READING

Keyword : Inuit Art, Canadian Artic

Inspiration for the themes in inuit art is intimately tied to personal experience of the Canadian arctic land
and its animals, camp and family life, hunting, spirituality and mythology. In telling the story of their
people through this wide array subject, inuits artists have created an almost encyclopedic visual catalog of
traditional ( and to a lesser extent transitional and modern) inuit culture.

Animals play a vital role in the everyday lives of inuit, and only in the past few decades has the people’s
absolute dependence on them lessened. Not too long ago, procuring food and other necessities depended
solely on successful hunts, which in turn depended upon proper preparation and luck, in addition to the
strict observance of taboos respect for the sosul of the prey. As a consequence, animals constitute the
prime inspiration for many inuit artists, particularly in sculpture.

Based on years of obserbing and tracking prey, inuit wildlife art shows a keen awareness of the physical
characteristic, habits and seasonal changes in animals. Some artists display a high degree of naturalistic
detail, but others prefer to exaggerate certain physical attributes for effect. In general,while most inuit
artists strive for a realistic presentation, they seem more concerned with capturing the essence of an
animal’s spirit

Animals may be portrayed singly, in small groups, or in scenes that involve both hunter and pret. Pictorial
arts often show the chase, while sculptures focus more on the final confrontation of hunter and prey, often
with considerable drama. The hunter may be human or one of the great arctic predators such as the polar
bear, owl, hawk, or wolt.

Scanes of everyday life, which include camp scenes, games entertainment, are common to all forms of
inuit art, and activities sre far more prevalent than modern aspects of inuit community life. Camp related
themes mostly potray woman engaged in domestic contests involve both individuals and the community,
and drum dancing is a form of entertainment that also has conciderable spiritual significance

1) What does the passage mainly discuss?

a. Everday life in yhe Canadian artic
b. The importance of mythology in innuit life
c. The subject of Inuit Arts
d. The value of inuit art
2) The word “intimately” in line 1 is closest I meaning to
a. Carefuly
b. Presumably
c. Closely
d. Formally
3) According to the pargraph,which of the following is a true description of inuit art?
a. It present a nearly complete picture of inuit life
b. It covers one aspect of inuit life thoroughly
c. It focuses mainly on scenes of inuit camp and family life
d. It is the mainly way inuit myths are passed from one generation to another
 4) The word “absolute” in line 8 is closest in meaning to
a. Predictable
b. Total
c. Traditional
d. Necessary
5) According to the second pargarph, which of the following is most likely to be the subject of an
inuit sculpture ?
a. Pbservance of taboos
b. Inuit life in the past few decades
c. Preparation for a hunt
d. An animal
6) The word “tracking” in line 15 closest in meaning to
a. Capturing
b. Tricking
c. Following
d. Studying
7) The word “exaggerate” in line 18 slosest in meaning to
a. Eliminate
b. Represent
c. Decorate
d. Enlarge
8) (A) pokoknya 3 suku kata
9) According to the third pargraph which of the following is the primary concern of most inuit
artists?
a. Depicting seasonal changes in animals
b. Demonstrating accurate naturalistic detail
c. Exaggerating physical characteristics for dramatic effect
d. Refealing the assence of their subject’s spirit
10) According to the fifth pargraph,which of the following types of activities would be LEAST likely
to be represented in inuit art?
a. Woman sewing clothes
b. Modern activities
c. Community games
d. Drum dancing

Keyword : Forests migrated across Eurasia and north America

About 1800 years ago, the glaciers then convering large portions of earth surface began to retreat, just a
as the had done eighteen or twenty times before during the preceeding two million years forests migrated
northward across Eurasia and north America, while grasslands became less extensive and the large
animals associated with him dwindled in number. Probably no more than 5 million human existed
through out the world. Some of them lived along the seacoasts, where animals that could be used as
sources of food were locally abundant, others, however, began to cultivate plants, thus gaining a new,
relatively source of food.

