Medicinal Plants in Siquijor Island: Types, Uses, Preparation, and Perceived Effects

Submitted to:

The Faculty of Silliman University College of Nursing

In partial fulfilment of the Requirements of Nursing Research

Submitted by:

BSN IV

Amit, Angel Clyla

Amores, Mafinn D.

Asdillo, Don Dherick S.

Cafe, Jamella Maven Ysabelle

Casas, Brandon John A.

Estoreon, Rosel B.

Macalino, Princess Gloria

Valencia, Marianne T.

Vergara, Gemma Vill R.

Villacaol, Julianne Keffa Q.

 APPROVAL SHEET

This study entitled Medicinal Plants in Siquijor Island: Types, Uses, Preparation,
and Perceived Effects has been satisfactorily defended by the group of undergraduate
students whose names appear below, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING

Upon the unanimous approval of the Oral Defense panel with grade of _____

THE PANEL

Assoc. Prof. Evalyn E. Abalos Assoc. Prof. Theresa A. Guino-o

Dean Nursing Research Adviser
College of Nursing

Asst. Prof. Rowena M. Turtal Asst. Prof. Rochie C. Cagara

Expert Expert

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree:

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING

DR. EVALYN E. ABALOS

Dean
College of Nursing

March 2018
Date

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With all the pressures and challenges arising along the whole duration of Nursing

Research journey, the researchers would like to express their greatest appreciation and

gratitude to all the people, who, in one way or another, guided and helped them overcome

these hurdles.

The following are the persons whom the researchers put much recognition for the

role they have played in our journey:

Dr. Evalyn E. Abalos, Dean of the Silliman University College of Nursing, for her

dynamic leadership and priceless support to the researchers for allowing them to conduct

this study and for being one of their research panelists;

Dr. Theresa A. Guino-o, research adviser, for her unending help, guidance, and support

to the researchers in coming up with the research study from the beginning up to its final

publication, and for sharing and inspiring the researchers her vast knowledge and

widespread expertise in research;

Asst. Prof. Rowena M. Turtal and Asst. Prof. Rochie C. Cagara, research panelists,

for showing support and helping the researchers improve their research study;

Dr. Alice A. Mamhot, for her generosity in helping the researchers through her expertise

in the field of statistics;

To the Office of the Students Affairs of Silliman University, for supporting the

researchers in their study and allowing them to conduct the research study outside the

school premises;

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To the Governor, Mayors, and Barangay Captains of Siquijor Island, for their warm

welcome and for giving the researchers the opportunity to conduct and gather data in

Siquijor Island;

To the Study Participants, for their active participation in the research study during the

data collection in Siquijor Island;

To researchers’ parents, classmates and significant others, for their unconditional

love, support, motivation, and solace;

Most of all, to God, for the endless guidance and for being their eternal sanctuary, and

for giving them the drive to keep moving forward and pursue this precious undertaking

for with Him, everything is possible.

The researchers would like to place in record their sense of gratitude to those they failed

to mention but have helped them achieve this endeavor.

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 ABSTRACT

In this modern era where pharmaceutical drugs are vastly advancing,

complementary and traditional healing methods are still widely used by many Filipinos.

Medicinal plants still play a huge part in their cultural practices, shaping how they define

health practices in maintaining, promoting, and restoring health status. As of today, the

Department of Health has cited 10 medicinal plants clinically proven to have medicinal

value, yet many still remain unidentified. This study aims to know the nature of the

medicinal plants used in Siquijor Island, in order to confirm, negate, or validate

preexisting data, and add quality and in-depth information about them. This can enhance

resource considerations and cultural congruency in managing health conditions. This

research is a descriptive study that focuses on identifying the types, uses, preparations,

perceived effects, and physical appearance of medicinal plants in the 6 municipalities of

Siquijor Island. Two barangays (one coastal and one upland) were chosen per

municipality by simple random sampling. Data in the study were provided by 37 key

informants who have personal knowledge on medicinal plants in Siquijor Island after

purposive sampling, as recommended by community gatekeepers. Environmental

Observation Method and photographing of plants were also done. A total of 105

medicinal plants were identified and a wide array of plant parts and preparations were

used to treat various ailments. Leaves were found to be the most frequently used plant

part (cited 70 times) and decoction was the most frequent type of medicine preparation

(49 of the medicinal plants). Majority claimed to be relieved from ailments, which where

largely gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and respiratory in nature, without experience of

side effects. The researchers recommend that the data be considered as addition to the

v
existing database on medicinal plants. Further research to determine the scientific names

and biochemical properties of the plants is also recommended.

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL SHEET.....................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................v
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................vii
LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................................ix
LIST OF TABLES.........................................................................................................................x
Chapter I.........................................................................................................................................1
Introduction........................................................................................................................... 1
Statement of the Problem.................................................................................................... 3
Research questions................................................................................................................ 3
Research Objectives.............................................................................................................. 4
Significance of the Study..................................................................................................... 4
Operational Definition of Terms........................................................................................ 6
Scope and Limitations.......................................................................................................... 8
Chapter II.......................................................................................................................................9
Review of Related Literature and Framework of the Study........................................9
Traditional Medicine in Western Countries...............................................................9
Traditional Medicine in Eastern Countries..............................................................16
Traditional Medicine in Africa.................................................................................... 18
Traditional Medicine in the Philippines....................................................................21
Traditional Medicine in Siquijor Island....................................................................24
Theoretical Framework..................................................................................................... 25
Conceptual Framework..................................................................................................... 28
Chapter III...................................................................................................................................32
Methodology........................................................................................................................ 32
Research Design.............................................................................................................. 32
Research Setting............................................................................................................. 32
Research Sampling......................................................................................................... 33
Data Collection................................................................................................................ 34
Data Collection Tool...................................................................................................... 35
Study Protocol................................................................................................................. 36
Data Analysis....................................................................................................................... 37

vii
 Data Storage and Disposal............................................................................................ 37
Ethical Considerations.................................................................................................. 37
Chapter IV....................................................................................................................................39
Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation..........................................................39
Demographic Data of the Key Informants.................................................................156
Plant Parts used for Medicinal Plants in the Upland and Coastal Areas of Siquijor
Island.................................................................................................................................. 163
Preparation of the Medicinal Plants in the Upland and Coastal Areas of Siquijor
Island.................................................................................................................................. 165
Indications of the Medicinal Plants used in the Upland and Coastal Areas of
Siquijor Island.................................................................................................................. 166
Perceived Effects from Using Medicinal Plants.........................................................177
Limitations of the Study................................................................................................. 178
Chapter V...................................................................................................................................179
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation............................................................179
Summary............................................................................................................................ 179
Conclusions........................................................................................................................ 179
Recommendation.............................................................................................................. 180
References...................................................................................................................................181
Appendices..................................................................................................................................186
Appendix A: Transmittal Letter................................................................................... 186
Letter to the Mayor for permission to conduct the study........................................186
Letter to Local Provincial Agriculturist for expert help in identifying the scientific
names of medicinal plants.............................................................................................. 187
Appendix B: Research Instrument............................................................................... 188
Questionnaire for Research on Medicinal Plants in Siquijor Island (English
Version).......................................................................................................................... 188
Questionnaire for Research on Medicinal Plants in Siquijor Island (Cebuano
Version).......................................................................................................................... 191
Appendix C: Informed Consent.................................................................................... 194
Informed Consent (English Version).......................................................................194
Informed Consent (Cebuano Version)....................................................................196
Appendix D: Clearance from the University Review Ethics Committee.............198
Appendix E: Curriculum Vitae of the Researchers..................................................199

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Page number

Figure 1: Conceptual Model 31

Figure 2: Frequency of Identification of Medicinal Plants

163
Used Among Respondents in Upland and Coastal Areas

Figure3: Number of the Medicinal Plant Parts Used 164

Figure 4: Number of Medicinal Plants Used in Each

166
Preparation

ix
 LIST OF TABLES

Page number

Table 1: Commonly used herbal remedies in Mexico 13

Table 2: Top 10 African Traditional Medicine 19

Table 3: Top 10 DOH approved medicinal plants 22

Table 4: Medicinal Plants Utilized by the Residents of the

40
Upland and Coastal Areas of Siquijor Island

Table 5: Socio-Demographic Data of the Key Informants 158

Table 6: Medicinal Plants Location 161

Tale 7: Frequency of medicinal plants used in treating

167
ailments of different systems involved

x
 Chapter I
Introduction

With the advancement of technology in today’s era, new pharmaceutical drugs are

being produced and designed to allay and treat varying diseases and illnesses.

