PURC111 FINAL EXAM REVIEWER 2. Research.

 A PSA (Public Service Announcement) is a short  Try to get the most current and up-to-
informational clip that is meant to raise the date facts on your topic.
audience’s awareness about an important
 Use statistics and references if
issue.
necessary.
 PSA can be instructional, inspirational, or even
 Make it accurate and convincing.
shocking to elicit emotion and action

 Often in the form of commercials and print ads 3. Know your audience.
 Consider if you are targeting parents,
Common Types of PSA
teenagers, teachers, or other social
 Announcement - usual components are a groups.
series of videos and images with a narrator or
 Consider your target’s needs,
narrators delivering information to the
preferences, as well as things that
audience either on-screen or through a
might turn them off.
voiceover. Sometimes text alone can be just as
powerful and effective. 4. Grab your audience’s attention.
 Documentary/Interviews - This method is  Use visual effects, an emotional
effective because the interviews provide either response, humor, or surprise to catch
expert testimony or stories from people who your target audience.
have personal experience with your topic to
support the argument that you are making. 5. Create a script.
Sometimes the interviews can be accompanied
 Keep your script to a brief statement.
by a voiceover, or other times your interview(s)
alone can be very effective. 6. Create a storyboard for your script.
 Narrative - This style uses either a scene, 7. Film your footage and edit your PSA.
montage (a collection of several short clips), or
a re-enactment/footage of true events to 8. Find your audience and get their reaction.
illustrate the point that you are trying to make.
Communication for Work Purposes
This style can allow your PSA not only to be
more creative, but also subtle, yet powerful. • Communication is how we give and receive
information and convey our ideas and opinions
What makes a PSA effective? with those around us.
 It gets the audience to pay attention.
FORMS OF COMMUNICATION
 The message is clear and easy to understand
• Verbal - the use of sounds and words to
 The message is supported by facts about the express yourself
issue.
• Aural - involves the transmission of
 The audience is able to sympathize with those information through the auditory sensory
affected by the issue. system (the system of hearing)

How to create a PSA? • Non-verbal - includes facial expressions, the

tone and pitch of the voice, gestures displayed
1. Choose your topic. through body language (kinesics) and the
physical distance between the communicators
 Pick a subject that is important to you,
as well as one you can visualize. (proxemics).

• Written - the sending of messages, orders or

 Keep your focus narrow and on point.
instructions in writing through letters,
 Have one main idea. circulars, manuals, reports, telegrams, office
memos, bulletins, etc.
 • Visual - signs, symbols, and pictures • The language should be appropriate to the
audience and communication medium. Avoid
jargon unless talking to another professional.

• The message should be positive and focused

on solutions rather than listing problems.

• The language should invite appropriate

participation and engagement.

• The message should use the right medium for

the intended audience, the context and the
desired response.

• The message is sent at the right time to enable

the audience to have time to understand and
act on the message.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
STAGES OF COMMUNICATION
• A process of sending and receiving wordless
messages.

• Facial Expression - conveys countless

emotions without saying a word

• Body movements and posture - how we move

and carry ourselves communicates a lot of
information

• Gestures - movement of a part of the body;

can be different across cultures and regions WHAT MAKES A GOOD COMMUNICATOR?
• Eye Contact - helps maintain the flow of • Prepare well and understand what you want to
conversation and assesses another person’s communicate.
response
• Be confident to the point and focus on
• Touch (Haptics) - communicates a great deal. solutions.
• Space and distance (Proxemics) - refers to • Ensures that you are being heard
physical space. We can use physical space to
communicate many different non-verbal • Influence your environment according to your
messages, including signals of intimacy, goals and requirement
aggression, dominance, or affection. • Applies positive influence presenting strong
• Voice (Paralanguage) - communication with point of view and develop mutual
our voices without, even when we are not using understanding
words (rate, volume, pitch) • Delivers efficient decision and solutions by
providing accurate and relevant information
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION SKILLS
• Builds healthy relationships.
• The message can be a mix of factual and
psychological aspects to give the message its LISTENING SKILLS
full impact; rather than just dry facts or overly
emotional in style. • Full understanding

• The message should be relevant to the • Constructive response

concerns of the audience. • Strong relationship
Core Listening Skills
• Giving the other party your full attention What is a Research Paper?
• Genuine Listening - nodding, repeating back ✓ ordinary or critical term paper
what they have said but in your own words
✓ thesis or dissertation
• Acknowledging their feelings
✓ other forms of composition writing
• Asking for clarification when you do not
understand Note: Research deals with regards to reading and
writing about your topic, purpose, problem and result.
• Trying to understand other’s point of view
LESSON 2: ANALYTICAL AND ARGUMENTATIVE
• Letting the other party put over their response
PAPER
fully before you react and giving them time to
express their point of view. • An analytical research paper is one that uses
evidence to study the facets involved in an
• Being cautious on expressing your opinion. If it
issue or topic.
is clearly not appropriate don’t express it.
• Analysis entails breaking up a concept into
• Being timely in your reaction to the other component parts, and restructuring them from
party’s responses to you messages. your own perspective into a composite whole.

