-

A ..CENTENNIAT-, PN-,US tr."

F'trAlf[JRtr ARTXCLE
Ralph Kall recalls. . . . 20- gi A

Tilt Cove, Newfoundland

ln Memory of an OId Mining Town
tT HIS TIME I was sure I had seen land. A minute The following is an attempt to describe some of the
I ago white clouds had hidden the horizon, but now highlights of the history of Tilt Cove, its rise and fall,
I distinctly saw the coastline through a gap, and brown- and its rise again as a mining town, together with the
ish green land beyond. My Viscount was bathcd in lives and moods of some of its people.
sunshine, and I had a beautiful view of the coast of
Newfoundland.
My departure .from Montreal's Dorval Airport had THE HIDDEN SMARAGD
taken place in the fading darkness of the morning of
October 19, 1956, with the destination of Tllt Cove, In the early 1840's, Tilt Cove was still jtut another
Newfoundland. A copper mine had sprutrg into life nook in the wall of cliffs which towered nearly 500
there, and this fully occupied my imagination. I was feet above the waves. It did not offer much to a boat
fresh out of McGill, and my eagerne$s to work as a looking for cover or safety in a gale. Like a thousaDd
geologist at the mine had just been granted. I had been other nameless covs along the coast, it was hard to
told that Tilt Cove was still a ghost town, and I pre- recognize in bad weather, and very difficult to ap.
sume it worried my wife a litfle, but to me it was proach. The cliffs on both sides of the cove are nearly
an added attraction, Llowever, at that time even I vertical, and only in the rear is there a trarrow stretch
could not imagine that our adventure was going to ex- of pebbly shore, partly occupied by the mouth of a
tend into six wonderful and exciting years. small stream.
Joseph Garland, F.G.S., M.E., a prominent geolo- One day some fishermen from a nearby hamlet.
gist of the Royal Geological Society, Cornwall, Eng- either driven by a storm or by the discovery of a new
land, visited Tilt Cove in August, 1886. In his notes, fishing-ground, built some tils, small primitive shelters,
Garland defines the location of Tilt Cove, writing that on the tiny, pebbly shore of the cove. In spite of the
Notre Dame Bay, locally known as Green Bay, is situat- tilts, the cove was still unpopular. Once inside the cove,
ed on the northeast of the island, some 30O miles from the boats were still wlnerable to the waves and men
the capital, St. John's, and that Tilt Cove is a small to the winds from the ocean. However, the tilts were
creek at the head, or north side, of the bay, 7 miles there, and the little cove became locally known as
from Cape St. John. Tilt Cove. It was visited only sporadically, and only
At that time, Tilt Cove was already a well-known in dire need, during the fishing seasons.
copper mine, having produced more than 70,000 tons Although this first impression of Tllt Cove is rather
of high-grade copper ore. it is fortunately deceiving. The narrow har-
depressing,

Tilt Cove in tlte lute 19th

cerltury, showittg the east
side ol the cove and tlte
I)ast Mine,'

'Photos courtesy of W.
Knight, Mill Superinten-
dent, Gullbridge, New-
foundland,

tSiM) Bullottn for Harch, 196E 39s

 bour, like a roofless cathedral, is just a hallway that and since then the green lake has been known as Win-
leads into a different'world. After having climbed the sor lake. The two men were fishermen by trado, and
wave-washed ribbon of pebbles, and a little hillock they led their isolated but content lives like many other
that further constricts the bottleneck, the visitor finds families in the outports along the coast. Quite by chanc€,
himself in a crater-like valley, the bottom of which is Captain Winsor became instrumental in the discovery
occupied by a calm, smaragd-green lake. Alexander of copper at Tilt Cove.
Murray, C.M.G., F.G.S., one of the pioneering direc- In those days, life in an outport required much in-
tors of the Geological Survey of Newfoundland, made genuity. In order to survive, the fishermen had to in-
a trip to Tilt Cove in 1867. He called the cove a natural vent, improvise and make use of whatever nature had
harbour, rather contracted, only 8 chains wide and to offer.
double that measurement in length. Immediately in
rear of the cove, he reported, lies a sheet of fresh water, One of the many home-made articles was the killick.
called Winsor Lake, measuring 36 chains from end to It is an anchor, used by small fishing boats. There are
end, with its width being 16 chains at the widest part several variations, but generally, a small spruce tree
and its depth 3 to 8 fathoms. is cut into sections not more than I foot long. One row
of branches, radiating from the stem like the spokes
Certainly the lake must have impressed the great of a wheel, is left on, and bent upward, thus forming
geologist more than can be judged from his report. a cage into which are put stones. Then the ends of
The peculiarly green water of the lake reflects the the branches are tied together and attached to a rope.
steep walls of the valley, probably of glacial origin, the While fishing on the shallow banks, the killick is thrown
naked rocks of many hues, the green andesite, the overboard, to hold the boat stationary.
bluish serpentinite and the red argillite. The valley
walls are party smooth, rounded and groovgd by the The heavier the stones in the killick, the better. One
ice, partly broken into huge vertical panels. There are day, when Captain Winsor was looking for such stones,
talus slopes with blocks of rock of the size of a schoon- he chanced across some exceptionally attractive speci- B

