18-Occupational Health and Hygiene
18-Occupational Health and Hygiene
OVERVIEW
SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICER ENRICHMENT PROGRAM (SHEP)
1
Objective
To state the definition of OH
To explain the concept of prevention in OH
To explain the application of epidemiology
in OH
2
Definition of Occupational Health
Promotion and maintenance of the highest
degree of physical, mental and social
wellbeing of workers in all occupations.
Prevention from illnesses and diseases due
to the workplace or process.
Protection from risks at work.
Placement of workers in environments and
job tasks suitable to their physiological and
psychological capabilities.
3
Concept of Prevention in OH
OH DISEASES
PREVENTION WORKPLACE PROMOTION
ACCIDENTS
4
Application of Epidemiology in OH
Clearly understand the causes of the various
diseases
Asses the level of harm and disease causing
agent/material (e.g. benzene causes
cancer)
Determine the PEL
Plan OSH programmes
5
TOXICOLOGY
6
Objective
7
Definition of Toxicology
Study of chemicals or physical agents that
produce adverse responses in the biological
system with which they interact.
"The right dose differentiates a poison and a
remedy." -Paracelsus
Basic concept of toxicology : Dose-response
relationship
8
Dose-Response Relationship
9
Concept of Toxicokinetics
Movement of toxic materials
Route of entry of toxic materials into the
human body (inhalation, ingestion &
absorption)
Outcome of toxic materials (distribution,
metabolism & excretion)
Helps in
1. Control measures
2. Biological monitoring
3. Medical Surveillance
10
Concept of Toxicokinetics
11
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
STANDARDS
12
Objective
To define OH standards
To explain the category of TLV
To explain the limitations of OH standards
To explain the Malaysian Occupational
Exposure Standard
13
Definition of OH standards
Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL)
– Ceiling limits or an eight-hour time-weighted
average airborne concentration or maximum
exposure limit.
Threshold Limit Value (TLV)
– Airborne concentration of a contaminant to
which is believed that most workers may be
repeatedly exposed, day after day, without
developing any adverse health effects.
Ceiling limits (CL)
– Airborne concentration in the air that cannot be
exceeded at any time throughout the duration
of the working day.
14
Categories of TLV
TLV-TWA (Threshold Limit Value Time
Weighted Average)
– Eight-hour time weighted average value
TLV-STEL (Threshold Limit Value - Short
Term Exposure Limit)
– Short term permissible exposure limit value
TLV-C (Threshold Limit Value – Ceiling)
– Highest concentration value that may not be
exceeded throughout the duration of work
15
Limitations of OH standards
Data base on TLVs is limited
Individual differences
Difficulties in measuring existing exposure
Difficulties in attaining samples that reflects
accurately the breathing zone sample
Uncertainties on the actual quantity inhaled
16
Malaysian Occupational
Exposure Standards
Factories and Machinery Act (FMA) 1967
– Lead Regulations 1984
– Asbestos Process Regulations 1986
– Mineral Dust Regulations 1989
– Noise Exposure Regulations 1989
Occupational Safety and Health Act
(OSHA)1994
– Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals
Hazardous to Health Regulations 2000
17
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE OVERVIEW
18
Objective
State the definition of IH
Explain the principles of IH
State two roles of IH practitioners
19
Definition of IH
“That science and art devoted to the
anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and
control of those environmental factors and
stresses arising in or from the workplace, which
may cause sickness, impaired health and well-
being, or significant discomfort among workers
or among citizens of the community”
AIHA
20
Principles of IH
Anticipation of Hazard
Hazard Identification
Risk Assessment
Risk Control
21
22
Role of IH Practitioners
Prevention of exposure to or contact with
health hazards and control of health risks in
the workplace environment.
Address the source of problems by
identifying the hazard and method of
contact and how to prevent or minimise
exposure and/or its effects.