WORKPLACE DOCUMENTS An analytical research paper:

• Document that provides steps or gives ✓ is not making judgments on the topic per se,
instructions to carry out tasks that contains but exploring a topic for the purpose of being
technical details. able to draw reasonable conclusions.
• Record of business activities ✓ is an effort to make use of research to provide
• Completed as part of government acts or an objective picture of what information is
regulations known about the subject.

• Developed to ensure the efficient delivery of ✓ example of these can be LITERARY ANALYSIS
services and products to customers. and POLITICAL SCIENCE PAPER.

• Messages Argumentative papers require researchers to take a

stand on an issue and defend it.
• Memorandum
An argumentative research paper:
• Business Letters
✓ is also known as persuasive research project.
• Minutes Of Meeting (MOM)
✓ demonstrates an attempt to convince your
• Agenda
audience of the solidity of a particular view you
• Annual Reports have on a subject.

• Presentations LESSON 3: STRUCTURE OF A RESEARCH PAPER

• Diagrams Abstract
LESSON 1: RESEARCH • The abstract is the little bit of everything. It has
concise statements that contains the summary
• The immediate purpose of a research paper is
of the contents of the paper.
to learn about something and to present it in
written form. • It should be written in complete sentences and
• It is important to your academic survival that paragraphs. It should not exceed to 250 words
you master the skills involved in research and should not include formula, diagrams or
paper writing. other illustrative materials.
1. Introduction it is crucial that the discussion rests firmly on
the evidence presented in the results section.
• This part enables the reader to understand the This should be interpretative not just a
context or territory of the study. This is where restatement of the results.
we can read the trends and issues, objectives
and main contributions of the study. These are Conclusion
written in paragraphs and proper citations
• This section enumerates the principal findings
must be observed.
of the research. This answers the objectives of
2. Literature Review the study.

• This serves as the foundation of the research Recommendation

for it states how and why researchers come up
• In paragraph form, this section presents where
with the topic objectives. Like the
the results of the study are directed.
Introduction, this is written in paragraphs with
technically correct sentences. Acknowledgment
• Properly literature-reviewed research papers • This provides the opportunity to thank and
could answer the trickiest questions of critics. recognize those who have assisted or
contributed to the study but are not named as
3. Research Methodology
co-authors. This section must be written in no
• This will help you systematize your research by more than 3 sentences.
forcing you to identify what kind of data you
will need for your paper and what is the best
References
way to go about getting it. • The reference section should begin on a new
• The main purpose of this portion is to provide page with the title bold and left indented. The
enough detail for a competent reader to references should strictly follow the American
replicate the study and reproduce the results. Psychological Association(APA) 7th Edition,
and written in 1.5 inch hanging indent. All
• The researchers should consider the Research reference types (journal, book, internet, etc.) is
Design, Research locale, Population and integrated and arranged alphabetically.
Sampling/Key Informant Selection, Research
Ethics, Research Instruments, Data Collection WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
and Data Analysis. ELECTRONIC CORRESPONDENCE
4. Results - Electronic mail, or e-mail, is appropriate for
• This presents findings which are clearly and short, rapid communications. It is not effective
simply stated. This should be brief and direct. for conveying large amounts of information or
More so, when describing the results from a complex information.
table or a figure, make sure to introduce the REMEMBER THESE:
table or figure number and title on the first
statement for easier location of table or figure • Indicate the subject of the message.
involved.
• Greet the addressee appropriately.
5. Discussion
• Organize your thoughts and communicate
• This is where results should be communicated: them clearly and concisely.
What principles have been established or
• Keep e-mail messages brief and
reinforced? What generalizations can be
straightforward.
drawn? How do the findings compare to the
findings of others or to expectations based on • Use proper English, grammar, and spelling;
previous work? proofread before sending.

• Are there any theoretical implications of the • Sign your name to the message.
results? When these questions are addressed,
 • Read messages you receive carefully before give the librarians ample time to provide all the
responding. reference materials students and teachers will
need for the entire semester. For any
• If you need time to compose a reply, send a
clarifications, please get in touch with the
brief message acknowledging receipt and
department heads the soonest.
communicating when you intend to respond in
full • Please submit your course plan to your
respective department heads on or before the
MEMORANDUM scheduled submission date.
- A memorandum, or memo, is used to
For your information and strict compliance.
communicate specific information, usually
within a department, or organization. It is • 2. To request information, action, and
more formal than an e-mail, and can be used suggestions. This is known as the PERSUASIVE
to transmit more information– up to a page or MEMO wherein the sender expects the
two. recipient to act on what is being asked for in
the message.
3 MAIN PARTS OF MEMORANDUM
• TO: All High School Faculty Members
• HEADING- contains all the details as shown
below. • FROM: The Principal

• SUBJECT LINE- not more than two sentences, • RE: Monthly Parent-Teacher Meeting
what the memorandum is all about.
• This is to request all high school faculty
• MESSAGE- written below the heading, and members to remind all parents to attend the
should nor exceed three paragraphs. monthly parent-teacher meeting to be held
every third Saturday of the month at the
• TO: specific reader/s of the memo gymnasium, from 8:00 A.M. onwards. Snacks
• FROM: sender’s name and job title will be provided by the school.

