
developers −
• Encapsulation − the capability to store related information, whether
data or methods, together in an object.
• Aggregation − the capability to store one object inside another object.
• Inheritance − the capability of a class to rely upon another class (or
number of classes) for some of its properties and methods.
• Polymorphism − the capability to write one function or method that
works in a variety of different ways.
Objects are composed of attributes. If an attribute contains a function, it is considered
to be a method of the object, otherwise the attribute is considered a property.
Object Properties
Object properties can be any of the three primitive data types, or any of the abstract
data types, such as another object. Object properties are usually variables that are
used internally in the object's methods, but can also be globally visible variables that
are used throughout the page.
The syntax for adding a property to an object is −
objectName.objectProperty = propertyValue;
For example − The following code gets the document title using the "title" property
of the document object.
var str = document.title;
Object Methods
Methods are the functions that let the object do something or let something be done
to it. There is a small difference between a function and a method – at a function is a
standalone unit of statements and a method is attached to an object and can be
referenced by the this keyword.
Methods are useful for everything from displaying the contents of the object to the
screen to performing complex mathematical operations on a group of local properties
and parameters.
For example − Following is a simple example to show how to use the write() method
of document object to write any content on the document.
document.write("This is test");
User-Defined Objects
All user-defined objects and built-in objects are descendants of an object
called Object.
The new Operator

The new operator is used to create an instance of an object. To create an object,
the new operator is followed by the constructor method.
In the following example, the constructor methods are Object(), Array(), and Date().
These constructors are built-in JavaScript functions.
var employee = new Object();

var books = new Array("C++", "Perl", "Java");
var day = new Date("August 15, 1947");
The Object() Constructor
A constructor is a function that creates and initializes an object. JavaScript provides a
special constructor function called Object() to build the object. The return value of
the Object() constructor is assigned to a variable.
The variable contains a reference to the new object. The properties assigned to the
object are not variables and are not defined with the var keyword.
Example 1
Try the following example; it demonstrates how to create an Object.
<html>
<head>
<title>User-defined objects</title>
var book = new Object(); // Create the object
book.subject = "Perl"; // Assign properties to the object
book.author = "Mohtashim";
</script>
</head>
<body>
document.write("Book name is : " + book.subject + "<br>");
document.write("Book author is : " + book.author + "<br>");
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Book name is : Perl
Book author is : Mohtashim
Example 2
This example demonstrates how to create an object with a User-Defined Function.
Here this keyword is used to refer to the object that has been passed to a function.
<html>
<head>
function book(title, author) {
this.title = title;
this.author = author;
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
var myBook = new book("Perl", "Mohtashim");
document.write("Book title is : " + myBook.title + "<br>");
document.write("Book author is : " + myBook.author + "<br>");
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Book title is : Perl
Defining Methods for an Object

The previous examples demonstrate how the constructor creates the object and
assigns properties. But we need to complete the definition of an object by assigning
methods to it.
Example
Try the following example; it shows how to add a function along with an object.
<html>
<head>
// Define a function which will work as a method
function addPrice(amount) {
this.price = amount;
}

this.title = title;
this.addPrice = addPrice; // Assign that method as property.
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
myBook.addPrice(100);

document.write("Book price is : " + myBook.price + "<br>");
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Book price is : 100
The 'with' Keyword

The ‘with’ keyword is used as a kind of shorthand for referencing an object's
properties or methods.
The object specified as an argument to with becomes the default object for the
duration of the block that follows. The properties and methods for the object can be
used without naming the object.
Syntax
The syntax for with object is as follows −
with (object) {
properties used without the object name and dot
}
Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
// Define a function which will work as a method
function addPrice(amount) {
with(this) {
price = amount;
}
}
this.title = title;
this.price = 0;
this.addPrice = addPrice; // Assign that method as property.
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
myBook.addPrice(100);

document.write("Book price is : " + myBook.price + "<br>");
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Book price is : 100
JavaScript Native Objects

JavaScript has several built-in or native objects. These objects are accessible
anywhere in your program and will work the same way in any browser running in any
operating system.
Here is the list of all important JavaScript Native Objects −
• JavaScript Number Object
• JavaScript Boolean Object
• JavaScript String Object
• JavaScript Array Object
• JavaScript Date Object
• JavaScript Math Object
• JavaScript RegExp Object
JavaScript - The Number Object

The Number object represents numerical date, either integers or floating-point
numbers. In general, you do not need to worry about Number objects because the
browser automatically converts number literals to instances of the number class.
Syntax
The syntax for creating a number object is as follows −
var val = new Number(number);
In the place of number, if you provide any non-number argument, then the argument
cannot be converted into a number, it returns NaN (Not-a-Number).
Number Properties
Here is a list of each property and their description.
Sr.No. Property & Description
1 MAX_VALUE
The largest possible value a number in JavaScript can have