The first deliberate planting of seeds was probably the logical consewuence of a simple series of events.
For example, the wild cereals are weed, ecologically speaking, that is, they grow readily on open or
disturbed ares. Patches of bare land where there are few other plants to complete with them. People who
gathered these grains regularly might have spilled some of them accidentally near their campsides or
planted them, and thus created amore reliable way to sustain theselves. When this sequence was intiated,
cultivation began. In places where wild grains and leguamens were abundant and readily gathered.
Human would have remained for long periods of time, eventually learning how to increase their yields by
saving and planting seeds and by watering and fertilizing them.

Through humans gradual selection of particular genetic variants of these plants, the characteristics of the
domesticated corps would have changes gradually, with more seeds selected from plants with speecifics
characteristics that made the plants easier to gather, store or use for example, the stalk (rachis) breaks
readily in the wild wheat and their relatives scattering ripe seeds. In the cultivated species of wheat, the
rachis is tough and holds rhe seeds until they are harvested. Seeds held in this way would not be dispersed
well in nature, but they can be gathered easily by humans for food and replanting. As this selction process
is continued, a crop plant steadily becomes more and more dependent on the humans who cultivate it, just
as the humans become more and more

1. The major subject of the passage is

a. The effects of glaciers
b. The domestication of crops
c. Genetics variants of cultivated crops
d. Eating habits of the eatlist humans
2. the word “them” in line 6 refrs to
a. forests
b. Eurasia and north America
c. Frassland
d. Large animal
3. The word “dwindled” in line 6 is closest in meaning to
a. Decreased
b. Double
c. Differed
d. Dominated

4. The word “secure” in line 10 is closest in meaning to

a. Attractive
 b. Fresh
c. Important
d. Different
e. Dependable
5. The word “delivrate” in line 11 is closts in meaning to
a. Successful
b. Regular
c. Dependent
d. Intention
e. Reported
6. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that by accidentally spilling grains near their
campistes, early humans most likely learned
a. How to cultivate crops
b. That grains could be used as a food source
c. How to increase their crop yields
d. How to combine seeds to create a superior type of grain
7. The word “initiated” in line 19 is closts in meaning to
a. Learned
b. Evaluated
c. Begun
d. Repeated
8. According to the third pararph what advantage do cultibated wheat species have over wild sheat
species?
a. Cultivated wheat stalks produces larger seeds that are easier to plant
b. Cultivated wheat stalks hold seeds so they can be gathered and replanted
c. Culyivated wheat stalks produces more seeds
d. Cultivated wheat stalks help scatter seeds as they
9. It can be inferred that the cultivated crop plant becomes “more and more dependent on the
humans who cultivate it” (line 33-34)
a. Its stalk needs to be strengthened
b. It needs to be protected from cold
c. It needs to be planted on grasslands
Keyword : tentang wind machine (dak nemu)

1. “drive” is closest in meaning to

a. Manufacture
b. Increase
c. Power
d. Support
e. Benefit

Passage 4:
The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the American colonies was the slow
evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter, in Europe they grew over a period of
centuries from town economies to their present urban structure. In north America, they started as
wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanisms in little more than a century.

In the aerly colonial day in north America, small cities sprang up along the atlantic coastline, mostly in
what is now new America, united states and in the lower saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was
natural because these areas were nearest England and france, particularly England, from which most
capial goods (assests such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported merchandising
establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from where goods could be
readily distributed to interior settlement. Herem too, were the favored loctions for processing raw
materials prios to export. Boston Philadelphia, new york, monteal, and other cities flourished, and as the
colonies grew, these cities increased in importance.