Complementary and traditional medicines have likewise become more popular and

preferred among varied cultural groups and promoters of healthy lifestyle. Traditional

Chinese Medicine (2013) claims that in order for our body to maintain equilibrium, a

state of harmony- a balance between Yin and Yang should be achieved. However, when

the said equilibrium is disrupted and is not restored, diseases and other health

complications arise.

As early as 1712, there were already recorded observations on the use of

medicinal herbal plants by the missionaries in the Philippines (Bantug, 1953). Until this

time, people especially in the isolated, peripheral areas of the country are still making use

of medicinal plants. Local residents mostly from rural areas, have identified plants which

they believe can be used as treatment for various ailments.

Juan M. Flavier, former secretary of the Department of Health (DOH) of the

Philippines launched the Traditional Medicine Program in 1992. The program intends to

promote an effective and safe use of traditional medicines. In 1997, then President Fidel

V. Ramos realized the value of the traditional medicines in the Philippines and signed

into law the Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act (TAMA) of 1997. As a result the

DOH endorsed the ten herbs that have been tested thoroughly and have been clinically

proven to have medicinal value in the relief and treatment of various ailments through its

Traditional Health Program. One example of this is the medicinal plants, Lagundi, which

1
is processed in tablet form and sold in pharmacies for the treatment of cough (Sarmiento,

2007). The Silliman University College of Nursing Community Health Nursing Course

promotes varied plant products to be processed by households since they are traditionally

used for herbal medications in the local communities. Some examples are Sampalok,

Luy-a and Kalamansi syrup for the treatment of cough, colds and fever, Calachuchi

which is made into an ointment for insect bites, sunting ointment for fungal infections

and garlic tincture for cleaning infected wounds. Some of these herbal medications are

not yet published by the DOH and aspects related to their uses may yet need further

research validation.

To the knowledge of the researchers, there are many medicinal plants not listed by

the Department of Health of the Philippines. The Province of Siquijor is a part of Visayan

Islands where traditional healers practice their trade using local plants of the area. There

is a need to do an explorative survey specifically in the upland and coastal areas in the

Island of Siquijor to be able to confirm and explore other medicinal plants to enhance

health knowledge and utilization of medicinal plants since they are congruent with many

Philippine health care practices. With this, the use of medicinal plants in Siquijor Island

can be made available, accessible and acceptable in the community and aligned with one

of the Primary Health Care principles advocating for the use of indigenous resources.

Madeleine Leininger's, Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality (1988), argues

for holistic care that is aligned with culturally congruent nursing care goals. This study

will expand our knowledge on the availability of medicinal plant resources to enhance

cultural competencies in giving care to clients in the Philippine health care system.

2
 Statement of the Problem

There has been a listing of medicinal plants by the Department of Health using

different medicinal plants, through former Secretary Juan M. Flavier’s Traditional

Medicine Program (1992) which was promulgated into Philippine laws in 1997.

However, we do not know whether these plants are available or used in certain areas of

the country or whether there were still other plants not well-known by the community,

which are used aside from those recognized by the DOH. Therefore, there was a need to

explore and do a survey on the types, uses, preparations, and the perceived effects of

these medicinal plants in various places, e.g. the Island of Siquijor. This enhanced the

understanding and knowledge of medicinal plants and its uses, helped developed cultural

competence in rendering holistic nursing care, and be a basis for traditional medicine

validation researches.

Research questions

In order to answer the research problem, the following specific questions were

investigated:

1. What are the specific parts and types of plants used for medicinal purposes in the

upland and coastal areas of Siquijor Island?

2. What are the identified or perceived uses of these plants among residents in the

upland and coastal areas of the Island of Siquijor?

3. How are these medicinal plants prepared by residents in the upland and coastal

areas of Siquijor Island?

3
 4. What are the identified effects, side effects, and/or adverse effects of the

medicinal plants used in the upland and coastal areas of the Island of Siquijor?

5. What are the physical appearances of these plants as they exist in the upland and

coastal areas of Siquijor Island?

Research Objectives

This study aimed to know the nature of the medicinal plants used in the upland areas of

Siquijor Island. Specifically, this study sought to:

1. Identify the different plants used for medicinal purposes in the upland and coastal

areas of Siquijor Island.

2. Determine the specific parts of these medicinal plants used in the upland and

coastal areas of Siquijor Island.

3. Describe the perceived uses of these plants, among residents in the upland and

coastal areas of Siquijor Island.

4. Describe how these medicinal plants are prepared in the upland and coastal areas

of Siquijor Island.

5. Enumerate the identified effects, side effects and/or adverse effects of medicinal

plants used in the upland and coastal areas of Siquijor Island.

6. Document the physical appearances of these plants as they exist in in the upland

and coastal areas of Siquijor Island.

Significance of the Study

The study aimed to explore and survey on the types, uses, preparations, and the

perceived effects of medicinal plants used, it generally helped to enhance and develop
4
cultural competence in rendering holistic nursing care particularly in the Philippine

society. Specifically, the study is significant in the following aspects:

Nursing Education

The identification of plants expanded the knowledge on medicinal plants. This

knowledge enhanced educational content and perspective on nursing interventions which

may be incorporated in nursing education course descriptions and methodologies.

Health Research

Results of the study enhanced the existing databases for medicinal plants which

became the basis for future validation and research. This included experimental research

to test the chemical properties and effectiveness of certain plants for further use in health

care for the treatment of diseases, palliation of symptoms, and relief of common ailments.

Community Health

Residents of communities, particularly Siquijor Province, have an increased

awareness of available medicinal plants which can be used for alternative or

complementary medicines. Results could be a comparative source of information for

other communities with similar resources which may be tapped for their total well-being

and wellness. In addition, the result can contribute to the knowledge for the enhancement

and development of new DOH databases and programs to advance culturally congruent

practices for Philippine Health Care.

5
 Operational Definition of Terms

Medicinal plants - Plants or plant parts that are used to treat, cure or allay ailments,

diseases or illnesses that are being used by the local folks from generation to generations

in the upland areas of the Island of Siquijor.

Perceived Effects- The outcome of the traditional medicinal plants being used including

the effects, positive effects and adverse effects as experienced by the key informants.

Preparation- The procedure of preparing the medicinal plants or plant parts prior to or

during its administration as a health intervention. This may include descriptions on how it

is collected.

Types of the preparations are:

 Decoction - is basically a simmered tea and is the preferred form of preparation for

bark, roots, medicinal mushrooms, and hard non-aromatic seeds. The herb is placed

in water and brought to a boil, then simmered with a lid on. (Hanh, 2017)

 Extract- is a solution of the essential constituents of an herbal plant, once separated

from the insoluble plant materials, it is the extract that can be left in liquid form, or

the liquid removed to produce a solid extract (Dentali, 2013). It can also be done by

immersing in oil or alcohol-based solution for manual extraction.