1.7976931348623157E+308
2 MIN_VALUE
The smallest possible value a number in JavaScript can have 5E-324
3 NaN
Equal to a value that is not a number.
4 NEGATIVE_INFINITY
A value that is less than MIN_VALUE.
5 POSITIVE_INFINITY
A value that is greater than MAX_VALUE

6 prototype
A static property of the Number object. Use the prototype property to assign new
properties and methods to the Number object in the current document
7 constructor
Returns the function that created this object's instance. By default this is the Number
object.
In the following sections, we will take a few examples to demonstrate the properties
of Number.
Number Methods
The Number object contains only the default methods that are a part of every object's
definition.
Sr.No. Method & Description
1 toExponential()
Forces a number to display in exponential notation, even if the number is in the range
in which JavaScript normally uses standard notation.
2 toFixed()
Formats a number with a specific number of digits to the right of the decimal.
3 toLocaleString()
Returns a string value version of the current number in a format that may vary
according to a browser's local settings.
4 toPrecision()
Defines how many total digits (including digits to the left and right of the decimal) to
display of a number.
5 toString()
Returns the string representation of the number's value.

6 valueOf()
Returns the number's value.
JavaScript - The Boolean Object

The Boolean object represents two values, either "true" or "false". If value parameter
is omitted or is 0, -0, null, false, NaN, undefined, or the empty string (""), the object
has an initial value of false.
Syntax
Use the following syntax to create a boolean object.
var val = new Boolean(value);
Boolean Properties
Here is a list of the properties of Boolean object −
1 constructor
Returns a reference to the Boolean function that created the object.
2 prototype
The prototype property allows you to add properties and methods to an object.
In the following sections, we will have a few examples to illustrate the properties of
Boolean object.
Boolean Methods
Here is a list of the methods of Boolean object and their description.
1 toSource()
Returns a string containing the source of the Boolean object; you can use this string to
create an equivalent object.
2 toString()
Returns a string of either "true" or "false" depending upon the value of the object.
3 valueOf()
Returns the primitive value of the Boolean object.
JavaScript - The Strings Object

The String object lets you work with a series of characters; it wraps Javascript's string
primitive data type with a number of helper methods.
As JavaScript automatically converts between string primitives and String objects,
you can call any of the helper methods of the String object on a string primitive.
Syntax
Use the following syntax to create a String object −
var val = new String(string);
The String parameter is a series of characters that has been properly encoded.
String Properties
Here is a list of the properties of String object and their description.
1 constructor
Returns a reference to the String function that created the object.
2 length
Returns the length of the string.
3 prototype
In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage of
String properties.
String Methods
Here is a list of the methods available in String object along with their description.
1 charAt()
Returns the character at the specified index.
2 charCodeAt()
Returns a number indicating the Unicode value of the character at the given index.
3 concat()
Combines the text of two strings and returns a new string.
4 indexOf()
Returns the index within the calling String object of the first occurrence of the specified
value, or -1 if not found.
5 lastIndexOf()
Returns the index within the calling String object of the last occurrence of the specified
value, or -1 if not found.
6 localeCompare()
Returns a number indicating whether a reference string comes before or after or is the
same as the given string in sort order.
7 match()
Used to match a regular expression against a string.
8 replace()
Used to find a match between a regular expression and a string, and to replace the
matched substring with a new substring.
9 search()
Executes the search for a match between a regular expression and a specified string.
10 slice()
Extracts a section of a string and returns a new string.
11 split()
Splits a String object into an array of strings by separating the string into substrings.
12 substr()
Returns the characters in a string beginning at the specified location through the
specified number of characters.
13 substring()
Returns the characters in a string between two indexes into the string.
14 toLocaleLowerCase()
The characters within a string are converted to lower case while respecting the current
locale.
15 toLocaleUpperCase()
The characters within a string are converted to upper case while respecting the current
locale.
16 toLowerCase()
Returns the calling string value converted to lower case.
17 toString()
Returns a string representing the specified object.
18 toUpperCase()
Returns the calling string value converted to uppercase.
19 valueOf()
Returns the primitive value of the specified object.
String HTML Wrappers

Here is a list of the methods that return a copy of the string wrapped inside an
appropriate HTML tag.
1 anchor()
Creates an HTML anchor that is used as a hypertext target.
2 big()
Creates a string to be displayed in a big font as if it were in a <big> tag.
3 blink()
Creates a string to blink as if it were in a <blink> tag.
4 bold()
Creates a string to be displayed as bold as if it were in a <b> tag.
5 fixed()
Causes a string to be displayed in fixed-pitch font as if it were in a <tt> tag
6 fontcolor()
Causes a string to be displayed in the specified color as if it were in a <font

color="color"> tag.
7 fontsize()
Causes a string to be displayed in the specified font size as if it were in a <font

size="size"> tag.
8 italics()
Causes a string to be italic, as if it were in an <i> tag.