23
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
24
Objective
State the definition of 5 physical hazards
State at least 2 specific characteristics for
each physical hazard
State the legislations requirement related to
each physical hazard
List at least 3 health effects of physical
hazards
Explain the control methods for each physical
hazard
Explain the health monitoring methods
recommended for each physical hazard
25
Noise
Specific Characteristics
Sound
– changes of pressure in the air, water and specific
medium that is identifiable by the human ear
Noise
– any unwanted sound
Components of sound
– Frequency & amplitude
Type of sound
– continuous, fluctuating, impulse & intermittent
26
Related Legislations
F.M. (Noise Exposure) Regulations 1989
– Permissible exposure limits
– Noise exposure monitoring
– Methods of compliance such as
engineering, administrative controls etc.
– Audiometric testing
– Hearing protection equipments
– Information, instructions and training
– Recordkeeping by the employer
27
Health Effects
Emotional disturbances and sensitive
Communication problems
Loss of hearing and hearing related injuries
Tinnitus
Psychological disturbances
High blood pressure
Hearing loss
– Conduction type
– Sensory-neural
28
Radiation
Specific Characteristics
Emission and propagation and emission of
energy in the form of rays or waves.
Energy radiated or transmitted as rays,
waves, in the form of particles.
Types of radiation (ionizing & nonionizing)
Source of radiation (natural & artificial)
29
Related Legislations
Atomic Energy Licenses Act 1984
Radiation Protection (Licensing) Regulations
1986
Atomic Energy Licenses Act 1984
Radiation Protection (Basic Safety
Standards) Regulations 1988
30
Health Effects
Dependent on
– intensity of the absorbed dose
– types of radiation
– organ sensitivities
Ionizing health effects
– cancer, mutagenesis, infertility & skin burns
Nonionizing health effects
– damage to eyes (welding works), skin
destruction (uv and infra-red), skin burns
(laser) & heat stress (micro waves)
31
Control Measures
Radiation protection programme
– reduction of optimum exposure
• time, distance, shielding
– monitoring of rates of radiation dose
– radiation safety audit
– training –X-ray technician, RPO
Health surveillance
– exposure monitoring (individual &
workplace)
32
Vibration
Specific Characteristics
Movement of solid objects where amplitude
and frequency produced causes harm to
those exposed to it.
Types of vibration
– Whole-body vibration (WBV)
– Hand-arm vibration (HAV)
33
Related Legislations
OSHA 1994 (General)
– Objective 3: to promote a working
environment that is conducive and
suitable to the worker’s psychological and
physiological needs
34
Health Effects
Whole-body vibration
– eye strain, nausea, vomiting, headache,
backaches, may cause lung damage and
heart failure
Hand-Arm Vibration
– Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
– paleness of fingers; aches and pain in hands
– damages the peripheral blood flow,
periphery nerves and musculoskeletal system
35
Control Measures
Conduct Risk Assessment
Exposure monitoring
– measurement of vibration magnitude
(accelerometer)
Health surveillance
– History (medical, occupational , exposure,
vibration)
– Grading of symptoms of vascular and sensory
neural effects
– Objective assessment (eg.: cold provocation
test, grips strength test, vibrotactile threshold test)
36
Pressure
Specific Characteristics
Ocean and high places are unsuitable
environments for humans
Many medical problems are related to diving and
climbing activities, due to pressure
At high levels, increase in pressure is not in ratio to
height, the higher the level : the lower the
pressure
Boyle Theory :
– negative ratio of pressure with volume
Henry Theory:
– total gas dissolved has a positive relation with the gas
partial pressure (in-gassing and out-gassing concept)
37
Related Legislation
OSHA 1994 (general)
– Objective 1: To ensure the safety, health
and welfare of people at work towards
risks to safety and health resulting from the
activities of people at work
38
Health Effects
Barotrauma
– destruction of organ tissues that contain
air as a result of pressure changes (eg.:
middle ear, sinus, lungs)
Decompression sickness
– formation of bubble in the blood and
tissues while in a low pressure environment
39
Control Measures
Training, information and instruction
