ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB

PART A
 1. AMPLITUDE MODULATION
AIM:

1.To study the process of amplitude modulation by observing amplitude modulated wave and to
find its modulation index.

2. To study the process of under modulation, critical modulation and over modulation by
changing the modulation index.

APPARATUS:

S.No Name of the equipment Range Quantity.

1. Function Generator 0-1MHz 2
2. BNC adapter/ CRO Probe - 1
3. Connecting wires / Patch Chards - 5
4. CRO 0-2MHz / 20MHz 1
5. Trainer Kit - 1

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation trainer kit .

2. Observe the carrier signal c(t) from the carrier generator and fix the carrier frequency.
3. Observe the modulating signal m(t) from the function generator.
4. Connect modulating signal m(t) to AF input to the modulator circuit and also connect the
output of carrier generator to carrier input of modulator circuit.
5. Observe the modulator output signal at AM output terminal.
6. Vary the modulating amplitude and observe the effects(Under/Critical/Over Modulation)
on the modulated waveform.
7. The depth of modulation can be varied using the variable knob provided at A.F. input.
8. The percentage of modulation and modulation index can be calculated using the
following formulae.
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
% of Modulation = * 100
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥+𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
Modulation Index = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥+𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛

9. Connect the output of the modulator to the input of demodulator circuit and observe the
output of Demodulator (message signal).

RESULT:
 Figure 1.1.: Amplitude Modulator Circuit

Observations

Amplitude Time period

Carrier Signal
Modulating Signal
AM SIGNAL
Under Modulation
Critical Modulation
Over Modulation
Demodulated Signal
Figure: 1.2 Expected Waveforms of Message, Carrier, Modulation
Figure: 1.3 Expected Waveforms of Under, Critical & Over Modulation
 2. FREQUENCY MODULATION
AIM: To study frequency modulation and demodulation and to calculate frequency deviation and
modulation index.

APPARATUS:

S.No Name of the equipment Range Quantity.

1. Function Generator 0-1MHz 1
2. BNC adapter/ CRO Probe - 1
3. Connecting wires / Patch Chards - 5
4. CRO 0-2MHz / 20MHz 1
5. Trainer Kit - 1

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the Frequency Modulation and Demodulation trainer kit .

2. Connect Oscilloscope to FM output and observe the carrier frequency at that point
without any AF input.
3. Connect AF signal to the input of the Frequency Modulator.
4. Now observe the Frequency modulation output on the CRO and adjust the amplitude of
the AM signal to get clear Frequency Modulated Waveform.
5. Vary the modulating frequency and Amplitude and observe the effects of the modulated
waveform.
6. Connect FM output to the FM input of Demodulated.
7. By vary the potentiometer provided in the Demodulated section and see the output.
8. Calculate frequency deviation.

β= Δf/fm

RESULT:
Fig. 2.1: Frequency Modulator Circuit
Figure 2.2: Expected waveforms of Frequency Modulation & Demodulation
Observations

Amplitude Time period

Carrier Signal
Modulating Signal
FM Signal T1= T2=
Demodulated Signal
 3.PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Aim: To perform the experiment of Pulse Amplitude Modulation & observe the corresponding
wave forms.

Apparatus:

S.No Name of the equipment Range Quantity.

1. Function Generator 0-1MHz 2
2. BNC adapter/ CRO Probe - 2
3. Connecting wires / Patch Chards - 5
4. CRO 0-2MHz / 20MHz 1
5. Trainer Kit - 1

Procedure:

1. Switch on the power supply.

2. Connect the analog message signal to the input of PAM Modulator.
3. Select the clock input signal which has frequency greater than twice that of message
signal frequency.
4. Now observe and note down the pulse amplitude modulated signal at the output of
modulator.
5. Connect the PAM output as input to the demodulator.
6. Clock signal Which is same as that of transmitted clock connected to receiver in order to
maintain synchronization between transmitter and receiver.
7. Observe and note down the demodulated waveform at the output of the demodulator
8. Compare whether the demodulated message signal frequency is equal to the input
message signal frequency or not.