er, and, like remnants of a broken halo, there are short mens in a talus slope near his house. He used some of
stretches of grass-covered terraces, touching the *ater them, and heaped others into a pile for the future.
with their gravelly banks. True, the fog that did not In 1853, Smith McKay, a member of a geodetic sur-
sneak in but thundered into the cove like powdered vey party, visited Tilt Cove. McKay, who evidently had
milk mixed with glue and ice, coloured everything dirty some knowledge of ore-bearing rocks, could not help ,tr

grey, but in sunshine the cove turned into a master learning about the heavy killicks. The fact that shortly
painting. after his trip to Tilt Cove he recorded several claims in
To the men of the cold ocean, the valley and its his name reflects his conclusions. It is said that Captain
green lake were likea jewel, guarded by the earth Winsor received one barrel of flour and one keg of
itself. rum for his share in the discovery.
In spite of the fact that red gossan, which was prob-
ably used by the Newfoundland Indians for their cere-
WINSOR'S KILLICK monial requirements not too long ago, spectacularly
covered the hillsides, McKay was unable to arouse
Where they came from or why is not known, but in interest in the property until 1864, when, in partner-
the late I840's Captain Isaac Winsor and his brother ship with Mr. C. F. Benneti, mining operations were
Abraham, along with their families, settled in Tilt Cove, finally commenced.

Tilt Cove in the lare l9th

i.'**,,{- century,.with the West Mine
..4U g,
*rl J Ir in the background.

lii _t
xtr
!ir-$
Sr?
,l; rl

4tt0 The Canadian llining and lletallurgical

7

'lilt Corc in the !ate I9th

centu.rv, looking to the
nor/lt*'est, showing the
I -f- r ,'.
dttellings on the east and
nortlt side ol Winsor lake.
\.

THE RISE AND FALL OF A MINING TOWN TILT COVE RE-BORN

'fhe cove that had given shelter to two families now ln 1954, the M.J. Boylen group became interested
became a nest of activities. Men from the nearby ham- in the old mine. At that time, there were eight families
lets moved in with their families, and built their homes living in Tilt Cove.
on the rare level areas around the "crater" lake, and Since 1917, there had been no real testing of the
later on the stdep hillsides and talus slopes. Real estate mine's potential. After dewatering the old workings,
became extrernely rare. Like "lake dwellers," some during which an old graveyard was almost washed clean
built their homes on stilts over water. Experienced Cor- off the hillside, the geologists of the M.J. Boylen group,
nish mine captains were brought in to supervise the using modern exploration methods, established the pres-
underground operations and to make miners out of ence of several new orebodies. In 1956, enough ton-
fishermen. With the first-grade material they had on nage was proven to warrant the commencement of a
hand, they were very successful. new and profitable venture.
At the turn of the century, there were nearly 500 As I arrived in Tllt Cove in 1956, I saw a modern
people living in Tilt Cove. It is hard to realize how the towosite of nearly 60 homes, a school, a hospital, recrea-
cove could accommodate them all. The work was hard tion buildings and shops, office buildings and, of course,
but rewarding. the inevitable headframe. I also saw remnants of old
The ore was hand-cobbed to a product containing cobbing-tafles, with piles of ore of different grades
12 per cent copper. This was shipped to a smelter in still around them, and old, rusty track,'cable and mine
Swansea, Wales. A smelter was erected in Tilt Cove cars, winzes and huge boilers, rotting timber of house
irr 1890, but did not provo successful. In 1892, the Cape foundations, broken-up and half-buried headstones of
Copper Company of London, England, took over the three small graveyards, and a wooden church, pictur-
property and operated it until 1913. This period of esquely neglected but still smelling of tallow. In the old
operations was most successful. The Cape Copper Com- underground workings there were candle-holders stuck
pany was able to pay off a $500,000 indebtedness, in- in the slimy walls, old felt hats in the red mud and
curred by the previous operators, and yielded the share- sledge hammers under fallen timber. In the corner of
holders over $5,000,000 in dividends. This is remark- one large stope there was a huge block of rock fallen
able, as there were no other means of beneficiation from the roof, under which, according to the old-
except hand-cobbing. timers, there was the last resting place of three'rniners!
In 1913, the property was sold to a group of New- The Cornish mine cdptains, in their process of "smel-
foundland merchants, who, in 1916, installed an elec- ling out the ore" had gopher-holed the ground into an
trostatic smelter. This, however, turned out to be a intricate labyrinth of tunnels, shafts, over- and under-
failure. The operations, already hampered by the advent hand stopes, and just plain holes, many of which were
of World War I, slowed down seriously, and the men supported by timber of gigantic dimensions.
of the cobbing tables and tunnels went back to their As the bulldozers levelled the ground and pulverized
boats. In the early 1930's, the town of Tilt Cove was the old foundations, and underground blasts tore the
practically abandoned. The families that moved out had old timber into sticks, I could not help feeling sad.
torn down their homes and used the material elsewhere. Nearly everything that gave testimony to the great
Ony a few building remained standing. achievements of the old-timers was touched by the new
Tilt Cove had become truly a ghost town. surge of activity. However, I had to remind myself that