This was less true in the colonial south, where life centres on large farms, known as plantations, rather
than around towns, as was the case in the areas futher north along the atlantic coastline. The local
isolation and the economic self- sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the
towns, the plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and
each had wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day.in fact, one of the strongest factiors in the
selection of plantation land was the desire to have it front on a water highway

When the united states became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large as
50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people and by 1880 it has recorded a
city of over one million. It was not until 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning has weaving
industries that cities started drawing young people away form farms. Such migration was particularly
rapid following the civil war (1861-1865)

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

a. Factors that slowed the growth of cities in Europe
b. The evolution of cities in north America
c. Trade between north American and Europe
d. The effects the united state independence on urban growth in new England
2. The word “they” in line 4 refrs to
a. north America colonies
b. Cities
c. Centuries
d. Town economies
3. The passage compares early European and north America cities on the basis of which of the
following?
a. Their economis success
b. They type of marchandies they exported
c. Their abilty to distribute goods to interior settlemnts
d. The pace of their development

4. The word “accordingly” in line 11 is closts in meaning to

a. As usual
 b. In contrast
c. To some degrce
d. For that reason
5. According to the passage,early colonial cities were established along the atlantic coastline of
north America due to:
a. An budance of natural resources
b. Financial support from colonial governments
c. Proximity to parts of eurpoe
d. A favourable climate
6. The passage indicates thatduring colonial times, the atlantic coastline cities prepared which of the
following shipment to Europe ?
a. Manufacturing equipment
b. Capital goods
c. Consumer goods
d. Raw materials
7. According to the passage, all of the following aspects of the plantation system influenced the
growth of southern cities EXCEPT
a. Location of the plantations
b. Access of plantation owners to shipping
c. Relationships between plantation residents and city residents
d. Economic self – sufficiency of the plantation
8. It can be ifferred from the passage that, in comparison with northern cities, most southem cities
were
a. More prosperous
b. Smaller
c. Less economicall self-sufficient
d. Tied less closely to England than to france
9. The word “recorded” in line 26 is closest in meaning to
a. Imagined
b. Discovered
c. Documented
d. Planned
10. The word “drwing” in line 27 is closest in meaning to
a. Attracting
b. Employing
c. Instructing
d. Representing
11. The passage mention the period following the civil war (line 28-29) because it was a time of;
a. Significant obstacles to industrial growth
b. Decreased dependence on foreign trade
c. Inscreased numbers of people leaving employment on farms
d. Inscreased migration from northern states to southern states

Passage 5:
Although management principles have been implemented since ancient times, most management scholars
irace the beginning of modern management thought back to the early 1900s, beginning with the
pioneering work of Frederick Taylor (1856 -1915) taylor was the first person to study work scientifaclly.
He is most famous for introducing (5) techniques of time and motion study, differential piece rate
systems, and for systematically specializing the work of operationg employess and managers. Along with
othe pioneers such as frank and Lillian gilbreth, taylor set the stage, labeling his philosophy and methods
“scientific management” at that time his philosophy, which was concerned with productivity, but which
was often misinterpreted as promoting worker interests at the expense of management, was in marked
contrast to the prevailing industrial norms of worker exploitation

The time and motion study concepts were popularized by frank and Lillian gilbreth. The gilbreths had 12
children. By analyzing his children’s dishwashing and bedmaking chores, this pioneer efficiency expert,
frank gilbreth, hit on principles where by workers could eliminate waste motion. He was memorialized by
two of his children in their 1949 book called “cheaper by the dozen”.

The gilbreth methods included using stop watches to time worker movements and special tools (cameras
and special clocks) to monitor and study worker performance, and also involved indentification of
“theibligs” (gilbreth spelled backwards) basic motions(20) used in production jobs. Many of these
motions and accompanying times have been used to determine how long it should take a skilled worker to
perform a given job. In this way an industrial engineer can get a handle on the approximate time it should
take to produce a product or provide a service. However, use of work analysis in this way is unlikely to
lead to useful results unless all five work dimensions are considered : physical, psychological, social,
cultural and power.