 Infusion - made from lightweight plant material— namely leaves, flowers and fruits.

Herbs with a high percentage of volatile oils are also typically prepared as an

infusion. Prepared by bringing the desired amount of water to a boil, pouring it over

the herb, and letting it sit covered (Hanh, 2017).  

 Liniment- an external application that is rubbed into the skin primarily for the

purposes of pain relief (Wellness Mama, 2017).

6
 Oils- represent combined fraction of fat soluble (liposoluble) ingredients obtained

from seeds, fruits, flowers, roots, bark or leaves which is dissolved, extracted and

separated from the plant material with the help of an appropriate solvent (Floorleads,

2012).

 Ointment- contain fats or oils and heated with herbs. Unlike creams, they contain no

water; and, as a result, form a separate layer on the surface of the skin. They protect

against injury or inflammation of damaged skin and carry active medicinal

constituents to the injured area. Ointments are particularly useful for treating such

conditions as hemorrhoids, chapped lips, and diaper rash or where protection from

moisture is needed (Cloverleaf Farm, 2017).

 Poultice- a soft usually heated preparation spread on a cloth applied to a sore or

inflammation (de Padua, L. & Pancho, J., 1989)

 Syrup- a slightly thick, sticky, liquid-like preparation by boiling or simmering a

herbal agent in sugar and water.

 Tincture- are liquid extracts made from herbs that you take orally. They are usually

extracted in alcohol, but they can also be extracted in vegetable glycerine or apple

cider vinegar (non-alcohol) (Caldwell, 2017).

Types- This refers to the names and kinds of medicinal plants including its plant parts in

the upland and coastal areas of Siquijor.

Indication- The specific/intended purpose of the medicinal plant or plant part in the realm

of health care as utilized by residents in the Upland and Coatal aeas in Siquijor Island.

7
 Scope and Limitations

The study only comprised of a survey of the different medicinal plants growing in

the upland and coastal areas of Siquijor Island. It only focused on the identification of

medicinal plants that were used for the treatment and the promotion of health of the

people living in the area mainly through observation and key informant interview data.

The study only covered the upland and coastal areas of Siquijor Island and done last

August 2017. The study was purely descriptive involving only the type, uses,

preparations, and perceived effects of the medicinal plants. The determination of actual

effects of the medicinal plants’ chemical properties and extent of their uses were not part

of the study.

8
 Chapter II
Review of Related Literature and Framework of the Study

Community Health Nursing (CHN) is one of the many nursing approaches used in

order to safeguard and improve the health of community people. According to the World

Health Organization (WHO, 2012), it is a special field of nursing that combines the skills

of nursing, public health and some phases of social assistance and functions as part of the

total public health program for the promotion of health, improvement of the conditions,

in the social and physical environment and rehabilitation of illness and disabilities. It is

also a learned practice discipline with the ultimate goal of contributing as individuals and

in collaboration with others to the promotion of the client’s optimum level of functioning

thru’ teaching and delivery of care (Jacobson, 2003) and a service rendered by a

professional nurse to IFCs, population groups in health centers, clinics, schools,

workplace for the promotion of health, prevention of illness, care of the sick at home and

rehabilitation (Freeman, 1970).

CHN dimensions include the conduct of researches relevant to community

services which include studies on herbal medicines to improve provision of health care.

WHO (2002) noted that traditional medicine used by communities which include herbal

medicines is widely used and of rapidly growing health system and economic

importance. Various communities in the Philippines have adopted the use of herbal

medicines as part of their health care practices.

Traditional Medicine in Western Countries

The people in the Western countries have been utilizing their resources such as

herbal plants in addressing the health conditions of the people. These traditional

9
medicines have been integrated in their health care system already although in some

countries, there are still ongoing studies or researches to prove the benefits of these

plants.

In the United States of America, people have turned into alternative and

complementary medicine due to the dissatisfaction they received from western medicine.

These practices still use many herbal plants but they are used differently in preparation

and handling. Lu, W. & Lu, D. (2014), asserted that one interesting fact regarding the

western herbal medicine in the USA is that the herbs are sold by having the herb ground

into powder and encapsulated or by putting together the powder of several herbs into one

capsule compared to the Chinese Herbal Medicine wherein the herbs are often combined

under certain preparation and treatment to achieve a synergistic effect. Furthermore,

many herbs sold in the USA are harvested and ground from the original plant form

without any processing. Without the processing to remove toxicity or undesirable side

effects, such medicines could be toxic. In addition, the herbal medication products in

America have no cautions or warning on labels since many American manufacturers and

distributors want to avoid government regulation. A lot of these medications are sourced

from China. Some of the herbal medications used that do not have warning labels on the

products are: (1) Ginseng (Panax Chinese or Korean) which lead to incidents of Ginseng

Abuse Syndrome which is manifested by diarrhea, skin lesions, CNS stimulation, and

interference with homeostasis. (2) Gingko biloba is often combined with Herba Ephedrae

(mahuang), Pruni Armeniacae, and others which are used for cough and wheezing.

Gingko biloba alone is known in China to be slightly toxic and not to be taken in large

quantity or long term. It decreases platelet aggregation with warfarin which could

10
interfere with homeostasis; it also reacts with narcotic analgesics causing hypotension (3)

Dong quai can also interfere with warfarin in high doses. It can potentiate skin cancer or

raise blood glucose levels Lu, W. & Lu, D. (2014).

Compared to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) where doctors must be

consulted for proper herbal dosage adjustment to meet individual needs and provide

necessary warnings, in the USA, these precautionary measures are not followed. The

signing into law of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act in October 1994

may accelerate the recognition and increase the importance of herbal products in the US

market for it allows marketing these products as dietary supplements as long as data can

show that the products are safe. However, the chances now to market herbal products as a

drug and to give it medicinal claims are low since the Food and Drug Administration

(FDA) prefers randomized controlled trials as evidence of efficacy (Zhang, 1998).

However, researchers are still trying to increase public awareness of herbal medicines so

that the public will be educated about the merits and hazards of indiscriminate use of

herbs. Furthermore, the current regulation of herbs does not ensure that available

products are safe. It was also identified that future researches will be best served by the

creation of national standards for the constituents of specific herbs, greater incentives for

research, and the development of study designs that reduce costs and study duration

(Bent, 2008).

Up north, the use of herbal medicines and researches regarding this topic also

exist in Canada. Traditional healers in Canada have been using herbal medications in

their practice to treat the sick people. For example, as cited in The Persistence of

Traditional Medicine in the Modern World (1988), Russell Willier, a Cree healer from

11
northern Alberta, Canada, is in the process of adapting his practices to the modern world.

Dating back to his research on 1985, he conducted a study on the treatment of psoriasis.

Eleven patients, one of whom dropped out, were recruited and the experiment was

systematically documented using videotape and photographs. Treatment consisted of

native religious rituals and the administration of herbal medicines at a health clinic in

downtown Edmonton. The results of his study showed that six of the ten patients

experienced improvement in varying degrees over the course of the experiment.