Standard procedures
Equipment
Health surveillance
– Pre-employment medical surveillance
– Regular medical assessment
– Clinical assessment
• Fitness test
• Audiometric test
• Lung function test
• Neurobehavioral test
40
Heat Stress
Specific Characteristics
The retention of heat in the body is
greater than the body’s capacity to
release it
Mechanism homeostatic body
temperature
Risk determining factors:
– worker characteristics
– job task
– environment
41
Risk Factor
Worker Characteristic
– age, gender, obesity, medicine
consumption, existing disease/illness,
food/diet
42
Related Legislation
OSHA 1994 (general)
– Objective 3: To promote a work
environment that is suitable to the
worker’s physical and psychological
needs
43
Health Effects
Skin irritation
Muscle cramps
Excessive fatigue
Heat stroke
44
Control Measures
Safe work practices
– reduce physical activities
– acclimatisation programme
– implement buddy system
– sufficient supply of cold water
Exposure monitoring
Health monitoring
Medical removal
45
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
46
Objective
State at least 3 specific characteristics of
chemicals (asbestos, mineral dust, lead
and organic solvents)
Explain the routes of exposures
Elaborate the harmful effects of each
chemicals including pesticides
Identify the legislations related to each
chemicals
Explain the control measures
Explain the pesticides classification
47
Asbestos
Specific Characteristics
Asbestosis a generic name for
magnesium silica that is formulated
through the natural process
2 groups:
– serpentine (chrysotile)
– amphibole (amosite and crocidolite)
Heat resistant
Has high pressure and flexibility
A good conductor
48
Route of Exposure
Inhalation
Skin absorption
Ingestion
49
Related Legislations
Factories and Machinery (Asbestos Process)
Regulations 1986
50
Health Effects
51
Control Measures
Elimination (prohibition of crociodolite)
Minimise exposure
– work processes and practices
– engineering controls
– personal protective equipment
• Exposure monitoring
Health surveillance
– clinical examination
– chest x-ray
– lung function test
Medical removal protection
52
Mineral Dust
Specific Characteristics
Mineral dust
– silica, kaolin, quartz etc
Silica (silicon dioxide)
– free form: quartz, cristobalite, tridymite
– mixture (silicate): asbestos, kaolin
53
Route of Exposure
Inhalation
Risk depends on:
– type of mineral dust
– size of mineral dust
– exposure duration
– intensity of mineral dust in the breathing zone
54
Related Legislations
Factories and Machinery (Mineral Dust)
Regulations 1989
Occupational Safety and Health (Use and
Standards of Exposure of Chemicals
Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000
55
Health Effects
Pneumoconiosis
Lung cancer
Lung failure
Risk of Whooping Cough
56
Control Measures
Elimination/substitution
Work procedures
Exposure Monitoring
Health surveillance
– history (medical, occupational, smoking)
– clinical examination
– chest X-ray
– lung function testing
– whooping cough test
Medical Removal Protection
57
Lead
Specific Characteristics
Non-organic lead
– used as metallic compound, alloy and chemical
mixtures
Organic lead
– used as additives for internal combustion
58
Route of Exposure
Inhalation
– particle size, particle dose
– duration and frequency of exposure
Ingestion
– lack of personal hygiene and work procedures
– smoking while working
59
Related Legislations
60
Control Measures
Elimination/Substitution
Engineering Controls
– water spraying: vacuum
Administrative Controls
– information, instruction and training
– changing room facilities, cleaning/laundry and
personal hygiene
– isolated eating places, drinks and smoking
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
– respirator, clothing
– type, suitability, good maintenance and hygiene
61
Continue…
Health surveillance
Exposure monitoring
Medical Surveillance (by OHD)
– history (occupational, medical)
– clinical assessment: anemia, hypertension,
nervous system
– hemoglobin, kidney function
– blood lead test
Medical removal
62
Organic Solvent
Specific Characteristics
Organic solvents are chemicals in liquid form
and is capable of dissolving non-soluble
organic compounds
63
Route of Exposure
64
Related Legislations
65
Health Effects
Inflammation of eyes, nose, throat and
lungs.
Dermatitis.
Narcosis.
Toxic to bone marrow, liver, kidney and
nervous system.