1. What is the passage primarily about

a. The limitation of pionecring studies in understanding human behavior
b. How time and motion studies were firs developed
c. The first application of a scientific approach to understanding human behavior
d. The beginnings of modern manaagemnt theory
2. The word “which” in line 9 refers to
a. Scientific management
b. Philosophy
c. Productivity
d. Tiem and motion study
3. Its can inferred from the first paragraph that
a. Workers welcomed the application of scientific management
b. Talor’s philosophy is different from the industrial norms
c. By the early 1900s science had reached a stage where it could be applied to the workplace
d. Workers were no longer exploited after the introduction of scientific management
4. The word “prevailing” in line 10 is closest in meaning to
a. Predominant
b. Broadly accepted
c. Prevalent
d. Common

5. According to the passage, fank gilbreth discovered how workers could eliminate waste motion by
a. Using special tools such as camera and clocks
 b. Using stop watches
c. Apllying scientific management princiles
d. Watching his children do their chores
6. The basic moyions used in production jobs were given which on of following names frank
gilbreth
a. Dimensions
b. Gilreths
c. Therbligs
d. Monitors
7. According to the passage, the time it take a skilled worker to perform the motion of a given job
can be measured by using
a. Stop watches
b. All five work dimension
c. Special tools
d. Therbligs
8. The word “motions” in line 20 closest in meaning to
a. Dtop watches
b. Habits
c. Action
d. Special tools
9. Where in the passage does the author commentthat the principles of scientific msnsgemnt were
often misunderstood?
a. Lines 1-5
b. Lines 6-10
c. Lines 11-15
d. Lines 16-20
10. The word “dimensions” in line 24 is closest in meaning to
a. Sizes
b. Extents
c. Aspects
d. Standards
11. All of the following are true except
a. Scientific management was concerned with productivity
b. The beginnings of modern management thought commenced in the 19 th century
c. Frank gilberth’s fame was anhanced by two of his children writing a book
d. Analyzing work to increase productivity is not likely to be usefylunless all of the dimensions
e. are considered.

Siluet Heneeta Imut dan cantik sekali

Passages 6 :

After 1785, the production of children’s book in the united states increased but remained largely reprints
of british books, often those published by john newbery, the first publisher to produce books aimed
primarily at diverting a child audience. Ultimately, howeverm ut was not the cheerful, commercial-
minded newhery, but anglo irish aauthor maria edgeworth who had the strongest influence on this period
of American children’s literature. The eighteenth century had seen a gradual shift away from the spiritual
intensity of earlier American religious writings for children, toward a more generalized moralism.
Newbery notwithstanding, americans still looked on children’s book as vehicles for instruction, not
amusement, though they wouls accept a moderate amount of fictional entertainment for the sake of more
successful instruction. As the children’s book market expanded, then, what both public and publishers
wanted was the kind of fiction maria edgeworth wrote : stories interesting enough to attract children and
morally instructive enough to allay adult distrust of fiction

American reaction against imported books for children in after the war of 1812 with the british. A wave
of nationalism permeated everything, and the self conscious new nation found foreign writings
(particularly those from the british monarchy)unsuitable for the children of a democratic republic, a slate
of self governing, equal citizens. Publishers of children’s books began to encourage American writer’s to
write fot American children. When they responded, the pattern established by maria edgeworth was at
hand, attractive to most of them for both is rationalism and its high moral tone. Early in the 1820’s,
stories of willful children learning to obey, of careless children learning to take care, of selfish shildren
learning to “tire for others,” started to flow from American presses, successfully achieving edgeworth’s
tone, though rarely her lively style. Imitative as they were, these early American stories be quite
distinguishable from their british counterparts

Few servants appeared in them, and if class distinctions had by no means disappeared, there was much
democratic insistence on the worthiness of every level of birth and work. The characters of children in
this fiction were serious, conscientious, self relective and independent testimony to the continuing
influence of the earlier American moralistic tradition in shildren’s book.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

a. The career of maria edgeworth as an author of children’s books
b. The development of children’s literature in the united states
c. Successful publishers of children’s literature in the united states
d. Basic dierences between british and American

2. The publisher john newbery is principally known for which of following reasons?
a. He produced and sold books written by maria edgeworth
b. He had more inuence on children’s literature than any other publisher
c. He published book aimed at amusing children rather that instrucrting them
d. He was commercially minded and cheerful