However, with that being said, he is still disappointed with the results for he believes that

the experiment did not provide a true test of native medicine since it was conducted on an

alien territory, it was conducted in Edmonton, Canada and also he believes that there

were insufficient controls on the regularity with which patients used the medicine. With

this, it prompted him to envision a healing center in Alberta, Canada which will treat both

native and non-native patients. Willier believes that herbal has something good to offer

and that should be made available to everyone. In his hopes to prove the effectiveness of

native medicine, he reaches out to the young people to help preserve a tradition that is on

the verge of dying out already. However, the problems with the healing center envisioned

by Willier, are focused on the legal and business structures that it should satisfy various

levels of government that appropriate accounting procedures are being followed. In

addition to that, “Health Canada regulates herbal remedies and traditional medicines such

as Ayurvedic medicine, under the natural health products regulations. The regulations

mandate that a manufacturer, packer, labeler or importer need to have a prior registration

with Health Canada before commencing any such activity...the authority mandate that

12
NHPs (Natural Health Products) must comply with the contaminant limits …” (Sharma,

2015).

Down south, Mexico has several herbal products that are commonly used as

therapeutic tools. A large portion of their population especially in Oaxaca, Veracruz,

Nuevo León, Yucatán, and Chiapas where most indigenous inhabitants live, rely heavily

on traditional practitioners and medicinal plants to meet primary health care needs

(Fragoso, et.al., 2007). Mexican herbal remedies use the leaves, seeds, flowers, and roots

of plants, from extracts of the herbal plants. Many Mexicans believe that beneficial

medicinal effects can be obtained by ingesting plant products. The distribution of herbal

medicine in Mexico correlates well with the regions inhabited by indigenous

communities. The people in their country use 5% of the total state flora as medicinal

plants, and 235 different medicinal uses were recorded (Correa, B., et.al., 2016). Below is

a table listing the commonly used herbal remedies in Mexico according to De Smet,

2002; Heinrich, 2003; Federici, et.al., 2005 as stated in the article of Fragoso, et.al., 2007:

Table 1. Commonly used herbal remedies in Mexico

Medicinal plant Popular names Cultural uses

Nopal
Opuntia ficus-indica; Opuntia
fuliginosa; Opuntia hyptiacantha;
Opuntia lasciacantha; Opuntia
Nopal, Cactus Diabetes and others
macrocentra, Opuntia violacea;
Opuntia megacantha; Opuntia
puberula; Opuntia streptacantha,
Opuntia cardona; Opuntia velutina
Pepermint or Mentha Menta Gastrointestinal tract
Mentha piperita; Mentha; ailments and others
lavanduliodora; Mentha arvensis;

13
 Mentha halpocalyx

Chaparral
Gobernadora, Creosote
Larrea divaricata; Larrea tridentata;
Bush, Greasewood, Arthritis and others
Larrea mexicana; Zygophyllum
Hediondilla, Larreastat.
tridentatum

Dandelion
Diente de leon, Blowball, Hepatic and biliary
Dandelion
Cankerwort, Common ailments, viral and
Taraxacum officinale; Taraxacum
Dandelion, Dudal, Herba bacterial infections,
vulgare; Leontodon taraxacum;
Taraxaci, Lion's Tooth cancer and others
Taraxacum dens-leonis

Mullein Gordolobo, Aaron's Rod, Inflammatory

Verbascum densiflorum; Verbascum Adam's Flannel, American ailments in
phlomides; Verbascum thapiforme; Mullein, Orange Mullein, respiratory tract and
Verbascum thapsus Rag Paper others

Manzanilla, Blue
Chamomile Chamomile, Camomilla,
Gastrointestinal tract
Matricaria recutita, Chamomilla Camomille Allemande,
ailments and others
recutita; Matricaria chamomilla Chamomilla, Echte Kamille,
Fleur de Camomile

Ortiga, Bichu, Common Genitourinary

Nettle or Stinging Nettle Nettle, Nettle, Ortie, Small ailments,
Urtica dioic; Urtica urens Nettle, Urtica, Urticae nephrolithiasis and
herba et folium others

14
 Corona de Cristo, Flor de
Insomnia, and
Passionflower Passion, Madre Selva,
anxiety or
Passiflora incarnata Passionflower, Passiflore,
nervousness
Passiflorina, Passionaria

Linden
Tila, European Linden,
Tilia europaea; Tilia vulgaris; Tilia
Lime Flower, Lime Tree,
cordata, synonyms Tilia parvifolia, Tilia
Linden Charcoal, Silver Insomnia and others
ulmifolia; Tilia tomentosa; Tilia
Lime, Tiliae Folium, Tiliae
argentea; Tilia platyphyllos; Tilia
Flos
grandifolia; Tilia rubra

Aloe
Aloe vera; Aloe barbadensis, Aloe Zabila, Aloe Vera, Aloe
indica; Aloe africana; Aloe Latex, Aloe Perfoliata, Burn Gastrointestinal
arborescens; Aloe natalenis, Aloe Plant, Elephant's Gall, ailtments, wound
frutescens, Aloe ucriae; Aloe ferox; Gvarapatha, Gvar Patha, healing and others
Aloe supralaevis; Aloe perryi; Aloe Indian Aloe, and others
spicata

Although these herbal medications are perceived by the locals and traditional folk

healers, some of these can cause severe liver injury. These herbs cause herb-induced liver

injury (HILI) where it is the second most common cause of drug-induced liver injury.

The initial manifestations of HILI begin with nonspecific constitutional symptoms

followed by jaundice where 55% of the patients are females with a mean age of 45 years

old (Correa, B. et.al., 2016). Therefore, Mexicans are weighing their options as to the use

of herbal medications and the risks and benefits of these plants are taken into

consideration.

15
Traditional Medicine in Eastern Countries

Countries in Asia under World Health Organization are observed to use a heritage

and variety of traditional systems of medicine that includes the utilization of herbal plants

to the extent possible available in their specific area without endangering the environment

and destroying the plants. The Traditional Chinese Medicine which has evolved over

thousands of years covers and summarizes the precious experience of understanding life,

maintaining health, and fighting diseases wherein it includes various mind and body

practices (e.g. acupuncture and tai chi) and the use of herbal plants as medicinal agents.

Certain areas of China are known for their special growing conditions (Gao, 2013). A

large number of herbs used as medicine from these areas are considered of great potency

and effectiveness because of the quality of the soil, the weather and the environment. In

Traditional Chinese Medicine, when an individual experiences symptoms of fever,

headache, oral dryness, red tongue with yellow fur and a rapid pulse, two known herbs

were used and given which are known to be effective namely the Honeysuckle Flower

(Chinese: Jin Yin Hua; Latin: Flos Lonicerae) and Forysthia Fruit (Chinese: Lian Qiao;

Latin: Fructus Forsythiae). Furthermore, the use of dry ginger is popular among people

with a protracted course of diarrhea, with abdominal cold pain, weakness, feces without

foul odor, a pale tongue with scanty fur and a sinking, and weak pulse. For dyspnea and

cough, the herb Radish Seed (Chinese: Lai Fu Zi; Latin: Semen Raphani) was used.

Moreover, herbs such as Chuan Niu Xi (Latin: Radix Cyathulae) and Magnetite (Chinese:

Ci Shi; Latin: Magnetitum) were also used for hypertension with symptoms of dizziness,

headaches and irritability.