I
t

(ClM) Butletin for March, 1968 4{n

7

something like that had happened once before, only just.leaning over the counter and talking and laughing.
nrore dramaticaily, when the virgin cove was shaken by She does not mind, though.
rhe first bhst. Only the methods had changed. "In the evenings the two brightest houses are the
To this historical background I would like to proiect doctor's house and the Jackman's store. Doc Lidstone
the livc:; *nd moods of some of the people who nrade has several oil lamps burning around his house, but we
olrt Tilt ('ove their home -_ their world. never go too close because we are afraid of the Surgery.
The store has no lamps outside, but light shines through
]L,T COVE, CHRISTMAS 1910 the many windows, and as people walk in and out,
there is always a cloud of steam around the doors.
i was very fortunate to have the pleasure of becom- Miners, a lot of them qlightly drunk, often give us
lng friends with several "o1d-timers." Based on many candy.
evenings of pleasant talk about the past, the following
is a recorrsiruction of Christmas in Tilt Cove in about "At Christmas, men often go to an old house near
1910. as seen through the eyes of a child. the slag track, where Uncle Pat and Aunty Bridgy have
a small inn. There the men have their drinks of Poker.
"'What I like most is to listen to the Anglican be l in
The old lady takes a fire poker. heats it red in the
Christ the Cood Shepherd Church. When they ring the stove, sweeps it clean on her sleeve and dips it in a mug
hell at Christinas, it sounds iike a chime, a steady music, of rum. There is always much singing and dancing,
echoing in the quiet snow-covered cove from east to and our old night watchman, Robert Oakley, a huge
west, from west to east, filling the air with sweet excite- man with a big beard, will have many a good razzle
rnent. with the miners, before holidays are over."
"The church is beautiful inside with all the colour- "On Christmas Day we will have our Christmas Din-
ful decorations. I like to watch Mrs. Cunningham, the ner salt pork and cabbage, or some other vegetable,
fulagistrate's wife, playing the organ. It can be played and -sometimes some fresh game, or a fat turkey baked
with the foot pedal or hand-pumped. I also like to help in the oven. Then, before the pudding is taken out of
Cvril Blackmore, the Sexton, to light all the oil lamps the pot, a seal gun is fired fire the pudding out of
and fire the two big stoves. the pot, we say. -
"f'here are four churches here, all in evergreens and "At about 10 o'clock we would start the dance. We
rihbons. The Catholic Church has a nice bell. too. It have accordions and fiddles, and some men are really
came in on an old oreboat, the Laggan. which sank a good on the spoons, and there is some very good step-
few trips later just outside the cove with a cargo of dancing, too. Mostly the men dance; women and chil-
ore. dren just sit and watch. I like to watch the dancing very
"fhe Salvation Army had their Citadel built on a much, and I sleep on and off throughout the night. And
small wharf out on Winsor lake, and quite a house it when the sun comes up over the rim of the cove, I
is, too. The Company did not want to give them any know they will dance their last square dance. Some-
land, as we are very crowded here, so they had to do times, without any sleep, they do it all over again the
their building on the water. The Citadel turned out to next night.
be such a nice building that, later, the Companv gave "We children had our chance to dance and sing when
them land enough for a home and a school. we visited each other's homos as Jannies. We were
"Thr- Police Station is on the east side of the cove. dressed in old jackets rnd scarves and ovGrcoats, with
and irher:e"'er there is a good wind blowing across the our faces conrplelly covered so as to remain unknown
lake, we krds on our home-mad€ 3kates open Lrur coats to our hosts. We w*rt given candy and cookies and
to catch the wind and it would take us right acrrxs nuts until orlr pockets were bursting.
the lake dorrn under the hridge and almost agarnst the ''.Itrere are so many exciting things to do and to see
wiril ol the Staticrn, where^ lllqrugh the frosted window, at ('hristmas. I sure hop,e Mrs. Cunningham lets me
we can see Constshlc Welah having a rnug of tea. work on the hand-pump of her organ this Christmas."
"Christmas alwavs means lots of work in the Post
Office. I'Iics T*v*n{,r, the postmistress. is *'orking long THE CROAKER
horrrs. irr;t then rrlr"i.r manv rnen take up her time by
In the early 1890's, Tilt Cove had experienced a
revival similar to that of 1955-56. McKay and Bennett,
the two pioneers, had gone to their reward, and the
mine was then managed by Mr. W. Toms, a highly
regarded, shrewd and economically minded man. His
responsibility was great, as there were more than 500
men working in the mine. There was one stone-breaker,
handling 100 tons of ore a day, and two smelting works
producing 50 tons of metal each day. The shipping
season was a busy time, and a fine wharf, more than
a hundred yards in length, had been completed. Ac-
cording to the Evening Herald of St. John's, December
4, 1892 "Tilt Cove is, without question, the leading
mine of Newfoundland."
In this hustle and bustle of mining and smelting,
men and womeo lived their lives, which, amongst other
ingredients, also contained a dash of intrigue, a spice
The mill and part ol the wharl at Tilt Cove in 1960.
that gives the dish a taste of the human touch.
p
J-6