3. The word “notwithstanding’ in line 8 is closest in meaning to

a. In spite of
 b. In addition to
c. As a result of
d. As a part of

4. The word “they” in line 9 refers to

a. Children
b. Americans
c. Books
d. Vehicles

5. The word “allay” in line 11 is closest in meaning to

a. Clarify
b. Attack
c. Reduce
d. Confirm

6. It can be inferred from the passage that American children books sold before 1785 were almost
always
a. Written by maria edgeworth
b. Attractive and interesting to children
c. Written by American authors
d. Intended only for religious and moral instruction

7. By the end of rhe eighteenth century, the publishers of children’s look in the united states were
states were most concerned about which of the following ?
a. Attracting children with entertaining stories that provided lessons of correct behavior
b. Publishing literature consisting of exciting stories that would appeal to both children and adults
c. Expanding markets for books in both Britain and the united states
d. Reprinting ctional books from earlier in the century

8. The word “permeated” in line 15

a. Opposed
b. Improved
c. Competed with
d. Spread through

9. According to the passage, American children’s stories differed from their britsh equivalents in that
the characters in American stories were
a. Children who showed a change of behavior
b. Children who were well behaved
c. Rarely servants
d. Generally not from a variety of social classes

10. The word “testimony to” in line 28 is closest in meaning to

 a. Inspiration for
b. Evidence of
c. Requirement for
d. Development of

Passage 7 :

Next to its sheer size, the profound isolation of its many small islands is the most distinctive feature of the
pacific ocean. Over 25000 islands are scattered across the surface of the pacific, more than in all the other
oceans combined, but their land area adds up to little more than 125000 square kilometers, about the size
of new york state and their inhabitants total less than two million people, about a quarter of the number
that live in new york city. The oceanic islands of the pacific are some of the most isolated places on earth.
Many are uninhabitable, by virtue of their small size and particular characteristic, but even the most
favored are very isolated fragments of land, strictly circumscribed by the oceanm strictly limited in terms
of the numbers of people they can support. This basic fact of environmental circumstance has been the
most pervasive influence in determining the social arrangements, and cultural pratices of the people that
settled in the pacific islands

The peopling of the pacific islands has been described as the greatest feat of maritime colonization in
human history. Contrary to the conclusions of thor heyerdahl’s kon tiki expedition of 1946, the eveidence
of plant dispersal, archaeology, linguistic, and genetics now shows quite conclusively that the pacific
islands were not populated from tile east by south americans who drifted on balsa wood rafts and the
prevailing wind and currents but form the west by groups from main land asia gradually spread from
island to island out into the pacific the process began over 40000 years ago and reached easter island the
most isolatedplace on earth about 1500 years ago. It ended about 1000 years ago, when people first settled
in Hawaii and new zealand

Simply surviving those ocean crossins of indeterminate length, in open canoes, to arrive on the shores of
uninhabited and hitherto unknown islands, was formidable achievement. But having found a oasis of land
in a watery wilderness, crossed its reef and landed on its shores, the survivors then faced a series of
pressing problems for which solutions had to be found quickly if the small group was to become a
vigorous, self sustaining island population

1. The word “scattered” in line 2 is closest in meaning to

a. Widely known
b. Usually estimated
c. Rarely inhabited
d. Irregularly distributed

2. Why does the author mention new population of the pacific york city in line 5?
a. To emphasize how small the population of the pacific islands is
b. To emphasize the extreme distances between the pacific islands and other regions
c. To note the economic ties of the pacific islands to other regions
d. To note the lack of urban environments on the pacific islands
 3. The phrase “by virtue of” in line 6 is closest in meaning to
a. Regarding
b. Because of
c. Taking advantage of
d. In place of

4. The word “circumscribed” in line 7 is closest in meaning to

a. Located
b. Flooded
c. Restricted
d. Pushed

5. Which of the following is not mentioned as evidence used to determine the origins of pacific
islands people ?
a. Oral histories
b. Plant dispersal
c. Linguistics
d. Archaeology