16
 India is known to be the botanical garden of the world and is considered as the

largest producer of medicinal herbs. There are a lot of traditional medicines coming from

herbal plants, claimed to be used for over 1000 years, recipes that most of their

practitioners make and dispense to their patrons. The World Health Organization has

listed 21,000 medicinal plants around the world which are proven to be effective and is

used widely. Among these, 2,500 are from India, out of which 150 species are used

commercially on a large scale. A study conducted in India showed the use medicinal or

herbal plants for the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus, India’s major health problem

especially in the urban areas. Though there are various approaches to reduce the ill

effects of diabetes and its secondary complications, herbal formulations are preferred due

to lesser side effects and low cost (Modak, et al., 2004). In the study, the herbal plants

were proven to contain antidiabetic properties and hadsome beneficial effects for the

treatment. The plants include Acacia Arabica (Babhul), Aegle marmelos (Begl Quince),

Azadirachta indica (Neem), Caesalpinia bonducella, Coccinia indica, Ocimum sanctum:

(holy basil), Phyllanthus amarus: (bhuiawala), Trigonella foenum graecum: (fenugreek),

Tinospora cordifolia: (Guduchi)

In Australia, Phoebe Moloney (2017) in The Sydney Morning Herald, a daily

compact newspaper, discussed and talked about the dire consequences on the herbal

medicine they used which they assumed safe and is useful. According to the article, it

was found out that some herbal plants and herbal preparations contain toxic chemicals,

heavy metals and pesticides. Maloney (2017) cited studies which also found out that the

herbal plants the people commonly use like the St John’s Wort (for the treatment of mild

17
to moderate depression), ginseng and evening primrose can have undesirable

pharmacological interactions with prescription drugs.

Traditional Medicine in Africa

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) utilized traditional

medicine as their primary source of healthcare. According to statistics 70-80% of West

Africans utilize traditional medicine for the treatment of various communicable and non-

communicable diseases. Some of these include cancer, malaria, HIV/AIDS, diabetes,

hypertension, and tuberculosis. (WHO Regional Office for Africa, 2010). A traditional

medicine program was established in 2007 in response to the growing recognition of the

potential of traditional medicine. The primary goal of the program is to institutionalize

traditional medicine in the health systems of the countries included in the ECOWAS

(Busia, 2010A study (Asase, 2016)conducted in Dangme West District of southern

Ghana listed twenty identified species of plants that were used for the management of

diabetes mellitus. Vernonia amygdalina, Aloe vera, and Launaea taraxacifolia were the

most common cited plants. The leaves of the plants are commonly prepared through

decoctions and infusions where 15% of the plant materials are added to their food and is

directly eaten. Previous document documents shows that eight of the plants are used to

manage diabetes mellitus and 40% of the plants had been confirmed to possess

hypoglycemic effect.

In a research conducted by the faculty of science in the University of Mauritius,

230 Réduit, Mauritius it is shown that in Africa the use of traditional medicine, composed

primarily of medicinal plants is widespread. They linked this to the economic status of

the population and also to their cultural linkage (Mahomoodally, 2013). In relation to

18
this, the World Health Organization made a resolution that encouraged the members of

the African states to take part in the promotion and integration of traditional medical

practices in their health system (WHO Regional Office for Africa, 2000).The use of

herbal medicines was being practiced by the people due to the unavailability of services

by the healthcare system in the area. Herbal plants were thereby used because it is easily

accessible by them. Africa is known as a source of many medicinal species of plants

having over 5,000 species with medicinal properties. Ten medicinal plants that are

recognized by the country and went through extensive review which includes Acacia

senegal, Aloe ferox, Artemisia herba-alba, Aspalathus linearis, Centella asiatica,

Catharanthus roseus, Cyclopia genistoides, Harpagophytum procumbens, Momordica

charantia, and Pelargonium sidoides (Mahomoodally, 2013). Table 2 lists down the

cultural uses of these plants.

Table 2.Top 10 African Traditional Medicine

Popular
Scientific Name Cultural Uses
Name
Gum Arabic Acacia senegal (L.) Treat infections such as bleeding, bronchitis,
Willd. diarrhea, gonorrhea, leprosy, typhoid fever,
(Leguminosae: upper respiratory tract infections; treat bacterial
Mimosoideae) and fungal infections and inflammation of the
skin and mouth;  soothe mucous membranes of
the intestines from inflammation; used
externally to cover inflamed surfaces, as burns,
sore nipples, and nodular leprosy; antitussive,
expectorant, astringent, catarrh and against
colds, coughs, dysentery, gonorrhea,
hemorrhage, sore throat, typhoid, and for
urinary tract ailments
Bitter Aloe Aloe ferox Mill. As laxative medicine; topical application to the
or Cape (Xanthorrhoeaceae) skin, eyes, and mucous membranes; anti-
Aloe inflammatory, analgesic, calming, antiseptic,
germicidal, antiviral, antiparasitic, antitumour,
and anticancer effects; anti-inflammatory,
analgesic, calming, antiseptic, germicidal,

19
 antiviral, antiparasitic, antitumour, and
anticancer effects; arthritis; bitter sap is instilled
directly against conjunctivitis and sinusitis;
fresh juice emanating from the cut leaf is also
applied on burn wounds
Asteraceae Artemisia herba- treat arterial hypertension and diabetes;
or alba Asso (Med) diabetes, bronchitis, diarrhea, hypertension, and
Wormwood neuralgias; Herbal tea from A. herba-alba has
or Desert been used as analgesic, antibacterial,
Wormwood antispasmodic, and hemostatic agents;
antifungal
Rooibos Aspalathus used to treat colicky baby, cure the chronic
linearis (Brum.f.) R. restlessness, vomiting, and stomach cramps;
Dahlg. (Fabaceae) used as bronchodilator, antispasmodic, and
blood pressure lowering; used as antioxidant as
a healthy tea beverage

Centella Centella Remedy for wound healing, burns, ulcers,

asiatica (L.) Urb. leprosy, tuberculosis, lupus, skin diseases, eye
(Apiaceae) diseases, fever, inflammation, asthma,
hypertension, rheumatism, syphilis, epilepsy,
diarrhea, and mental illness 
Madagascan Catharanthus A bitter tonic, galactogogue, and emetic;
Periwinkle roseus (L.) G. Don treatment of rheumatism, skin disorders, and
(Apocynaceae) venereal diseases

Honeybush Cyclopia Used as an agent that provides direct positive

genistoides (L.) effects on the urinary system and is valued as a
Vent. (Fabaceae) stomachic that aids weak digestion without
affecting the heart; used as a restorative and as
an expectorant in chronic catarrh and
pulmonary tuberculosis; alleviates heartburn
and nausea; Anecdotal evidence suggests that it
stimulates milk production in breast-feeding
women and treats colic in babies;

Devil’s Harpagophytum Used for allergies, analgesia, anorexia,

Claw procumbens (Burch.) antiarrhythmic, antidiabetic, antiphlogistic,
DC. (Pedaliaceae) antipyretic, appetite stimulant, arteriosclerosis,
bitter tonic, blood diseases, boils (topical),
childbirth difficulties, choleretic, diuretic,
climacteric (change of life) problems,
dysmenorrhea, dyspepsia, edema, fever,
fibromyalgia, fibrositis, gastrointestinal

20
 disorders, headache, heartburn, indigestion,
liver and gall bladder tonic, malaria, migraines,
myalgia, neuralgia, nicotine poisoning, sedative,
skin cancer (topical), skin ulcers (topical), sores
(topical), tendonitis, urinary tract infections, and
vulnerary for skin injuries

Bitter Melon Momordica remedy for diabetes

charantia Linn.
(Cucurbitaceae)
Umckaloabo Pelargonium treatment of acute respiratory infections such as
sidoides DC. acute bronchitis in adults and children;
(Geraniaceae) alleviating symptoms of acute rhinosinusitis and
the common cold in adults;

Traditional Medicine in the Philippines

A study of alternative medicine in the Philippines is, inevitably, a study of the

origins of its people and the amalgam of cultures and influences: Centuries of Spanish

colonial rule and the indelible consequences of its religion, hundreds of years of trade

with China and assimilation of its healing arts, tribal and provincial diversities with its

profusion of folklore and mythologies, all redounding into the Filipino's easy disposition

for superstitions and the allure for the esoteric, mystical, and fringe (Stuart, 2003).

