Lesson 04
Lesson 04
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MASONRY
Building with units of various materials, natural or manufactured. Usually with the use of mortar as a
bonding agent
BRICK
A masonry unit of clay, formed into a rectangular prism while plastic and hardened by drying in the
sun or firing in a kiln
A. BRICK PRODUCTION
BRICK FORMING Methods of Brick Forming
(Molding)
1. Soft-Mud – wet clay with 20%-30% moisture
2. Sand-Struck – sand lined, matte finish
3. Water-Struck – water lined, smooth finish
4. Stuff-Mud – extruding, 12%-15% moisture, cutting the extrusion
5. Dry Process – 5%-7% moisture, surrounded to high pressure,
sharped edges, smooth surface
BRICK DRYING Methods of Brick Drying
1. Sun Drying
2. Kiln Drying or Autoclave – drying using furnace
Flashing – firing brick alternately with too much or too little air to vary
face color
FINAL PRODUCT
Bed Joint
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C. TYPES OF BRICKS
a. Common brick – general purpose, not specially treated for color and texture. “Building Brick”
b. Facing brick – special clay for facing a wall, usually treated for color and texture
Types (size, color, chippage, distortion) Grade (durability to weathering)
1. FBX – minimum variation in size, color, chippage, and 1. SW – severe weathering
distortion 2. MW – moderate weathering
2. FBS – minimum variation size, wide color range 3. NW – negligible weathering
3. FBA – non uniform size, color, texture
c. Firebrick – fire clay, refractory clay, used for lining furnaces and fire place
D. BRICK SIZES
Brick name Length Height Depth
Modular 8” 2 2/3” 4”
Norman 12” 2 2/3” 4”
Structural clay
12” 2 2/3” 6”
research (SCR)
Engineered 8” 2 2/3” 4”
Norwegian 12” 3 1/5” 4”
Roman 12” 2” 4”
Economy 8” 4” 4”
Soldier Sailor
Horizontally Laid
Short Edge
2. Bat – cut
transversely with
one end whole
Stretcher Header
Broad Face
Note: Shaded parts are the exposed or Face side of the brick
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b. Brick Joints
1. Tooled Joint – weather resistant joint compressed and shaped with any tool other than trowel
a.) Concave b.) V-joint c.) Raked
Curved, using a rounded Angular, using a v-shaped Deep, using a square-edged
bar jointer tool
3. Point or pointing – to fill or finish the surface of a masonry joint with mortar after laying
a.) Tuck b.) Tuck and Pat
Raking out defective mortar, filling and Ornamental fillet of lime or putty
tooling
c. Brick Bonding
Bond – the arrangement of masonry units. Having a regular, recognizable, usually overlapping
pattern to increase strength and enhance appearance.
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4. Flemish Bond – alternating header and 5. English Bond – alternative course of
stretcher header and stretcher has aligned joints
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Types of Composite Walls
1. Faced Wall – Masonry wall facing
bonded to the backing
2. Cavity Wall – Masonry wall
having a facing and backing
completely separated except for
metal ties
3. Veneered Wall – Non-structural
facing attached, not bonded, to a Cavity Wall
backing or supporting structure Faced Wall
4. Grouted Masonry – A cavity wall
with its cavity filled with a grout.
Grout – fluid mortar used to fill
narrow cavity into sold mass
Grout lift
increment of
Grout pour grout height with
Total height to
in a grout pour
be filled with
grout
Veneered Wall
Grouted Masonry
STONE
Rock or piece of rock quarried and worked into a specific size and shape for particular purpose
FIELDSTONE
Loose, unfinished stone found DRESSED STONE FINISHED STONE
on the surface Worked to desired shape (Cut stone)
and smoothed on the face Machined to relative fine finish
DIMENSION STONE
Quarried and squared stone 2
feet or more in length and
width and of specified
thickness
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b. Metamorphic - undergone changes in texture, structure, or composition due to natural agents,
moderate hardness
1. Marble – from limestone
2. Verd Antique – mottled serpentine
3. Slate – compressed clay or shale
4. Quartzite – compact, quartz
5. Gneiss – banded or foliated, minerals in layers
C. STONE LAYING
a. Rubble – rough fragments of broken stone or the masonry built of such stone
1. Random – discontinuous, approximate level 2. Coursed – continuous, level bed
bed
b. Ashlar – squared building stone finely dressed on all faces adjacent to those of other stone so as
to permit very thin mortar joints
1. Random – 2. Coursed – stones having the 3. Broken – horizontal
discontinuous course same height within each courses of varying heights
course, each course vary in may be broken at
height
intervals into two or more
course.