9 link()
Creates an HTML hypertext link that requests another URL.
10 small()
Causes a string to be displayed in a small font, as if it were in a <small> tag.
11 strike()
Causes a string to be displayed as struck-out text, as if it were in a <strike> tag.
12 sub()
Causes a string to be displayed as a subscript, as if it were in a <sub> tag
13 sup()
Causes a string to be displayed as a superscript, as if it were in a <sup> tag
JavaScript - The Arrays Object

The Array object lets you store multiple values in a single variable. It stores a fixed-
size sequential collection of elements of the same type. An array is used to store a
collection of data, but it is often more useful to think of an array as a collection of
variables of the same type.
Syntax
Use the following syntax to create an Array object −
var fruits = new Array( "apple", "orange", "mango" );
The Array parameter is a list of strings or integers. When you specify a single
numeric parameter with the Array constructor, you specify the initial length of the
array. The maximum length allowed for an array is 4,294,967,295.
You can create array by simply assigning values as follows −
var fruits = [ "apple", "orange", "mango" ];
You will use ordinal numbers to access and to set values inside an array as follows.
fruits[0] is the first element
fruits[1] is the second element
fruits[2] is the third element
Array Properties
Here is a list of the properties of the Array object along with their description.
1 constructor
Returns a reference to the array function that created the object.
2
index
The property represents the zero-based index of the match in the string
3
input
This property is only present in arrays created by regular expression matches.
4 length
Reflects the number of elements in an array.
5 prototype
In the following sections, we will have a few examples to illustrate the usage of Array
properties.
Array Methods
Here is a list of the methods of the Array object along with their description.
1 concat()
Returns a new array comprised of this array joined with other array(s) and/or value(s).
2 every()
Returns true if every element in this array satisfies the provided testing function.
3 filter()
Creates a new array with all of the elements of this array for which the provided
filtering function returns true.
4 forEach()
Calls a function for each element in the array.
5 indexOf()
Returns the first (least) index of an element within the array equal to the specified
value, or -1 if none is found.
6 join()
Joins all elements of an array into a string.
7 lastIndexOf()
Returns the last (greatest) index of an element within the array equal to the specified
value, or -1 if none is found.
8 map()
Creates a new array with the results of calling a provided function on every element
in this array.
9 pop()
Removes the last element from an array and returns that element.
10 push()
Adds one or more elements to the end of an array and returns the new length of the
array.
11 reduce()
Apply a function simultaneously against two values of the array (from left-to-right) as
to reduce it to a single value.
12 reduceRight()
Apply a function simultaneously against two values of the array (from right-to-left) as
to reduce it to a single value.
13 reverse()
Reverses the order of the elements of an array -- the first becomes the last, and the
last becomes the first.
14 shift()
Removes the first element from an array and returns that element.
15 slice()
Extracts a section of an array and returns a new array.
16 some()
Returns true if at least one element in this array satisfies the provided testing function.
17 toSource()
Represents the source code of an object
18 sort()
Sorts the elements of an array
19 splice()
Adds and/or removes elements from an array.
20 toString()
Returns a string representing the array and its elements.
21 unshift()
Adds one or more elements to the front of an array and returns the new length of the
array.
JavaScript - The Date Object
The Date object is a datatype built into the JavaScript language. Date objects are
created with the new Date( ) as shown below.
Once a Date object is created, a number of methods allow you to operate on it. Most
methods simply allow you to get and set the year, month, day, hour, minute, second,
and millisecond fields of the object, using either local time or UTC (universal, or GMT)
time.
The ECMAScript standard requires the Date object to be able to represent any date
and time, to millisecond precision, within 100 million days before or after 1/1/1970.
This is a range of plus or minus 273,785 years, so JavaScript can represent date and
time till the year 275755.
Syntax
You can use any of the following syntaxes to create a Date object using Date()
constructor.
new Date( )
new Date(milliseconds)
new Date(datestring)
new Date(year,month,date[,hour,minute,second,millisecond ])
Note − Parameters in the brackets are always optional.
Here is a description of the parameters −
• No Argument − With no arguments, the Date() constructor creates a
Date object set to the current date and time.
• milliseconds − When one numeric argument is passed, it is taken as the
internal numeric representation of the date in milliseconds, as returned
by the getTime() method. For example, passing the argument 5000
creates a date that represents five seconds past midnight on 1/1/70.
• datestring − When one string argument is passed, it is a string
representation of a date, in the format accepted by
the Date.parse() method.
• 7 agruments − To use the last form of the constructor shown above.
Here is a description of each argument −
o year − Integer value representing the year. For
compatibility (in order to avoid the Y2K problem), you
should always specify the year in full; use 1998, rather
than 98.
o month − Integer value representing the month, beginning
with 0 for January to 11 for December.
o date − Integer value representing the day of the month.
o hour − Integer value representing the hour of the day (24-
hour scale).
o minute − Integer value representing the minute segment
of a time reading.
o second − Integer value representing the second segment
of a time reading.
o millisecond − Integer value representing the millisecond
segment of a time reading.
Date Properties
Here is a list of the properties of the Date object along with their description.
1 constructor
Specifies the function that creates an object's prototype.
2 prototype
The prototype property allows you to add properties and methods to an object
different Date properties.
Date Methods
Here is a list of the methods used with Date and their description.
1 Date()
Returns today's date and time
2 getDate()
Returns the day of the month for the specified date according to local time.
3 getDay()
Returns the day of the week for the specified date according to local time.
4 getFullYear()
Returns the year of the specified date according to local time.
5 getHours()
Returns the hour in the specified date according to local time.
6 getMilliseconds()
Returns the milliseconds in the specified date according to local time.
7 getMinutes()
Returns the minutes in the specified date according to local time.
8 getMonth()
Returns the month in the specified date according to local time.
9 getSeconds()
Returns the seconds in the specified date according to local time.
10 getTime()
Returns the numeric value of the specified date as the number of milliseconds since
January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC.
11 getTimezoneOffset()
Returns the time-zone offset in minutes for the current locale.
12 getUTCDate()
Returns the day (date) of the month in the specified date according to universal time.
13 getUTCDay()
Returns the day of the week in the specified date according to universal time.
14 getUTCFullYear()
Returns the year in the specified date according to universal time.
15 getUTCHours()
Returns the hours in the specified date according to universal time.
16 getUTCMilliseconds()
Returns the milliseconds in the specified date according to universal time.
17 getUTCMinutes()
Returns the minutes in the specified date according to universal time.
18 getUTCMonth()
Returns the month in the specified date according to universal time.
19 getUTCSeconds()
Returns the seconds in the specified date according to universal time.
20 getYear()
Deprecated - Returns the year in the specified date according to local time. Use
getFullYear instead.
21 setDate()
Sets the day of the month for a specified date according to local time.
22 setFullYear()
Sets the full year for a specified date according to local time.
23 setHours()
Sets the hours for a specified date according to local time.
24 setMilliseconds()
Sets the milliseconds for a specified date according to local time.