Western medicine influenced and made a great impact especially in the

metropolitan areas with the application of modern medicine. But as for the rural area, the

urban and suburban area, some economic issues and disabilities is present that makes

health care unavailable, often accessed only as a debt-inducing last resort. Thereby, many

places in rural areas observed alternative forms of treatment like hand-me-down herbal or

some form of rural alchemy, prayer-based folkloric therapies, a visit to the faith healer, a

consultation with the albularyo or hilot with their bagful of indigenous modalities,

21
dispensing treatments often spiced with a bulong, orasyon or occasional doses of

pharmacy-based therapies.

Since herbal plants are part of the most abundant natural resources in the country,

Republic Act No. 8423 known as "Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act (TAMA) of

1997" was released in December 9, 1997 signed by former president Fidel Ramos. It is

an act creating the Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care

(PITAHC) to accelerate the development of traditional and alternative health care in the

Philippines, providing for a traditional and alternative health care development fund and

for other purposes (The LawPhil Project, n.d.). In accordance with this law, the

Department of Health (DOH) in the Philippines published 10 plants found here in the

country that have a scientific basis and are clinically proven medicines for the

development and improvement of health care.

Table 3. Top 10 DOH approved medicinal plants (Sarmiento, 2007)

Popular Name Scientific Name Alternate Cultural use Preparations

name

Lagundi (Vitex negundo) Five –leafed for cough, prepared by

chaste tree asthma and boiling its leaves
fever under low fire
for 15 minutes
without cover
Tsaang (Carmona Wild Tea for Diarrhea prepared by
Gubat retusa) boiling its leaves
under low fire
for 15 minutes
without cover;
Sambong (Bulmea Blumea for kidney prepared by
balsamifera) Camphor stones, edema boiling its leaves
and under low fire
hypertension for 15 minutes
without cover
(Mentha for body pain prepared by
Yerba cordifolia Opiz) boiling its leaves
Buena under low fire

22
 for 15 minutes
without cover
Akapulco (Cassia alata) Ringworm bush for fungus e.g. prepared by
ringworm, tinea boiling its leaves
flava and under low fire
scabies for 15 minutes
without cover
Ampalaya (Momordica Bitter Gourd for Diabetes prepared by
charantia) Mellitus boiling its leaves
under low fire
for 15 minutes
without cover
Bawang (Allium sativum) Garlic for High for prepared by
cholesterol level frying its cloves
in a small
amount or no
amount of oil
and soaked in
vinegar for 30
minutes
Bayabas (Psidium Guava for mouth and prepared by
guajava) skin infection boiling its leaves
under low fire
for 15 minutes
without cover;
Niyug- ( Quisqualis Burma Creeper for Intestinal prepared by
Niyogan indica) or Chinese worms (ascaris consuming dried
Honeysuckle and Trichina) and newly
cracked, mature
seeds 2 hours
after a meal
Ulasimang (Peperomia Peperomia for high uric
Bato or pellucida) acid level,
Pansit – arthritis and
Pansitan gout

And as of February 4, 2017, the Philippine medicinal plant entrees are now over

1,060 and frequent updates are done for photos, informations, and research studies in

addition of new plants.

Traditional Medicine in Siquijor Island

23
 Traditional or folk healing has been popular in Siquijor Island, Philippines. It has

been a practice on the island since residents believed that “they were chosen by certain

saints and divinely aspirated Supernatural Being to do the mission of healing in order to

help the people attain well-being” (Miquiabas, 2008). Folk healers can be as young as 18

years old and can be as old as 66 years old when they started their healing practice. The

folk healing in Siquijor includes the use of herbal medicines, massage, meditation or

prayers, and rituals. The use of herbal medicines has been integrated into their healing

practices since they are widely abundant and growing wildly in the forest and

surroundings. Some of the herbal plants used in healing include dalapot, atis, malunggay,

lagundi, caimito, and many others. These medicinal plants are commonly used to treat

hubag (boil), bughat, gidaot/barang, hilo, kabuhi, pasmo sa kaon/kusog, rayuma,

daghanag dugo, impalatso, kidney trouble, ulcer, cancer, subaw, paak, sakit tiyan,

apoy, kuyap, butod-butod sa tilaok, kalibanga, and diabetes mellitus (Mansueto,

et.al., 2015). This healing practice in Siquijor has been significant to the native residents

since this improves their economic status from the monetary donation, selling of herbs,

oil, and amulets and this has become their main occupation (Miquiabas, 2008).

Traditional healing is relevant to the people due to three factors: (1) the folk

healers reside in the area where the afflicted or sick persons live and because of this the

residents could readily avail the healing practice, (2) the residents spend very little since

they are only asked for donation compared to the expensive professional fees from

availing medical treatments, and (3) the medications used are herbal which have been

handed down from generation to generation and they believed that the efficacy of these

medications remain intact even with the passage of time and this is validated in their own

24
experiences and observations (Mansueto, et.al., 2015). However, even with those reason,

if the sick people feels nothing happen from the healing practice, they seek medical

treatment from doctors and other health care professionals as their last resort.

Aside from the ten herbal plants, we delve deeper to the people in Siquijor Island

who are using herbal medicines which are said to be effective in treating and relieving

various ailments that need to be approved by the DOH to improve the health care rituals

of the local inhabitants and the Philippines at large.

Theoretical Framework

According to Gao (2013), medicine is meant to treat diseases. It is used mainly to

benefit people. This research study abides by the principles of Traditional Chinese

Medicine Theory (TCM theory). TCM theory proposes that aside from addressing the

symptoms, treating illnesses must also involve addressing their underlying causes.

Contrary to the current dilemma of doctors of not having enough remedies to treat

diseases pharmaceutical-wise, the theory also points out the availability of various

remedies to cure an ailment, and also the availability of even just one remedy for curing

different ailments. TCM theory also suggests that when harmony exists between Yin and

Yang in the body internally with its organs as well as externally with the environment,

there is a resulting well-being in the individual. The said theory promotes the use of usual

daily activities in maintaining a healthy state, such as eating, physical exercise, exposure

to the environment, and the utilization of medicinal plants. It also stresses the importance

of positive outlook and healthy living as keys to correct imbalances and individual

25
weaknesses. It utilizes concepts of qi, essential essences, and replacing losses from

metabolic changes.

Another theory that underpins this study is the Theory of Qi Circulation since

Chinese herbal medicine also relies on the concept of qi. Genuine qi is the energy that

sustains life. It is the force that runs through the body that maintains and enhances life, by

enabling the body to access its various channels through physical exercises. With

medicinal plants, imbalances that cause diseases may also be corrected thus promoting a

healthy body that can carry out exercises that, in turn, promote qi circulation (Gao, 2013).

The Health Belief Model is congruent to the concepts of this study. As one of the

most widely applied theories of health behavior the Health Belief Model (Glanz &

Bishop, 2010), developed in the 1950s, by a collaborative effort of social psychologists:

Irwin M. Rosenstock, Godfrey M. Hochbaum, S. Stephen Kegeles, and Howard

Leventhal, hypothesize 6 constructs that predict health behavior: risk susceptibility, risk

severity, benefits to action, barriers to action, self-efficacy, and cues to action.

(Champion & Skinner 2008). In correspondence with our study, the HBM is defined as

how the person perceives his/her own health and how he/she will be able to attain an

optimum health status. With the indigents in the upland areas of Siquijor Island, the use

of medicinal plants from local folk healers addresses their approach on how they sustain

their health (Mansueto, et.al., 2015).