Result:
 Fig: 3.1 Pulse Amplitude Modulator Circuit Diagram

Figure 3.2: Expected waveforms of Pulse Amplitude Modulation

Observations:

Amplitude Time period

Carrier Signal (Pulse Signal)
Modulating Signal
PAM output
 4.PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

Aim: To study and perform the experiment of Pulse width modulation, observe and draw the
corresponding waveforms.

Apparatus:

S.No Name of the equipment Range Quantity.

1. Function Generator 0-1MHz 2
2. BNC adapter/ CRO Probe - 2
3. Connecting wires / Patch Chards - 5
4. CRO 0-2MHz / 20MHz 1
5. Trainer Kit - 1

Procedure

1. Switch on the power supply.

2. Observe and note the clock on CRO and measure the frequency of clock and note it as
'fs'.
3. Observe the sine wave which is used as modulating signal on CRO.
4. Maintain signal Frequency i.e., modulating signal frequency less than that of clock signal
i.e., fs>2fm.
5. Apply clock input as input terminals of modulator.
6. Observe and note down the PWM waveform at the output terminal of Modulator.

Result:
 Fig 4.1: Pulse Width Modulation Circuit diagram

Fig 4.2: Expected waveforms of Pulse Width Modulation

Observations:

Amplitude Time period

Carrier Signal (Pulse Signal)
Modulating Signal
PWM output
 5.TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

Aim: To verify the operation of Time Division Multiplexing

Apparatus:

S.No Name of the equipment Range Quantity.

1. Function Generator 0-1MHz 2
2. BNC adapter/ CRO Probe - 2
3. Connecting wires / Patch Chards - 10
4. CRO 0-2MHz / 20MHz 1
5. Trainer Kit - 1

Procedure:

1. Switch on the power supply.

2. Connect the sine wave to ch1, square wave to ch2 and Triangle wave form to ch3
terminals of 8 to 1 Multiplexer.
3. Observe the Multiplexer output on channel 1 of a CRO.
4. Connect Mux output to demux input.
5. Observe corresponding signal outputs at channel 2 of CRO.

Result:
Fig 5.1 Time Division Multiplexing Circuit Diagram

Fig 5.2 Input wave forms

 Fig 5.3 Output Waveform

Observations:

Amplitude Time period

Clock signal
Sine wave
Triangular wave
Square wave
TDM output
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB
PART - B
 1.PULSE CODE MODULATION

Aim: To study and perform the pulse code modulation and demodulation process.

Apparatus:

S.No Name of the equipment Range Quantity.

1. Function Generator 0-1MHz 2
2. BNC adapter/ CRO Probe - 2
3. Connecting wires / Patch Chards - 10
4. CRO 0-2MHz / 20MHz 1
5. Trainer Kit - 1

Procedure:

1. Switch on the power supply

2. Connect the variable DC output to the analog Input of modulation section.
3. Connect the clock output of bit clock generator to the clock input of modulation
selection.
4. By varying the variable DC output observe the PCM output on CRO.
5. Connect the AF output to the Analog input of modulation section by removing variable
DC output.
6. Connect the PCM output to PCM input of demodulation section
7. Observe the DAC output at channel 1 of CRO and observe the demodulated output at
channel 2 of CRO.

Result:
Fig: 1.1: Pulse code modulation Circuit Diagram

Fig 1.2 PCM Waveforms in RZ

 Fig 1.3 PCM waveform representation for digits 0 to 15

Observations:

Amplitude Time period

Clock signal
Analog Input
DC Input
ADC output 1
ADC output 2
ADC output 3
ADC output 4
 2.DELTA MODULATION

Aim: To study and perform the Delta modulation process by comparing the present signal with
the previous signal of the given modulating signal

Apparatus:

S.No Name of the equipment Range Quantity.

1. Function Generator 0-1MHz 2
2. BNC adapter/ CRO Probe - 2
3. Connecting wires / Patch Chards - 10
4. CRO 0-2MHz / 20MHz 1
5. Trainer Kit - 1

Procedure:

1. Switch on the power supply.

2. Connect the clock output to Bit clock input of delta modulator system.
3. Connect the Analog input to Modulator input of DM system.
4. Observe the analog input and bit clock waveforms at channel 1 and 2 of CRO.
5. Observe the delta modulated wave form at channel 1 of CRO.
6. Connect the DM output to DM input and observe the analog signal at Demodulated
output.