402 The Canadian ilining and Metallurgical

 In 1891. in an October issue of the Tw,illingate Sun,
there appeared an article, signed by "A Visitor," that
hrd the following conclusion: "We could mention many
objects that canie under our notice in Tilt Cove, if we
thought rt proper. One is the little trouble the croaker
in the notch of the cliff is causing by preventing or
rathcr trying to hinder the Company frorn carrying
their plans into effect, which would prove beneficial
to all concerned."
Orr Decenrber 26.1891, there appeared another
story concerning Tilt Llove in tbe Daily Colonist, St.
John's, which may explain, if our conclusions are cor-
tect, something about the courageous figure in the
notch of the cliff.
The stor-v is entitled "The Statement of Mrs. Pa- The headlrame at Tilt Cove in 1960, with the dwellings
trick Judge on a Matter of a Very Serious Nature." It on the east side ol the cove in the background.
also concerns, amongst other personaiities of those
da.vs, our shrewd and economically minded manager,
sometimes known as Captain, Mr. Toms. band's absence ..-_ never when he is home, I have also
''l live at Tilt Cove, in the Northern District of New- noticed that whenever fire dangers Company premises,
an alarm is given, but on every occasion when my
foundland. The dwelling occupied by me is within 50 house took on fire, no alarm was given. I have had to
feet of a track, known as the Slag Track. The measure- sleep for nights in the cellar, so great the danger during
ment is across water my house is 50 feet, across wa- my husband's absence.
ter. from where the- slag track runs down from the
snrelter part of the mine. On the 29th day of August, "I am prepared at sny time, should I be called upon,
1891, at about 7.30 p.m., the dwelling house caught to swear to the foregoing statements, and to bring evi- I

fire. At that time I was in the shed, and, finding.that dence to corroborate what I have said to be true in . r ':al

the fire was increasing rapidly, I went into the cellar every particulate." ,L

to escape being burnt to death or killed by pieces of This much from the pen of Mrs. Patrick Judge. It T