In addition, Carl Hovland’s Persuasion theory states that the exposure of a person

to information will cause a change in a person’s attitude, subsequently leading to a

change in behavior.This information deficit model assumes that the lack of information

causes the deficit. Therefore, the provision of information will help people change their

26
behavior leading to making better decisions. Hovland’s persuasion theory also states that

persuasion has three key elements which includes the credibility of the source, the

persuasiveness of the message, and the responsiveness of the audience. Through the

simple structured questionnaire, information will be gathered. This, in turn, can enhance

the available information and expand the knowledge of people about medicinal plants,

thereby facilitating behavioral change.

Lastly, Madeleine Leininger’s theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality

is a very important underpinning for the prospects of this study. This theory pertains to

rendering nursing care with regards and sensitivity to the client’s culture. According to

Potter and Perry (2004), culture is the entirety of knowledge on the values, beliefs,

norms, and lifeways, which are learned from the society one is exposed to. It, therefore,

also affects how one perceives health, as well as what kind of treatment should be given

(Berman, Snyder, Kozier, and Erb, 2008). Leininger’s research on transcultural nursing

highlights the importance of meeting the complex nursing care needs of people across

cultural boundaries through cultural sensitivity, appropriateness, and competence. It

presents three primary modes of nursing actions: culture care preservation, culture care

accommodation, and culture care repatterning (George, 2002). Culture care preservation

(maintenance) involves health practices that aid people of a certain culture to retain

and/or preserve important care values. This includes rendering professional nursing

interventions to clients with the end goal of maintaining the clients’ well-being, treat

illnesses, or face handicaps and/or death. The second mode, culture care accommodation

(negotiation), includes the provision of professional nursing care to help the clients of a

certain culture adapt to or negotiate with others in order to attain favorable health

27
outcomes. And third, culture care repatterning (restructuring), is rendering nursing care in

order to enable clients to modify or reorder their ways of life for a new and improved

health care patterns, paving the way to a more beneficial and healthier lifeway in

collaboration with the client and with respect to his/her cultural values. These modes then

promote culturally congruent nursing care, wherein the interventions are tailor-made to fit

with the individual. The various medicinal plants used by Siquijor natives are identified

to enhance the body of knowledge about these plants. This, in turn, contributes to

enhanced nursing knowledge towards the use of existing medicinal plant resources

available in the community, and the eradication of preconceived notions about the locals’

practices of using the medicinal plants, thereby enhancing individualized care towards

clients.

Conceptual Framework

Up until today, the use of plants and plant parts for their medicinal purposes is still

prevalent in the Philippines. This practice dates back to ancient times, back when

technology was still in its primitive years. Because of this, this practice plays a huge part

in the cultural practices of the Filipino people. It shapes the way they perceive health—

how they define their health practices in maintaining, promoting, and restoring their

health status.

This research study centers on gathering data on medicinal plant utilization by locals

in the upland areas of Siquijor Island. Information to be gathered revolves primarily on

the various types, uses, perceived effects, and preparations of medicinal plants. Obtaining

this information from knowledgeable key informants will confirm, negate, or validate

28
preexisting data about medicinal plants, as well as add quality and in-depth information

about them. Data gathered will provide knowledge on the perceived effects in laymen’s

categorization (whether good or bad). This will later on be categorized in reference to

health and medical knowledge as therapeutic effects, side effects, or adverse effects.

Researchers believe that locals use these plants because of influences from their health

beliefs that these plants can help them. Another reason for this is resource considerations

and cultural congruency as they are passed on from generation to generation. Cultural

congruency in the community is preferable and can promote societal well-being.

After the data are gathered and are made available to people, knowledge deficits

about them will be addressed. In this sense, they will be able to apply their learning in

their own settings. With this, problems of inadequate health resources in several

communities in the Philippines will also be addressed. The availability of resources

needed for proper health care and protection can subsequently evoke positive insights and

attitude towards health. These can then translate to the development of positive behavior

of the people towards health maintenance and promotion. They will then be able to form

of a functional and viable health belief, wherein people are able to adhere to health

practices through utilization of available medicinal plants.

In the field of nursing and healthcare, nursing knowledge will also be enhanced on

the utilization of medicinal plants. From this, nurses will develop a change of attitude and

behavior towards practices of using medicinal plants as part of health maintenance as

they are preferred by the society, thus enhancing the practice and application of

transcultural nursing. This enables nurses to eradicate preconceived judgments in dealing

with clients in order to efficiently and effectively render their care in order to maintain,

29
negotiate, and restructure health patterns of clients with regards to their cultural practices.

Findings from this research may uncover favorable perceived effects from key informants

using medicinal plants. In addition, it discovers available medicinal plants that can be

used as an alternative or as complementary with pharmaceutical treatments. This enables

the community to recognize available resources they can use for health practices, thereby

increasing their capacity to adhere to these practices. Because of these, adherence to and

maintenance of cultural preferences in using medicinal plants becomes appropriate and

may even provide better means of health promotion and disease treatment in the said

clients. In other cases, overuse and misuse of available medicinal plants may occur. Since

medicinal plants are considered a form of treatment, therefore correct amounts can be

recommended for positive outcomes since wrong use can lead to adverse effects.

Instances of overuse and misuse may also happen when the concept of “one remedy treats

multiples” is interpreted as “one remedy treats all”. In some cases, still, the use of

medicinal plant medication in the cultural context may be overly adhered to that no other

medical treatment is sought even when experiencing serious illnesses and severe

symptoms. This may bring about serious negative effects in the client. For these cases,

nursing care implementation aimed at negotiation and restructuring may be done through

the collaborative efforts of the nurse and the client, with respect to the cultural

preferences of the client. This promotes cultural congruency and acknowledges patient

dignity, ensuring cooperation and adherence of the client to modifications of health belief

and behavior.

30
 Upland and Coastal Areas of
Siquijor Island Names & Parts

Medicinal
Plants
Preparations Uses

Perceived Effects

Fig. 1 Conceptual Model

31
 Chapter III
Methodology

Research Design

This study is a quantitative, non- experimental descriptive study. This is the

second broad class of non-experimental studies. The purpose of descriptive studies is to

observe, describe, and document aspects of the situation as it naturally occurs.

Descriptive studies also serve as a starting point for hypotheses generation, research and

theory development. In this study, the researchers described the various types of

medicinal plants prepared and utilized by certain people living in the upland and coastal

areas in Siquijor Island as well as their perceived effects.

Research Setting

The Philippine archipelago comprises a variety of land pieces as part of its

geographical territory. According to Altoveros and Borromeo (2007), the Philippines has

a total land area of 115,830 square miles and covers a total of about 3,000 plant species

scattered in every island in the country that is used in a variety of ways (e.g. Food,

medicine, oils, etc.) in different cultures and tribes.

Situated southeast of Negros Island, the island of Siquijor has been the seat of

interest for many researchers as this island was named as the “Mystical Island of the

Central Visayas”. The traditional or folk healers in Siquijor continuously seek

assistance/guidance from the spirits/supernatural beings in healing the sick clients

through the utilization of certain herbal plants (Mansueto, et.al.,2015).

Geoplan Cebu Foundation, Inc., GIS Center and Department of Science and

Technology of Region VII (2000) states that Siquijor is the smallest province in Central

32
Visayas, comprising about 2% of its total land area. The boundaries of Siquijor Island

are: 1) Northwest by islands of Cebu, 2) Northeast by Bohol, 3) East by Camiguin Island,

3) South by mainland Mindanao, and 4) West by Negros Island. Six municipalities

comprise Siquijor Island: Larena, Siquijor, Lazi, Maria, San Juan, and Enrique

Villanueva. It has a total of 134 barangays. As of May 1, 2010, approximately 91, 066

population was recorded in the island.