Benzene can cause blood cancer such as
leukemia.
66
Control Measures
Elimination / Substitution
Engineering Controls
– water spraying: vacuum
Administrative Controls
– information, instruction and training
– changing room facilities, cleaning/ dobby and
– personal hygiene
– isolated eating places, drinks and smoking
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
– respirator, clothing
– type, suitability, good maintenance and hygiene
67
Continue…
Health Surveillance
– conducted based on the type of organic
solvent exposure.
– each organic solvent gives different
harmful effects. Details on these effects
may be obtained from the (CSDS).
68
Pesticides
Pesticides Classification
Classification by usage
– poison for pests
– poison for plants
– poison for rodents
Classification by toxicity
– numbers and letters
– by colour
69
Classification by toxicity
Numbers and letters:-
Class 1a : very highly toxic and
dangerous
Class 1b : high level of toxicity
Class 2 : medium level of toxicity
Class 3 : low level of toxicity
Class 4 : very low level of toxicity
70
Classification by toxicity
Colour:-
Class 1a : Black
Class 1b : Red
Class 2 : Yellow
Class 3 : Blue
Class 4 : White
71
Symptoms of Poisoning
72
CHEMICAL HEALTH RISK
ASSESSMENT
73
Objective
State at least 3 purposes of assessment
Explain at least 2 concepts of assessment
Discuss briefly the assessment process
74
Purposes of Assessment
To enable decisions to be made on:
Suitable control measures;
Worker training needs;
Monitoring; and health surveillance needs;
75
Concept of Assessment
Identify chemical hazards
Assess the level of exposure
Assess the adequacy of existing control
measures
Summarise risk significance
Recommend suitable/additional control
measures necessary
76
Concept of Work Unit
Same/chemical
– Workers in the unit are exposed to same
chemicals hazardous to health
77
Assessment Process
1. Identify the assessor
2. Gather information about chemicals, work and
work practices
3. Divide into work units
4. Determine degree of hazards
5. Evaluate exposure
6. Assess adequacy of control measures
7. Conclude the assessment
8. Identify actions to be taken
9. Reporting the assessment
10. Review assessment
78
Assessment Process
79
Continue…
80
CLASSIFICATION, LABELLING AND
SAFETY DATA SHEET OF
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
81
Objective
State 2 purposes of classification of
chemicals
Elaborate 3 processes of classification of
hazardous chemicals
Explain the responsibility of the supplier in
the packaging and labelling of hazardous
chemicals
List at least 3 types of information on labels
82
Purpose of Classification
Regulatory requirements
– Regulation 2 in the Occupational Safety and
Health (Classification, Labelling And Safety Data
Sheet of Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations 2013
Hazard identification
– Necessary to identify the correct safety controls
and measures to be taken in order to protect the
safety and health of the workers who are
exposed
83
Classification of Hazardous
Chemicals (Physical Hazard)
84
Classification of Hazardous
Chemicals (Health Hazard)
Health Hazard
86
Packaging
Packaging designed and constructed such that
chemical cannot escape
Packaging and fastening are strong and able
to retain chemical during normal handling
Packaging materials to withstand adverse
attack by chemicals and not reacting with
chemicals to form harmful or dangerous
compounds
Replaceable fastening device used to be
designed such that chemical will not escape
when repeatedly fastened
87
Labelling
The supplier is required to label each
container containing hazardous chemicals
with clear and specific information on its
properties and which may not be erased
88
Information on Labels
1. Product identifier
2. Supplier identification
3. Signal word
4. Hazard statement
5. Hazard pictogram; and
6. Precautionary statement.
89
CLASS LABEL WITH 6 ELEMENTS
(6)
Signal word (1)
Resin Solution Chemical identifier
UN 1866
(3) Danger
Hazard
pictogram
(5)
Precautionary statement
Highly flammable vapour & liquid. Causes
damage to liver & kidney through repeated
exposure to the skin.