hot slag flying around the premises in all directions. was explained to me that Mrs. Judge appears to be
"The cause of the fire was that the Cape Copper our Aunty Bridgy, who, together with Uncle Pat, had a
Company servants threw slag pots into the ocean along- small inn near the Slag Track, where they served the
side my house. This naturally caused an explosion and miners hot rum. Probably this drink of Poker kept :

scattered pieces of hot slag over the house, setting it many miners from their post "the next day," and Cap
on fire. For about a quarter of an hour I cried for as- tain Toms was putting some pressure on the Croaker
sistance, when one William Nipper asked me if I was with a Poker in the Notch of the Cliff.
hurt. I am positive that if it had not been for the
assistance rendered, and if it had not come on to rain, THEY WERE NOT DIVIDED
there u,ould not have been one stick left of my proper-
ty, and I would have lost my life. Like a man who has lived a full life, Tilt Cove has
"Again, on the 15th of October, 1891, slag pots experienced moods from one extreme to the other
from light-hearted comedy to suffocating tragedy. One -
were thrown into the water at the same place by the
orders of Captain Toms, I know it was Captain Toms
of the saddest occasions was the discovery of the re-
mains of the castaways of the Queen rf Sx :iir:ca in il
,.1
because one f-homas Denief told me on the 13th of
winter. 1868,on a small island only 10 milcri lrri:: Tilt
October, the same day my husband left, that Tonrs had
given him orders to dip the slag over the track into Cove, This disaster is described in detaii iiy !rI. F.
Harrington in his book Sea Stories from Ne'+fou,idland,
the salt water near m,v house. I do not know the reason (the Ryerson Press, Toronto).
w'hv slag is dumped in that particular spot. There are
nunrerous places elsewhere to deposit the slag without Another tragedy that paralyzed Tilt Cove happened
risking the iives and property of individuals. in 1912.
"lt ivas explained to me that as soon as the slag Winter 1912 is still remembered hy Tilt Cove old-
torrches water, it causes an explosion, scattering pieces timers as extremely severe. High winds, mostly from
in every direction. I have known pieces to go with the easteriy direction, had Iiterally filled the cove with
considerable force almost as high as the Tilt Cove hills. snow. The winds had taken advantage of every nook
Should the smallest piece strike any person, it means and corner to build fantastic drifts with curved, sabre-
strdcien death. Its force may be illustrated by what like crests, big enough to dig tunnels through.
happened after an explosion witnessed by me. A piece Up on the hills the winds had gone crazy with all
of 23 lbs. struck the house, tearing away 7 feet of wall the freedom they had there. Their favourite playground
plate and four pieces of clapboard. Slag often burnt had been the high edge of the northern wall of the
hoies through the roof. Once a piece of slag fell into cove. Up there the winds came roaring across the flats,
a bucket burning the bottom black as ink. If the bucket rolling ciouds of snow down over the edge, forming
had not been therc, the house surely would have burnt overhangs and depositing tons of snow oD the steep
down. taius slope.
"I fail to understand why my life should be in dan- Down at the foot of this slope, Francis James Wil-
ger every time my husband happens to be away. Five liams, superintendent of the Cape Copper mining opera-
times these explosions have happened during my hus- tions, had built his home.