25 setMinutes()
Sets the minutes for a specified date according to local time.
26 setMonth()
Sets the month for a specified date according to local time.
27 setSeconds()
Sets the seconds for a specified date according to local time.
28 setTime()
Sets the Date object to the time represented by a number of milliseconds since January
1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC.
29 setUTCDate()
Sets the day of the month for a specified date according to universal time.
30 setUTCFullYear()
Sets the full year for a specified date according to universal time.
31 setUTCHours()
Sets the hour for a specified date according to universal time.
32 setUTCMilliseconds()
Sets the milliseconds for a specified date according to universal time.
33 setUTCMinutes()
Sets the minutes for a specified date according to universal time.
34 setUTCMonth()
Sets the month for a specified date according to universal time.
35 setUTCSeconds()
Sets the seconds for a specified date according to universal time.

36 setYear()
Deprecated - Sets the year for a specified date according to local time. Use
setFullYear instead.
37 toDateString()
Returns the "date" portion of the Date as a human-readable string.
38 toGMTString()
Deprecated - Converts a date to a string, using the Internet GMT conventions. Use
toUTCString instead.
39 toLocaleDateString()
Returns the "date" portion of the Date as a string, using the current locale's
conventions.
40 toLocaleFormat()
Converts a date to a string, using a format string.
41 toLocaleString()
Converts a date to a string, using the current locale's conventions.
42 toLocaleTimeString()
Returns the "time" portion of the Date as a string, using the current locale's
conventions.
43 toSource()
Returns a string representing the source for an equivalent Date object; you can use
this value to create a new object.
44 toString()
Returns a string representing the specified Date object.
45 toTimeString()
Returns the "time" portion of the Date as a human-readable string.