Result:
 Fig 2.1 Delta Modulator Circuit Diagram

Observations:

Amplitude Time period

Clock signal
Analog Input
Modulator output
Fig 2.2 Expected waveforms of Delta Modulator
 3.FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

Aim: To study and perform modulation and demodulation technique of FSK.

Apparatus:

S.No Name of the equipment Range Quantity.

1. Function Generator 0-1MHz 2
2. BNC adapter/ CRO Probe - 2
3. Connecting wires / Patch Chards - 10
4. CRO 0-2MHz / 20MHz 1
5. Trainer Kit - 1

Procedure:

1. Switch on the power supply.

2. Connect the output of the carrier output provided on kit to the input of carrier input 1
terminal.
3. Also connect one of the data output to the data input terminal provided on kit.
4. Connect sine wave of certain frequency to the carrier input 2 terminal.
5. Switch on function generator and FSK modulation and demodulation kit.
6. Observe the FSK output by connecting it to CRO. Thus FSK modulation can be achieved.
7. For FSK demodulation, connect FSK output terminal to the FSK input terminal of
Demodulator.
8. Observer the Demodulated wave at demodulated output terminal by connecting it to
CRO.

Result:
 Fig:3.1: FSK Circuit diagram

Fig 3.2 Expected waveforms of FSK

Observations:

Amplitude Time period

Carrier signal 1
Carrier signal 2
Data input 1
Data input 2
FSK output
Bit 1
Bit 0
 4.PHASE SHIFT KEYING

Aim: To study and perform modulation and demodulation technique of PSK.

Apparatus:

S.No Name of the equipment Range Quantity.

1. Function Generator 0-1MHz 2
2. BNC adapter/ CRO Probe - 2
3. Connecting wires / Patch Chards - 10
4. CRO 0-2MHz / 20MHz 1
5. Trainer Kit - 1

Procedure:

1. Switch on the power supply.

2. Select any data set from D1 to D4.
3. Connect any one data line to Data input of PSK.
4. Connect carrier signal is of High frequency connect to carrier input of PSK.
5. Observe the PSK output waveform on CRO.

Result:
 Fig 4.1 PSK Circuit Diagram

Fig 4.2 PSK Output waveform

Observations:

Amplitude Time period

Carrier signal 1
Carrier signal 2
Data input 1
Data input 1
PSK output
Bit 0
Bit 1
 5. DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING

Aim: To study the various steps involved in generating differential phase shift keyed signal at the
modulator end and recovering the binary signal from the received DPSK signal.

Apparatus:

S.No Name of the equipment Range Quantity.

1. Function Generator 0-1MHz 2
2. BNC adapter/ CRO Probe - 2
3. Connecting wires / Patch Chards - 10
4. CRO 0-2MHz / 20MHz 1
5. Trainer Kit - 1

Procedure:

1. Switch on the power supply.

2. Connect the carrier output of Carrier generator to the 13th pin of CD4051 of modulator.
3. Connect the Bit clock output to the bit clock input at pin 3 of 7474 of modulator.
4. Connect the data output of data generator to the input of modulator circuit.
5. Observe the differential data output at pin 2 of 7474 IC on channel 1 of CRO.
6. Observe the DPSK modulated output on channel 2 of CRO.
7. During demodulation, connect the DPSK modulated output to the DPSK input of
Demodulator.
8. Connect the Bit clock output to the Bit clock input of Demodulator and also connect the
carrier output to the carrier input of demodulator.
9. Observe the demodulated data output at demodulated output of demodulator.
10. The frequency of modulation data signal should be equal to the demodulated output.

Result:
 Fig 5.1: DPSK Circuit diagram

Observations:

Amplitude Time period

Carrier signal
Bit clock input
Differential data output
DPSK output
Fig 5.2 DPSK Output waveform