(ClM) Bulletin for March, 1968 4{t3

 Now it was March. Sun had been out all day, and his son James Sharrock, aged 13 years, who were killed
when Williams fought his way home after another by a snowslide March ll, 1912.
tiresome day, he rejoiced over the heavy, watery snow,
"They were lovely and pleasant in their livcs, and in
their death they were not divided."
in which he was wading up to his knees. Spring was
coming fast, and'soon the first oreboat would arrive.
THE PAST AND THE FUTURE
Although Williams did not think about it then, snow
was also melting on the slope behind and above his In the early days, there were reaily two mines in
house. TiltCove the West i,{ine and the East ]vline. The
The house was nice and clean, solidly built and West -was discovered first, in 1857, and although
painted white. Entering the living room, Williams was the ore"{ine
here was of the disseminated kind, it was of
greeted by his wife and his 13-year-old son. While higher grade than the massive ore of the East Mine,
supper was being served by their two maids. they dis- which was discovered in 1885. The ore of the West
cussed the ice conditions, speculating on the date of N{ine extended from the top of the cliffs. about 300
arrival of the first supply boat. feet above sea-level, to a depth of about 250 feet below
At the same time, things were happening to the snow sealevel, where it apparently pinched out. The ore of
on the talus slope, The loose, feathery snow, gathered the East Mine was continuous from the top of the east-
on the slope during the early part of the winter, had ern cliffs, where it outcropped, to about sea-level, where
passed into packed, pebbly form due to the weight of it also seemed to end. The old-timers' iast attempt to
the overlaying layers. As the snow surface was melting find new ore was made in the East Mine in 1911, where
in the spring sun, water seeped into the cold inner layer, a 1,350-foot tunnel, driven orr the sea-level, failed to
where it froze in the tiny air pockets. The formation of encounter mineralization.
this ice was rather rapid as the sun disappeared behind Exploration work done in 1955 and 1956 showed
the hills, and it acted as a layer of lubricating greaso, tbat if the last 900 feet of the old drift had conrinued
dipping nearly 50 degrees to the horizontal, on top of on its original course, Tilt Cove would never have be-
which snow could slide with little friction. come a ghost town. Ilowever, for some unknown rea-
As Williams was saying prayers at the table, the son, the original course of the tunnel was changed by
snow was just about ready to tear itself loose from the 30 degrees after the first 400 feet were completed, and
ice underneath. When tea was served, Fate started the thus the drift missed a huge orebody, which. in 1956,
countdown. became the lifespark of Tilt Cove. A little later, subse-
quent discoveries in the West Mine showed that here
Then it happened. There probably was a warning. as well the old-timers had missed large orebodies b1' the
noise, like a gust of wind in the tre$. The walls cracked, hair of their chins.
windows were smashed in. The family jumped up, ran
for the door. Then the house moved and started to In 1939, a geological report, carefully written by
cave in, three geologists, stated that "no important ore reserves
remain in place at Tilt Cove." Fortunatel'r.. this rtate-
They were all in the center of the fury. The force of ment did not discourage the explorer.
the snowslide was so tremendous that the house was
pushed to the middle of Winsor lake, at the same time For the last ten years, Tilt Cove h., nr.rr .
being chewed to sticks. Mrs. Williams was thrown out alive. Obviously, there will come a da. r. ir
of the houe and was later dug out from the deep snow, ore reserves a.re mined out. Hc,wever, .. ..;.^,rl , :': "
alive. Her son and husband were killed, as were tbeir than to make pessimistic statements. 'filt C ;.,e n'r,_r iri.
two servants. yet another life in store.
In the graveyard by the ruins of the old Anglican In 1956, when the old was t r irg destrcycd. ',. was
church there is a granite headstone, on which is the also being admired. We can only houe th*i irli... d"y,
the following inscription: when our efforts in Tilt Cove are h rd as
belonging to the past, w'e receive : the
"Erected by the Company's Staff and Miners of Tilt recognition we gave to our fello
Cove in memory of Frances Jamcs Williams, Superiotendeot
of tbe Cape Copper Company Limited, aged 51 years, and earlier era.

RALPH KALL was born in Estonia in 1928, He completed his high-school education
in Sweden, where he livcd lrom 1944 to 1952, the Royal.,Tech-
'ed the
1952, and then entered Royal.,Tech-
nological Institute ol where he studNed
ttocKnolm, wnere
v Stockholm, studied mtnrng
mini, ineering. He arrived
engtneertng. 'rived
arilved
in Canada in 1953, and continued his studies al
lii,t1ii-
at McGill
iirit'1-s'si: Hi; i"i-ii,i'-ai,i'ii- tt,it ';;;";;';'*;;;i';;;;";;
McGill University, Montre.l, front
";;;;;;;;
parlies in Nova Scotia and Ontario.
,4lter graduation, he worked as a junior geologist at Ceco it,l;nes, ltlanitouwadgt,,
.,# Ontario, and then spent five years in Tilt Cove, Newfoundland, working as a geol-
ogist and later as chiel mine geologist for Maritimes Mining Corporation Ltd.
In 1962, Mr. Kall lelt Newloundland and entered the lield o! geological engi-
neering, first wirh H. G, Acres Ltd., Niagara Falls, Ontario, and, since 1964, :r,itlt
Surveyer, Nenniger and Chenevert, Inc., consulting engineers, where lLr. is currentil,
assisltirtl ma,tager of the Geology l)epartment.

401 The Canadian Mining and Metallurgical