46 toUTCString()
Converts a date to a string, using the universal time convention.
47 valueOf()
Returns the primitive value of a Date object.
Converts a date to a string, using the universal time convention.
Date Static Methods

In addition to the many instance methods listed previously, the Date object also
defines two static methods. These methods are invoked through the Date()
constructor itself.
1 Date.parse( )
Parses a string representation of a date and time and returns the internal millisecond
representation of that date.
2 Date.UTC( )
Returns the millisecond representation of the specified UTC date and time.
JavaScript - The Math Object

The math object provides you properties and methods for mathematical constants
and functions. Unlike other global objects, Math is not a constructor. All the
properties and methods of Math are static and can be called by using Math as an
object without creating it.
Thus, you refer to the constant pi as Math.PI and you call the sine function
as Math.sin(x), where x is the method's argument.
Syntax
The syntax to call the properties and methods of Math are as follows
var pi_val = Math.PI;
var sine_val = Math.sin(30);
Math Properties
Here is a list of all the properties of Math and their description.
1 E\
Euler's constant and the base of natural logarithms, approximately 2.718.
2 LN2
Natural logarithm of 2, approximately 0.693.
3 LN10
Natural logarithm of 10, approximately 2.302.
4 LOG2E
Base 2 logarithm of E, approximately 1.442.
5 LOG10E
Base 10 logarithm of E, approximately 0.434.
6 PI
Ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, approximately 3.14159.
7 SQRT1_2
Square root of 1/2; equivalently, 1 over the square root of 2, approximately 0.707.
8 SQRT2
Square root of 2, approximately 1.414.
Math properties.
Math Methods
Here is a list of the methods associated with Math object and their description
1 abs()
Returns the absolute value of a number.
2 acos()
Returns the arccosine (in radians) of a number.
3 asin()
Returns the arcsine (in radians) of a number.
4 atan()
Returns the arctangent (in radians) of a number.
5 atan2()
Returns the arctangent of the quotient of its arguments.
6 ceil()
Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to a number.
7 cos()
Returns the cosine of a number.
8 exp()
Returns EN, where N is the argument, and E is Euler's constant, the base of the natural
logarithm.
9 floor()
Returns the largest integer less than or equal to a number.
10 log()
Returns the natural logarithm (base E) of a number.

11 max()
Returns the largest of zero or more numbers.
12 min()
Returns the smallest of zero or more numbers.
13 pow()
Returns base to the exponent power, that is, base exponent.
14 random()
Returns a pseudo-random number between 0 and 1.
15 round()
Returns the value of a number rounded to the nearest integer.
16 sin()
Returns the sine of a number.
17 sqrt()
Returns the square root of a number.
18 tan()
Returns the tangent of a number.
19 toSource()
Returns the string "Math".
Regular Expressions and RegExp Object