• SUBJ./RE: main topic of the message, written • Please allot at least 15 minutes of your class
in bold fonts hours to discuss this further with your
students. Please remind the parents that they
• DATE: exact date the memo was written and should attend this monthly meeting in order to
circulated discuss their child’s performance, attendance,
Memos are written for three basic reasons behavior and participation in school activities.

• This meeting will give them an opportunity to

• 1. To issue an instruction, directive, or
discuss any problems or concerns they might
explanation of company policies and
have regarding their child’s education. It will
procedures. It is called DIRECTIVE MEMO.
also allow the parents to get to know our
• TO: All Faculty Members institution better and help them get rid of any
reservations they might have about our school.
• FROM: College Dean
• For your information and compliance.
• RE: Submission of Course Plan every opening
of new semester • 3. To reply to an inquiry, request for
information, action, or suggestion. This is
• DATE: December 3, 2022
called a RESPONSE MEMO. The subject line
• Cc: All College Department Heads states clearly the response to the request. For
example:
DIRECTIVE MEMO
• TO: All College Faculty Members
• This is to request all faculty members to submit
their own course plan for every assigned • FROM: College Dean
subject at least two weeks before the opening
• RE: Request for a three week paid study leave
of a new semester. The early preparation will
 • DATE: December 3, 2022 • Be prepared to leave a message in case the
person is not available. When leaving a
• Cc: Payroll Department
message on an answering machine, clearly
• FILE NO: MC 545 state your name and, speaking slowly, include
your phone number and the purpose of your
• After a month long series of meetings and call. Also indicate if you will be calling the
deliberations, the management has finally individual back or if you’d like him/her to
decided to grant the request of faculty return your call.
members who are writing their masteral thesis
to take a three week paid study leave. The INTERVIEW
faculty members who will avail of this benefit
must conduct missed classes as soon as the
A Successful Interviewer is:
three-week leave is finished. • Knowledgeable: is thoroughly familiar with the
• Please coordinate with the department heads focus of the interview; pilot interviews of the
as soon as possible to discuss the schedule of kind used in survey interviewing can be useful
your study leave. Provide department heads here.
with all pertinent documents to support and • Structuring: gives purpose for interview;
validate the request for study leave. The rounds it off; asks whether interviewee has
necessary documents are: 1) photocopy of questions.
enrolment form from the university, 2)
photocopy of university ID, 3) any document to • Clear: asks simple, easy, short questions; no
attest that one is writing his/her thesis. jargon.

• It is expected that both the faculty members • Gentle: lets people finish; gives them time to
and the institution will benefit from this three think; tolerates pauses.
week paid leave. • Sensitive: listens attentively to what is said and
• Please be guided accordingly. how it is said; is empathetic in dealing with the
interviewee.
LETTERS
• Open: responds to what is important to
- Letters are the means of formal, professional interviewee and is flexible.
communication with others outside an
organization. Sometimes, letters are used • Steering: knows what he/she wants to find
within an organization to formally present a out.
secondary document, such as a committee • Critical: is prepared to challenge what is said,
report. for example, dealing with inconsistencies in
interviewees’ replies.
ORAL COMMUNICATION
• Remembering: relates what is said to what has
TELEPHONE CONVERSATION
previously been said.
• Prepare a list of questions to ask the person
• Interpreting: clarifies and extends meanings of
you are contacting prior to making the phone
interviewees’ statements, but without
call.
imposing meaning on them.
• Always clearly identify yourself and your
• Balanced: does not talk too much, which may
affiliation.
make the interviewee passive, and does not
• State your purpose for calling. talk too little, which may result in the
interviewee feeling he or she is not talking
• Ask your questions clearly without interrupting along the right lines.
the person you are talking to, and take notes
on the conversation. • Ethically sensitive: is sensitive to the ethical
dimension of interviewing, ensuring the
• Thank the person for his or her assistance. interviewee appreciates what the research is
 about, its purposes, and that his or her answers
will be treated confidentially.

PRESENTATIONS
• Presentations can either be informal (for
example, a class presentation or a short
presentation at a meeting) or more formal,
such as a presentation at a workshop or
conference, and speeches. Similar guidelines
apply to both types of presentations.
• Dress appropriately
• Carefully structure your presentation
• Practice your presentation
• Know your presentation’s time limit
• Stimulate the interest of the audience
• Use visual media when appropriate
• Always speak enthusiastically
• Call for questions after your presentation