90
SAFETY DATA SHEET (SDS)
91
Objective
State the definition of SDS
List 4 objectives of SDS
Identify legislative requirements related to
SDS
Explain at least 7 mandatory information in
the SDS
92
Definition
Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is an information
sheet or paper that contains updated
information related to chemicals hazard to
health and its preparations that is essential to
ensure the safe use of the chemical and its
preparation at the workplace
93
Objectives of SDS
To enable users of hazardous chemicals to:
Understand the safety recommendations
and their rationale
Be aware of the consequences of failure to
comply to the recommendations
Identify the symptoms of over exposure to
hazardous chemicals
Provide input towards the development of
strategies and recommendations for safety
in the use of hazardous chemicals
94
Legislative Requirements
Regulation 13 of the Occupational Safety
and Health (Classification, Labelling And
Safety Data Sheet of Hazardous Chemicals)
Regulations 2013
Supplier is required to revised the SDS when:-
– new information on the hazardous chemical
– more than 5 years have elapsed since last date of
preparation/revision
– directed by officer
Information on the SDS must be written in
both the National Language (Bahasa
Malaysia) and English
95
SDS (Regulation 13):
16 Section Format
1. Identification of the 8. Exposure controls and
hazardous chemical and personal protection
supplier 9. Physical and chemical
2. Hazards identification properties
3. Composition and
10.Stability and reactivity
information of ingredients of
11.Toxicological information
hazardous chemical
12.Ecological information
4. First aid measures
5. Fire fighting measures 13.Disposal information
6. Accidental release 14.Transportation information
measures 15. Regulatory information
7. Handling and storage 16. Other information
96
CHEMICAL HAZARD
MANAGEMENT
97
Objective
Explain the principles of chemical hazard
management
Introduce the “From the Cradle to the
Grave” Concept
Explain at least 3 elements of “From the
Cradle to the Grave” concept
98
Principles of Chemical Hazard
Management
Employers and employees should have
knowledge on the chemicals used/handled
Minimise risk through avoiding contact or
production at high/dangerous levels
Consistent health surveillance and
environment monitoring
Avoid random disposal
99
Concept from Cradle to Grave
Based on chemical life cycle
Manufacturing/ production
Transportation
Receiving of chemicals
Storage
Use and Handling
Disposal
100
Cradle to Grave
Manufacturing/ production
– Chemical mixtures
Transportation
– UN classifications (eg.: Group I, II & III)
Packing group
Receiving of chemicals
– Item verification, labelling of receiving of
chemicals, package information &
integrity of package
101
Cradle to Grave
Storage
– Storage area & storage operations
Use and handling
– Control measures, understanding risk, safe
operating procedures, eliminate or substitute
& minimise risk
Disposal
– Labelling of waste, temporary waste storage
area, handling of waste & safe disposal
102
CHEMICAL MONITORING
103
OBJECTIVE
State the principles of sampling and
monitoring
State the equipment's that are used to
conduct sampling and monitoring activities
Explain 2 types of monitoring
State 3 methods of chemical analysis
104
Principles of Sampling and
Monitoring
Monitoring is conducted to monitor the
pollution levels in the work environment
through measurement and sampling
Sampling is to collect air samples to identify
the levels of airborne pollution or that may
be inhaled by workers
Measurement is to measure the energy
levels existent in the environment such as
noise levels etc.
105
Sampling and Monitoring
Equipment's
106
Types of Monitoring
Area monitoring
– Monitor hazard levels in a specific work area
– Monitoring equipment placed in locations
around the workplace, whether near or a
distance away from the source of hazard
Personal monitoring
– Monitor the exposure level of a worker to a
specific hazard
– Equipment is placed on the worker where the
sensor of sample collector is positioned close
to the route of entry of the hazard.