A regular expression is an object that describes a pattern of characters.
The JavaScript RegExp class represents regular expressions, and both String
and RegExp define methods that use regular expressions to perform powerful
pattern-matching and search-and-replace functions on text.
Syntax
A regular expression could be defined with the RegExp () constructor, as follows −
var pattern = new RegExp(pattern, attributes);
or simply
var pattern = /pattern/attributes;
Here is the description of the parameters −
• pattern − A string that specifies the pattern of the regular expression or
another regular expression.
• attributes − An optional string containing any of the "g", "i", and "m"
attributes that specify global, case-insensitive, and multi-line matches,
respectively.
Brackets
Brackets ([]) have a special meaning when used in the context of regular expressions.
They are used to find a range of characters.
Sr.No. Expression & Description
1
[...]
Any one character between the brackets.
2
[^...]
Any one character not between the brackets.
3
[0-9]
It matches any decimal digit from 0 through 9.
4
[a-z]
It matches any character from lowercase a through lowercase z.
5
[A-Z]
It matches any character from uppercase A through uppercase Z.
6
[a-Z]
It matches any character from lowercase a through uppercase Z.
The ranges shown above are general; you could also use the range [0-3] to match
any decimal digit ranging from 0 through 3, or the range [b-v] to match any lowercase
character ranging from b through v.
Quantifiers
The frequency or position of bracketed character sequences and single characters can
be denoted by a special character. Each special character has a specific connotation.
The +, *, ?, and $ flags all follow a character sequence.
1
p+
It matches any string containing one or more p's.
2
p*
It matches any string containing zero or more p's.
3
p?
It matches any string containing at most one p.
4
p{N}
It matches any string containing a sequence of N p's
5
p{2,3}
It matches any string containing a sequence of two or three p's.
6
p{2, }
It matches any string containing a sequence of at least two p's.
7
p$
It matches any string with p at the end of it.
8
^p
It matches any string with p at the beginning of it.
Examples
Following examples explain more about matching characters.
1
[^a-zA-Z]
It matches any string not containing any of the characters ranging
from a through z and A through Z.
2
p.p
It matches any string containing p, followed by any character, in turn followed by
another p.
3
^.{2}$
It matches any string containing exactly two characters.
4
<b>(.*)</b>
It matches any string enclosed within <b> and </b>.
5
p(hp)*
It matches any string containing a p followed by zero or more instances of the
sequence hp.
Literal characters
Sr.No. Character & Description
1
Alphanumeric
Itself
2
\0
The NUL character (\u0000)
3
\t
Tab (\u0009
4
\n
Newline (\u000A)
5
\v
Vertical tab (\u000B)
6
\f
Form feed (\u000C)
7
\r
Carriage return (\u000D)
8
\xnn
The Latin character specified by the hexadecimal number nn; for example, \x0A is the
same as \n
9
\uxxxx
The Unicode character specified by the hexadecimal number xxxx; for example,
\u0009 is the same as \t
10
\cX
The control character ^X; for example, \cJ is equivalent to the newline character \n
Metacharacters
A metacharacter is simply an alphabetical character preceded by a backslash that
acts to give the combination a special meaning.
For instance, you can search for a large sum of money using the '\d'
metacharacter: /([\d]+)000/, Here \d will search for any string of numerical character.
The following table lists a set of metacharacters which can be used in PERL Style
Regular Expressions.
Sr.No. Character & Description
1
.
a single character
2
\s
a whitespace character (space, tab, newline)
3
\S
non-whitespace character
4
\d
a digit (0-9)
5
\D
a non-digit
6
\w
a word character (a-z, A-Z, 0-9, _)
7
\W
a non-word character
8
[\b]
a literal backspace (special case).
9
[aeiou]
matches a single character in the given set
10
[^aeiou]
matches a single character outside the given set
11
(foo|bar|baz)
matches any of the alternatives specified
Modifiers
Several modifiers are available that can simplify the way you work with regexps, like
case sensitivity, searching in multiple lines, etc.
Sr.No. Modifier & Description
1
i
Perform case-insensitive matching.
2
m
Specifies that if the string has newline or carriage return characters, the ^ and $
operators will now match against a newline boundary, instead of a string boundary
3
g
Performs a global matchthat is, find all matches rather than stopping after the first
match.
RegExp Properties
Here is a list of the properties associated with RegExp and their description.
1 constructor
Specifies the function that creates an object's prototype.
2 global
Specifies if the "g" modifier is set.
3 ignoreCase
Specifies if the "i" modifier is set.
4 lastIndex
The index at which to start the next match.
5 multiline
Specifies if the "m" modifier is set.
6 source
The text of the pattern.
RegExp properties.
RegExp Methods
Here is a list of the methods associated with RegExp along with their description.
1 exec()
Executes a search for a match in its string parameter.
2 test()
Tests for a match in its string parameter.
3 toSource()
Returns an object literal representing the specified object; you can use this value to
create a new object.
4 toString()
Returns a string representing the specified object.
JavaScript - Document Object Model or DOM

Every web page resides inside a browser window which can be considered as an
object.
A Document object represents the HTML document that is displayed in that window.
The Document object has various properties that refer to other objects which allow
access to and modification of document content.
The way a document content is accessed and modified is called the Document
Object Model, or DOM. The Objects are organized in a hierarchy. This hierarchical
structure applies to the organization of objects in a Web document.
• Window object − Top of the hierarchy. It is the outmost element of the
object hierarchy.
• Document object − Each HTML document that gets loaded into a
window becomes a document object. The document contains the
contents of the page.
• Form object − Everything enclosed in the <form>...</form> tags sets the
form object.
• Form control elements − The form object contains all the elements
defined for that object such as text fields, buttons, radio buttons, and
checkboxes.
Here is a simple hierarchy of a few important objects −
There are several DOMs in existence. The following sections explain each of these
DOMs in detail and describe how you can use them to access and modify document
content.
• The Legacy DOM − This is the model which was introduced in early
versions of JavaScript language. It is well supported by all browsers, but
allows access only to certain key portions of documents, such as forms,
form elements, and images.
• The W3C DOM − This document object model allows access and
modification of all document content and is standardized by the World
Wide Web Consortium (W3C). This model is supported by almost all
the modern browsers.
• The IE4 DOM − This document object model was introduced in Version
4 of Microsoft's Internet Explorer browser. IE 5 and later versions
include support for most basic W3C DOM features.
DOM compatibility
If you want to write a script with the flexibility to use either W3C DOM or IE 4 DOM
depending on their availability, then you can use a capability-testing approach that
first checks for the existence of a method or property to determine whether the
browser has the capability you desire. For example −
if (document.getElementById) {
// If the W3C method exists, use it
} else if (document.all) {
// If the all[] array exists, use it
} else {
// Otherwise use the legacy DOM
}
JavaScript - Form Validation
Form validation normally used to occur at the server, after the client had entered all
the necessary data and then pressed the Submit button. If the data entered by a client
was incorrect or was simply missing, the server would have to send all the data back
to the client and request that the form be resubmitted with correct information. This
was really a lengthy process which used to put a lot of burden on the server.
JavaScript provides a way to validate form's data on the client's computer before
sending it to the web server. Form validation generally performs two functions.
• Basic Validation − First of all, the form must be checked to make sure
all the mandatory fields are filled in. It would require just a loop through
each field in the form and check for data.
• Data Format Validation − Secondly, the data that is entered must be
checked for correct form and value. Your code must include appropriate
logic to test correctness of data.
Example
We will take an example to understand the process of validation. Here is a simple
form in html format.
<html>
<head>
<title>Form Validation</title>