6. According to the-passage , where did the original inhabitans of the pacific islands come from ?
a. South America
b. Hawai
c. New Zealand
d. Asia

7. The word “it” in line 16 refers to

a. Pacific
b. Process
c. Isolated place
d. Earth

8. The word “indeterminate” in line 18 in closest in meaning to

a. Undecided
b. Uncertain
c. Uncacceptable
d. Increasing

9. The passage is most likely followed by a discussion of

a. How settlers adapted to newly discovered pacific ocean islands
b. The design and construction of canoes used in the pacific islands
c. The characteristics sties of reeds in the pacific islands
d. How early explorers of the pacific ocean found their way from island to island

Passage 8 :
The languages spoken by early Europeans are still shrouded in mystery. There is no linguistic continuity
between languages of old Europe ( aterm sometimes used for Europe between 7000 and 3000 B.C) and
the languages of the modem world and we cannot yet translate the old European script, scholars have
deciphered other ancient languages, such as Sumerian, akkadian and Babylonian, which used the
cuneiform script, bcs of the fortuitous discovery of bilingual inscriptions, when cuneiform tablets were
first discovered in the eighteenth century, cholars could not decipher them. Then inscriptions found in baa
at the end of the eighteenth century provided a link, these inscriptions were written in cuneiform and in
two other ancient languages, old Persian and new elamite languages that had already been deciphered. It
took several decades but scholars eventually translated the ancient cuneiform script via the more familiar
old Persian language

Similarly, the hieroglyphic writing of the Egyptians remained a mystery until French troops unearthed the
famous rosetta stone in the late eighteenth century. The stone carried the same massage written in ancient
greek, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and gyptian hieratic, a simplified form of hierohlyphs. The rosetta stone
thwarted scholars efforts for several decades until the carly nineteenth century when several key
hieroglyphic phrases were decoded using the greek inscriptions. Unfortunately, we have no old European
rosetta stone to chart corespondences between old European script and the languages that replaced it.

Tim incursions of indo-european tribes into old Europe form the late fifth to the early third millennia B.C
caused a linguistic and cultural discontinuity. These incursions disrupted the old European sedentary
farming lifestyle that had existed for 3000 years as the indo Europeans encroached on old Europe from
the east, the continent underwent upheavals. These severely affected the Balkans, where the old European
cultures abundantly employed script. The old European way of life deteriorated rapidly, although pockets
of old European culture remained for several millennia, new peoples spoke completely different
languages belonging to the indo European linguistic family. The old European language or languages and
the script used to write them declined and eventually vanished

1. What does the passage mainly discuss??

a. Reasons for the fallure to understand the written records of old European culture
b. Influences on the deveploment of old European script
c. Similarities between old European script and other ancient writing systems
d. Events leading to the discovery of old European script

2. According to he passage new elamite is

a. A language that was written in the cunciform script
b. A modem language that came from old Persian
c. One of the languages spoken by the old Europeans
d. A language that wa understood by the late eighteenth century

3. According to the passage, scholars were ables to decipher cunciform script with the help of
 a. The Sumerian, akkdian, and Babylonian languages
b. Old Persian
c. Tablets written in old European
d. A language spoken in eighteenth century iran
4. The word “fortuitous” in line 5 closet inn meaning to
a. Important
b. Sudden
c. Early
d. Lucky

5. The word “them” in line 6 refers to

a. Sumerian, akkadian, and babylonian
b. Bilingual inscriptions
c. Cuneiform tablets
d. Scholars

6. When does the passage suggest that ancient Egyptian hieroglypttic script was finally deciphered?
a. At arount the same time as cuneiform script was deciphered
b. Shortly before the rosetta stone was unearthed
c. As soon as additional bilingual inscriptions became available to schocalrs
d. A few decades after the hieratic script was decoded

7. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the rosetta stone?
a. It was found by scholars trying to decode ancient languages
b. It contains two versions of hieroglyphic script’
c. Several of its inscriptions were decoded within a few months of is discovery
d. Most of its inscriptions have still not been decoded

8. The word “thwarted” in line 14 is closest in meaning to

a. Continued
b. Influenced
c. Encouraged
d. Frustrated
9. According to the passage, indo-european incursions caused old European populations to
a. Separate into different tribes
b. Move eastwars
c. Change their ways of living obtaining food
d. Start recording historical events in writing

10. The author mentions the Balkans in the passage in order to explain
a. Indo-european languages were slow to spread in old Europe
b. The inhabitans of old Europe were not able to prevent indo-european incursions
c. The use of the old European script declined
 d. The old European culture survived for a time after the indo European incursions
Passage 9 :

Lichens, probably the hardiest of all plants, live where virtually nothing else can not just on rugged
mountain peaks but also on sunbaked desert rocks. Thet are usually the first life to appear on a
mountainside that has been scraped bare by an avalanche. Unline other members of the plant kingdom,
lichens are actually a partnerhip between two plants. The framework of a lichen is usually a network of
minute hailike fungus that achors the plant. The other componets is an alga (similar to the green film of
plants life that grows on stagnats pools) that is distributed through out the fungus. Being green plants,
algae are capable of photosynthesis—that ism using energy from the sun manufacture their own food. The
fungi are believed to supply water, minerals and physical support to the partnership

Lichens are famous for their ability to survive water shortage . when water is scarce (as is often the case
on a mountain), lichens may become dormant and remain in that condition for prolonged periods of time.
Some lichens can even grow where there is no rain at all, surviving on only occasional dew—the
moisture that condenses on the surface of the plants at night. And unlike most other plants, lichens are
little affected by the strong ultraviolet rays in the mountains

Lichens use little energy , for they grow slowly . some grow so slowly and are so old that the are called
“time stains” you may find lichens that are centuries old. Certain of these lichen colonies have been
established for an estimated 2000 years. For decades, scientists wondered how the offspring of an alga
and a funfus got together to form a new lichen it seemed unlikely that they would just happen to
encounter one another. It was dinally discovered that in many cases the two partners have never been
separated. Stalk like “buds” that from on certain lichens are broken off by the wind or by animals. These
toll or are blown to a new location

1. Which of the following questions does the passage answer?

a. Where can the oldest lichen be found?
b. How long does it take for lichens to establish themselves?
c. How large can linchens he?
d. Where do lichens usually occur?

2. The word “hardiest” in line 1 is clossest in meaning to?

a. Most unusual
b. Most basic
c. Most abundant
d. Most vigorous

3. The word “framework” in line 4 is closest In meaning to?

a. Structure
b. Fragment
c. Condition
 d. Environment

4. The author mentions “ the green film plant life that grows on stagnant pools” (lines 5-6) in order
to explain
a. How the sun affects lichens
b. Why plants depend on water where fungi become algae
c. What algae are

5. It can be inferred form passage that lichens use less energy abd grow more slowly when
a. The environment is polluted
b. They are exposed to ultraviolet rays
c. They are very old
d. The supply of water is inadequate
6. Which of the following term is defined in the passage?
a. “anchors” (line 5)
b. “stagnantn” (line 6)
c. “dew” (line 11)
d. “ultraviolet” (line 13)
7. The word “proionged” in line 10 is closest In meaning to
a. Precisc
b. Extended
c. Approximate
d. Regular
8. All of the following are mentioned in the discussion of lichens EXCEPT
a. They are capable of producing their own food
b. They require large amounts of minerals to prosper
c. Thet are a union of two separate plants
d. They can live thousands of years
9. What does the phrase “lichen colonies (line 15) suggest?
a. Nothing but lichens live in some locations
b. Many lichens live together in one area
c. Lichens displace the plant that surround them
d. Certain groups of lichens have never been separated

10. The word “encounter” in line 17 is closest in meaning to

a. Lose
b. Support
c. Meet
d. create