107
Methods of Chemical Analysis
Gravimetric
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
(AAS)
Gas Chromatography (GC)
Infra-red Spectrophotometry
Asbestos count using the Phase Contrast
microscope
108
VENTILATION
109
Objective
State the purpose of a ventilation system
List the legislative requirements related to
ventilation systems
State the methods of ventilation systems
Explain two types of ventilation systems
Explain the asessment of ventilation systems
110
Purpose of a Ventilation System
Supply of clean air
– oxygen is necessary for human life
Contaminant dilution
To create air flow
To control air pollution
111
Legislative Requirements
F.M (Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulations
1970
F.M (Lead) Regulations 1984
F.M (Asbestos Process) Regulations 1986
F.M (Mineral Dust) Regulations 1989
Occupational Safety and Health (Use and
Standards of Exposure of Chemicals
Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000
112
Methods of Ventilation Systems
Natural
– effects of wind/breeze
– differences in internal and external air
levels air volume
Mechanical
– positive air flow is created with the use of
electric fans
113
Types of Ventilation Systems
General ventilation
Air ventilation by means of supplying and
exhausting a large volume of air of the area
through natural or mechanical method
It is also known as dilution ventilation
It allows chemicals release to mix with the air
in a room which is then diluted to an
acceptable level of exposure
Allows the release of chemicals to mix with
the air in the work area then dissolves it to an
acceptable level of exposure
114
Types of Ventilation Systems
Local exhaust ventilation (LEV)
Control of airborne contaminants through
– Movement of contaminants by collecting
them at or near the location of generation or
release
– Prevent dispersion to the whole building
Level of contaminants in the worker
breathing zone has to be below the
permissible level
Dependency on mechanical methods
115
Assessment of Ventilation Systems
General ventilation
– Measures the volume of air coming in and out of
the system
– Assess the air flow in the workplace and detects
areas with no ventilation
– Inspect the level of contaminant Inspect the air
suction area that is close to the contaminant
source
116
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
(IAQ)
117
Objective
List at least 4 signs of poor IAQ
State 2 ways to overcome IAQ problems
Explain at least 3 IAQ tests
State the differences between air
conditioner and ventilation
Elaborate two factors of comfortability
118
Signs of Poor IAQ
Extremely cold/hot temperature
Low/high humidity
Lack of ventilation
Uncomfortable odours
Existence of dirt and organisms
Existence of toxic chemicals
Existence of spores, pollen etc.
119
Overcoming IAQ Problems
Air conditioning system is designed
according to indoor air quality standards
(ASHRAE 62-1989 & ASHRAE 55-1992)
Testing of air cleaning equipment's (ASHRAE
52-1992)
Regular testing and maintenance of the
system
Monitoring of indoor air quality indicators
120
IAQ Tests
Thermometer
Anemometer
Gas detector
Psychrometer
Smoke tube
Multi-function indoor air quality equipment
121
Differences between Air Conditioner
and Ventilation
Air conditioning is a facility, and process of
air treatment for the purpose of:
– Cleaning
– Controlling temperature and humidity
– Maintaining a sufficient supply of external air for
ventilation purposes
Ventilation
– Is a facility to supply sufficient external air into a room
or space, though natural or mechanical methods, to
ensure sufficiency of air quantity for usage of it
occupants or process
122
Comfortability Factors
Oxygen supply
– 20-21%
Temperature
– air temperature (60-68 F), radian temperature (62-68 F)
Relative humidity (30% - 70%)
Air flow
– 150 mm/s or 30 feet/min
Amount of clothing
Physical activities
Others:
– smell , airborne contaminants, micro-organisms, vibration ,
noise, lighting etc.
123
HEALTH SURVEILLANCE AND
BIOLOGICAL MONITORING
124
Objective
State the definition of health surveillance
and biological monitoring
List down five types of health surveillance
Explain at least three scopes of health
surveillance
State four importance of biological
monitoring
125
Definition
Health Surveillance
– Surveillance of an individual is to identify the
changes in his/her health conditions as a
result of exposure to hazardous materials
(may include biological monitoring).
Biological Monitoring
– An assessment of hazardous elements or its
by-products in bodily tissues or fluids or
exhaled breath.