</script>
</head>
<body>
<form action = "/cgi-bin/test.cgi" name = "myForm" onsubmit = "return(validate());">
<table cellspacing = "2" cellpadding = "2" border = "1">
<tr>
<td align = "right">Name</td>
<td><input type = "text" name = "Name" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align = "right">EMail</td>
<td><input type = "text" name = "EMail" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align = "right">Zip Code</td>
<td><input type = "text" name = "Zip" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align = "right">Country</td>
<td>
<select name = "Country">
<option value = "-1" selected>[choose yours]</option>
<option value = "1">USA</option>
<option value = "2">UK</option>
<option value = "3">INDIA</option>
</select>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align = "right"></td>
<td><input type = "submit" value = "Submit" /></td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output
Basic Form Validation

First let us see how to do a basic form validation. In the above form, we are
calling validate() to validate data when onsubmit event is occurring. The following
code shows the implementation of this validate() function.


</script>
Data Format Validation

Now we will see how we can validate our entered form data before submitting it to
the web server.
The following example shows how to validate an entered email address. An email
address must contain at least a ‘@’ sign and a dot (.). Also, the ‘@’ must not be the
first character of the email address, and the last dot must at least be one character
after the ‘@’ sign.
Example
Try the following code for email validation.


</script>
JavaScript Events
The change in the state of an object is known as an Event. In html, there are various
events which represents that some activity is performed by the user or by the browser.
When javascript code is included in HTML ,js react over these events and allow the execution.
This process of reacting over the events is called Event Handling. Thus, js handles the HTML
events via Event Handlers.
For example, when a user clicks over the browser, add js code, which will execute the
task to be performed on the event.
Some of the HTML events and their event handlers are:
Mouse events:
Event Performed Event Handler Description
click onclick When mouse click on an element
mouseover onmouseover When the cursor of the mouse comes over the element
mouseout onmouseout When the cursor of the mouse leaves an element
mousedown onmousedown When the mouse button is pressed over the element
mouseup onmouseup When the mouse button is released over the element
mousemove onmousemove When the mouse movement takes place.
Keyboard events:
Keydown & Keyup onkeydown & onkeyup When the user press and then release the key
Form events:
focus onfocus When the user focuses on an element
submit onsubmit When the user submits the form
blur onblur When the focus is away from a form element
change onchange When the user modifies or changes the value of a form elemen
Window/Document events
load onload When the browser finishes the loading of the page
unload onunload When the visitor leaves the current webpage, the browser unload
resize onresize When the visitor resizes the window of the browser
Let's discuss some examples over events and their handlers.
Skip Ad
Click Event
1. <html>
2. <head> Javascript Events </head>
3. <body>
4. <script language="Javascript" type="text/Javascript">
5. 
11. </script>
12. <form>
13. <input type="button" onclick="clickevent()" value="Who's this?"/>
14. </form>
15. </body>
16. </html>
MouseOver Event
1. <html>
2. <head>
3. <h1> Javascript Events </h1>
4. </head>
5. <body>
6. <script language="Javascript" type="text/Javascript">
7. 
13. </script>
14. <p onmouseover="mouseoverevent()"> Keep cursor over me</p>
15. </body>
16. </html>
Focus Event
1. <html>
2. <head> Javascript Events</head>
3. <body>
4. <h2> Enter something here</h2>
5. <input type="text" id="input1" onfocus="focusevent()"/>
6. <script>
7. 
13. </script>
14. </body>
15. </html>
Keydown Event
1. <html>
2. <head> Javascript Events</head>
3. <body>
4. <h2> Enter something here</h2>
5. <input type="text" id="input1" onkeydown="keydownevent()"/>
6. <script>
7. 
14. </script>
15. </body>
16. </html>
Load event
1. <html>
2. <head>Javascript Events</head>
3. </br>
4. <body onload="window.alert('Page successfully loaded');">
5. <script>
6. 
9. </script>
10. </body>
11. </html>
JavaScript Callbacks
A callback is a function passed as an argument to another function.
Using a callback, you could call the calculator function (myCalculator) with a
callback, and let the calculator function run the callback after the calculation
is finished:
Example
function myDisplayer(some) {
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = some;
}
function myCalculator(num1, num2, myCallback) {