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D. STONE FINISHES
a. Joint Treatments
1. Squared – joints having sharp corners creating a flush faces
2. Rusticated – visible faces of dressed stone raised or contrasted with
joints
a.) Pitch-Faced – arrises cut on the same plane
i. Beveled ii. Chamfered
Squared
b.) Sunk Draft – margin of a stone set below the rest of the face
i. Sunk/Rabbeted
Rustication process:
Rusticated
Placement of Tooling of Side to Produce
Draft Draft Margin
Draft – line or border as a guide for the stonecutter in leveling surfaces
Draft Margin – smooth uniform margin
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B. CLASSIFICATION
a. Hollow Masonry Unit (Concrete Hollow Block or CHB): net cross-sectional area 75% gross
cross-sectional area
b. Solid Masonry Unit: net cross-sectional area 75% gross cross-sectional area
c. Bullnose Block - one or d. Corner Block - a solid end e. Return-Corner Block – 6”,
more rounded exterior face, used to construct an 10”, 12”; maintain full and
corner end or corner half-length course
f. Double-Corner Block - g. Open-end Block - with one h. Sash or Jamb Block - has
having solid faces at both end open an end slot or rabbet to
ends, used for masonry receive a jamb
pier
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i. Header Block - a portion j. Bond Block - used in k. Lintel Block - used to
of a face shell removed to constructing bond beam construct a bond beam
receive headers
r. Pilaster Block used in s. Coping Block used for t. Sill Block has a wash to
constructing pilasters constructing a top or shed rainwater from a sill
finishing course
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G. TYPES OF CMU BY FINISHES
a. Split-face – b. Faced – having a ceramic,
machine cut, glazed, or polished track
rough or fractured
I. MORTAR – plastic mixture of cement and/or lime, sand and water, used as a bonding agent in
masonry construction
b. Cement-Lime Mortar = Portland Cement + Lime (to increase plasticity and water-retentivity) +
Sand + Water
c. Masonry Mortar = Portland Cement + (hydrated lime, plasticizers, air-entraining agent, gypsum)
+ Sand + Water
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J. CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK CONSTRUCTION (RULES OF THUMB)
a. All CHB wall shall be reinforced with a maximum distance of 0.60 meters on centers, both ways.
Distance may be reduced to 0.40 meters.
b. If a wall is to be constructed such that no there are no restraints, e.g. columns and beams, stiffener
columns must be constructed every 3.0 meters distance on centers.
Stiffener Column – column of the same thickness as wall and is as wide as 0.30 – 0.40 meters.
Serves as a vertical support for walls.
c. If a wall is to be constructed with restraint, the restraints must be equipped with dowel bars for
attachment of CHB wall reinforcements.
d. All CHB walls must be supported with a bond beam every 3.0 meter height.
Bond Beam – a masonry course grouted and reinforced to serve as a beam, a horizontal tie, or a
bearing course for a structural member.
e. All opening, e.g. doors and windows, shall be equipped with a lintel beam above the header of the
opening.
Lintel Beam – a beam supporting the weight above an opening.
CERAMIC TILES
Any of various fired clay tile used for surfacing walls, floors, and counter tops.
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B. TYPES BY ABSORPTION AND STRENGTH C. TYPE BY COMMON
Name Absorption Strength SIZES
Hard burned Vitreous 0.5% - 3.0% High compression 1. 15 cm x 60 cm
Semi-Vitreous 3.0% - 7.0% 2. 20 cm x 20 cm
Soft burned Low compression 3. 30 cm x 30 cm
Non-Vitreous More than 7%
4. 40 cm x 40 cm
Vitrification – process of firing clay at high temperature to a point of 5. 60 cm x 60 cm
making the material almost non-absorbent
D. TYPES BY USE
a. Floor Tiles – usually unglazed and is high duty
E. TYPES BY STRENGTH
a. Porcelain - hard, vitreous, translucent, consist essentially of Kaolin (China clay), Feldspar, and
Quartz, fired at high temperature.
Field Tile
Rake
Tiles
Hip Tile
Barge Course
Arris
Tiles
Eaves Closer
Eaves Course
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A. TYPES OF ROOF TILES ACCORDING TO USE
a. Field Tile – cover the main expanses of a roof
Tegula
c. Pan-and-Roll Tiling – tapered, semi- d. Interlocking
cylindrical overlap flat under-tiles Tile – flat,
rectangular;
a groove
along one
edge that fits
over a flange
Tiles
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Terminologies in Clay Tile Roof Installation
a. Batten – a horizontal wood strip on which roofing tiles or slates are hung.
b. Underlayment – a weather-proof material, such as roofing felt, for covering and protecting a roof
deck before tiles are applied.
c. Sheathing – boards, plywood, or structural panels fastened to the frame of a wall or roof as a base
for roofing.
d. Insulation – a material used to reduce or eliminate heat gain and heat transfer from the exterior to
the interior of the structure.
ROOF SHINGLES
Thin roofing material lain in overlapping rows
Insulation
Shingles
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c. Wood Shingle – smooth wood plank
designed to fit with other wood planks
PAVING UNITS
Materials used for the exterior flooring.
Running Bond Pattern Stack Bond Pattern Turf Block Pattern Basketweave Pattern
Octagon and Dot Coursed Ashlar Roman Cobble Pattern Random Stone
Pattern
Setting Bed
Compacted
Aggregate
Strip Footing
b. Rigid Base Method – a method of paving where the paving material is placed over a ¾”
bituminuous setting bed over a 4”-6’ thick concrete slab. The slab may be casted over a compacted
aggregate layer. At the edge of the pavement, the paving unit is laid vertically to a concrete strip
footing.
Paving Unit
Paving Unit
Setting Bed
Concrete Slab
Compacted
Aggregate
Strip
Footing
Book References:
Ching, Francis D.K., A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, Second Edition, 2014
Ching, Francis D.K., Building Construction Illustrated, Fifth Edition, 2014
Harris, Cyril M., Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, Fourth Edition, 2006
Allen, Edward & Iano, Joseph, Fundamentals of Building Construction, Fifth Edition, 2009
National Structural Code of the Philippines
Web References:
The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law (R.A. 71
8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the written consent
of the one who prepared these manual, the author.