126
Types of Health Surveillance
Biological monitoring
Health tests
Medical assessment
Review of work record and history
Review of exposure records and history
127
Scopes of Health Surveillance
Natural properties of the element, its levels and
duration of exposure
Changes as a result of exposure
Frequency of these changes
Evaluation of available epidemiological
information and toxicological data
Sensitivity, detailed and accuracy of the
identification and measurement
Control measures to avoid future occurrences
Sources and methods used as well as
competency levels of those conducting the
surveillance
128
Importance of Biological Monitoring
129
BIOLOGICAL HAZARD
130
Objective
State the definition of biological agents
Explain the interaction between agents,
host and environment
State six elements of the infection chain
Elaborate briefly the concept of biological
safety cabinet classification
Elaborate briefly safety aspects of working
with biological agents
131
Definition of Biological Agents
Biological agent
– Comprises living organisms such as virus,
bacteria capable of releasing toxic
materials that can result in disease
Etiological agent
– Agent that causes the actual disease
132
Interaction between Agents, Host
and Environment
133
Infection Chain Elements
134
Biological Safety Cabinet
Classification
Bio-Hazard Agent Example Control
Potential Description
135
Safety Aspects Working with
Biological Agents
136
ERGONOMICS
137
Objective
State the definition of ergonomics
State the legislations related to ergonomics
in OSHA 1994
State 2 objectives of ergonomics
List 5 factors in the Balance Theory
State 4 branches of ergonomics
State the definition of Muscularskeletal
Disorder (MSD)
138
Definition & Related Legislation
A field of science that tries to harmonise the
system of work with human capacities
139
Objectives of Ergonomics
To increase levels of work efficiency and
effectiveness or any related activity
undertaken such as through reduction of
mistakes, increase of productivity and
simplification of tasks.
140
Balance Theory
141
Branches of Ergonomics
142
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD)
143
ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORS
144
Objective
145
Ergonomics Risk factors
Doing repetitive work
Use of excessive force
Improper or static body posture
Long work duration
Vibration due to hand tools
Contact stress on the blood veins, muscles
and tendons due to contact stress due to
use of hand tools
146
MSDs and the Affected Body Parts
Affected body Symptom Types of Employees at Source of
part disease risk disease
147
MSDs and the Affected Body Parts
Affected body Symptom Types of Employees at Source of
part disease risk disease
149
Systems Approach to Manage MSDs
150
OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
151
Objective
State definition of occupational stress
Discuss the sources of stress at the
workplace
List at least 5 effects of occupational stress
Discuss practical methods of reducing stress
at the workplace
152
Definition of Occupational Stress
153
Sources of Stress
S - Support
T - Task
R - Role
E - Environment
S - Shift work
S - Security and change
O - Organisation
R - Rules and regulations
154
Effects of Stress Towards
the Organisation
155
Methods of Reducing Stress
Organisational approach
Individual approach
– Monitoring of stress symptoms (stress
journal)
– Increase defense and analysing source of
stress
– Accepting stress and changing reactions
– Lowering level of sensitivity to stress
AAAbc’s Stress Management
156
SHIFT WORK
157
Objective
State the definition of shift work
Explain at least 2 effects of stress from shift
work
Elaborate at least 2 strategies to reduce
stresses from shift work
List at least 3 guidelines for working night shift
158
Definition
159
Effects of Shift Work
160
Strategies to Reduce Stresses
from Shift Work
161
Guidelines for Working Night Shift
Age (25 - 50 years old)
Workers health
Workers who live alone, far from the
workplace
shift times rotation
Shorter work durations are better than
longer ones
Night shift work at random of at rotation
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Guidelines for Working Night Shift
Suitable rest day and holiday
Hot and fresh food availability
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MENTAL WORKLOAD
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Objective
State the definition of mental workload
State 4 situations that place mental
workload on workers
Explain 1 strategy to reduce mental
workload
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Definition
Differences between the capability of the
individual to process information obtained
with requirements of the job
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Mental Workload Situation
Responsibility to maintain a high level of
awareness for long durations
Bigger responsibility (decision making)
Concentration due to monotonous work
Workers interaction (isolated work area)
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Strategies to Reduce Mental
Workload
Conceptual suitability
Space suitability
Movement suitability
Physical layout
Functional principle
Network principle
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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