let sum = num1 + num2;
myCallback(sum);
}
myCalculator(5, 5, myDisplayer);
In the example above, myDisplayer is the name of a function.
It is passed to myCalculator() as an argument.
When you pass a function as an argument, remember not to use parenthesis.
Right: myCalculator(5, 5, myDisplayer);
Wrong: myCalculator(5, 5, myDisplayer());
When to Use a Callback?

The examples above are not very exciting.
They are simplified to teach you the callback syntax.
Where callbacks really shine are in asynchronous functions, where one

function has to wait for another function (like waiting for a file to load).
JavaScript Function Parameters

A JavaScript function does not perform any checking on parameter
values (arguments).
Function Parameters and Arguments

Earlier in this tutorial, you learned that functions can have parameters:
function functionName(parameter1, parameter2, parameter3) {

// code to be executed
}
Function parameters are the names listed in the function definition.
Function arguments are the real values passed to (and received by) the
function.
Parameter Rules
JavaScript function definitions do not specify data types for parameters.
JavaScript functions do not perform type checking on the passed arguments.
JavaScript functions do not check the number of arguments received.
Default Parameters
If a function is called with missing arguments (less than declared), the
missing values are set to undefined.
Sometimes this is acceptable, but sometimes it is better to assign a default
value to the parameter:
Example
function myFunction(x, y) {
if (y === undefined) {
y = 2;
}
}
ECMAScript 2015 allows default parameter values in the function declaration:
function myFunction(x, y = 2) {
// function code
}
ADVERTISEMENT
The Arguments Object

JavaScript functions have a built-in object called the arguments object.
The argument object contains an array of the arguments used when the
function was called (invoked).
This way you can simply use a function to find (for instance) the highest
value in a list of numbers:
Example
x = findMax(1, 123, 500, 115, 44, 88);
function findMax() {
let max = -Infinity;
for (let i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
if (arguments[i] > max) {
max = arguments[i];
}
}
return max;
}
Or create a function to sum all input values:
Example
x = sumAll(1, 123, 500, 115, 44, 88);
function sumAll() {
let sum = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
sum += arguments[i];
}
return sum;
}
If a function is called with too many arguments (more than declared),

these arguments can be reached using the arguments object.
Arguments are Passed by Value

The parameters, in a function call, are the function's arguments.
JavaScript arguments are passed by value: The function only gets to know
the values, not the argument's locations.
If a function changes an argument's value, it does not change the

parameter's original value.
Changes to arguments are not visible (reflected) outside the

function.
Objects are Passed by Reference

In JavaScript, object references are values.
Because of this, objects will behave like they are passed by reference:
If a function changes an object property, it changes the original value.
Changes to object properties are visible (reflected) outside the

function.

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JavaScript

JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language. It is designed for

Why to Learn Javascript

• Javascript is everywhere, it comes installed on every modern web

Hello World using Javascript

There are many useful Javascript frameworks and libraries available:

JavaScript Development Tools

Your First JavaScript Code

This code will produce the following result −

Whitespace and Line Breaks

Semicolons are Optional

<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">

<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">

Note − It is a good programming practice to use semicolons.

<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">

Placement in HTML File

This code will produce the following results −

JavaScript in <body>...</body> section

<p>This is web page body </p>

This code will produce the following results −

<input type = "button" onclick = "sayHello()" value = "Say Hello" />

This code will produce the following result −

JavaScript in External File

<script type = "text/javascript">

<script type = "text/javascript">

Storing a value in a variable is called variable initialization. You can do variable

<script type = "text/javascript">

JavaScript Variable Scope

This produces the following result −

JavaScript Variable Names

JavaScript Reserved Words

abstract else instanceof switch

boolean enum int synchronized

break export interface this

byte extends long throw

case false native throws

catch final new transient

char finally null true

class float package try

const for private typeof

continue function protected var

debugger goto public void

default if return volatile

delete implements short while

do import static with

Sr.No. Operator & Description

<script type = "text/javascript">

Set the variables to different values and then try...

Sr.No. Operator & Description

document.write("(a == b) => ");

document.write("(a < b) => ");

document.write("(a > b) => ");

document.write("(a != b) => ");

document.write("(a >= b) => ");

document.write("(a <= b) => ");

Sr.No. Operator & Description

document.write("(a && b) => ");

document.write("(a || b) => ");