This study was conducted in the Island of Siquijor particularly the upland and

coastal areas covered by the six municipalities of San Juan, Maria, Siquijor, Lazi,

Enrique Villanueva and Larena. The upland barangays which were data collection sites

comprised of: Brgy. Cansayang, Brgy. Cantabon, Brgy. Po-o, Brgy. Balolang, Brgy.

Minalulan and Brgy. Manan-ao. These places were enclosed with mountainous terrains

with houses that are distant from each other. On the other hand, Coastal barangays which

were data collection sites were: Brgy. Solangon, Brgy. Bogo, Brgy. Candanay Norte,

Brgy. Cangmangki, Brgy. Lo-oc and Brgy. Nagirong. In these areas, houses were close to

each other with the presence of coconut trees and small fishing boats. The researchers

chose this particular setting for data collection because of the following reasons: 1)

abundance of various medicinal plants; and 2) people in the area usually use alternative

medicines because of the unavailability and inaccessibility of synthetic medications.

Research Sampling

The study used purposive sampling or judgmental sampling as a method for

selecting participants. This was based on the belief that the researchers’ knowledge about

the population can be used to hand-pick sample members. Researchers decided purposely

to select subjects (key informants) as they were judged to be typical of the population or

33
particularly knowledgeable about the issues in the study. The key informants of the study

comprised of people who had knowledge on medicinal plants and their uses in Siquijor

Island which included but was not limited to local traditional healers that resided in the

upland and coastal areas of the Island. They were referred to the respondents by the

respective leaders in the barangay. Sampling in this subjective manner, did not emphasize

on external objectivity for assessing the typicalness of the selected subjects. The value of

key informants was their in-depth knowledge about the subject of interest. Thirty-seven

(37) experts or key informants were asked to answer the research tool and helped in

locating the medicinal plants that were studied in this research.

To choose the specific locations (barangay) where key informants to be included

in the study, simple random sampling was used. One upland and one coastal barangay

were randomly selected in each municipality. However, to choose the key informants

within each identified barangay, purposive sampling was used. Inclusion criteria for key

informants included: being able to understand Cebuano or English language, being 18

years old or older, and willingness to participate in the study.

Criteria for the exclusion of the key informants from the pool of selection

included: those who lived outside the boundaries of the upland and coastal areas and

those who were mentally challenged, physically disabled and/or were with unstable

medical condition.

Data Collection

This study utilized Environmental Observation Method and Key Informant

Interview to gather data. In Environmental Observation Method, the researchers did not

intervene in any way but only focused on describing the types, preparations, uses and

34
perceived effects of the medicinal plants found in the upland and coastal areas of Siqujor

Island by getting samples (e.g. roots, stem, leaves, etc.) and photographs of the said

plants. In Key Informant Interview, a semi-structured questionnaire was utilized. The

researchers welcomed qualitative answers and descriptions to open ended questions.

Smartphones and cameras were used to document the physical appearance of medicinal

plants identified. Furthermore, the key informants were considered as the primary guides

for physical observations of medicinal plant sources and parts.

Data Collection Tool

This research instrument was a researcher-made tool comprising of two parts. The

first part consisted of questions seeking demographic characteristics of the key

informants. It was followed by a series of questions, both closed and open-ended,

pertaining to the subject of the study which included the types, uses, preparations, and

perceived effects of medicinal plants in the locality of the respondents. The key

informants were allowed to answer descriptively and qualitatively in English or their

local dialect. The tool also allowed multiple responses from the key informants as

necessary. The responses to the questionnaire were summarized and categorized by the

researchers after the data collection.

The second part of the tool comprised a table for ocular observation. It consisted

of options that were filled out regarding the common name, scientific name, description

and classification of the medicinal plant or the plant parts. Pictures were taken separately

and were attached correspondingly upon data encoding. The second part of this

questionnaire was referred to the local agriculturist for validation or identification of the

35
common and scientific names of the medicinal plants, however, data was not available

for the purpose.

Study Protocol

The researchers did:

1. Courtesy call to the Siquijor Island’s Governor and local leaders

2. Key Informants were gathered based on eligibility criteria

3. Consulted a local who is highly accustomed to the place to act as a guide and the

Key Informant’s location based on purposive sampling.

4. Forms and questionnaire of all forms, letters and consent written in English were

submitted to the person expert in Cebuano language for translation and back-

translation.

5. Given informed consent to the involved participants.

6. Conducted Key Informant Interview using a semi-structured questionnaire.

7. Accompanied key informants to sites of herbal plants.

8. Photographed and got samples of the different medicinal plants.

9. Approached an employee of the local Department of Agriculture and other

professionals (e.g. Botanist, biologists, etc) to identify and name the properties of

the sample of herbal plants.

10. Tabulated the data gathered.

11. Did a descriptive analysis where researchers are to describe and synthesize the

gathered data.

36
Data Analysis

Data were described and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Charts and graphs

were used for presentation of results. Qualitative data were summarized, categorized and

presented in tabular form.

Data Storage and Disposal

After the course of our data gathering, these data were stored in a password

protected computer with file back-up for analysis. One year after the research study, the

records, questionnaires, photographs and other related data will be disposed properly or

be deleted from the computer.

Ethical Considerations

1. The participants were asked to sign an informed consent.

2. Anonymity of the participants were ensured.

3. All data gathered were secured and were kept confidential.

4. Rights of the participants were respected, including their rights to Protection

from Exploitation (e.g. any unusual techniques or ingredients used in the

preparation will not be used against them in any ways possible), right to Self-

Determination (they have the right to decide voluntary whether to participate in a

study, without risking any penalty or prejudicial treatment; they have the right to

ask questions, to refuse, to give information, or to withdraw from the study),

right to full disclosure (the researcher has fully described the nature of the study,

the researchers’ responsibilities and lightly risk and benefits)

37
 5. This research entailed no more than minimal risk (what people normally

experience in daily life). There were no psychological risks expected in the

course of the study.

Should physical injuries happen in the process of interview or ocular observation of

plants, the researchers will refer the case to the local health care providers and facilitate

for whatever interventions will be needed.

38
 Chapter IV

Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation

The following are the plants and trees for medicinal purposes used by the

residents in the upland and coastal areas of Siquijor. Varying parts of the plant or tree

used are described, for example: leaves, bark trunk, roots and flowers. Descriptions of the

plants or trees were made by the researchers or were derived from the web literature.

Traditional names of the plants or trees are cited, however, some scientific names were

not accessed because of the fact that there are local names not recognizable by other

references.

39
Table 4: Medicinal Plants Utilized by the Residents of the Upland and Coastal Areas of Siquijor Island

Ailment
Scientific Parts Used and Perceived
Common Name Indications/Us
Name Preparation Effects
es
1. Abgaw Part/s Used: Roots and Sore throat Relieves sore
leaves throat.
Description: Premna Fever
- A common wild-crafted small hairy tree, 3 Odorata Method of preparation: Relieves fever
Blanco Infusion Cough and cough.
to 8 meters high. Leaves are ovate to
broadly ovate, 10 to 20 centimeters long, Eruption of teeth Helps the
with broad, rounded, or somewhat heart- Procedure #1:
in infants eruption of
shaped base, and pointed tips. Under Soak leaves and roots teeth in
surface of the blade is usually covered with w/ a liter of cold/warm infants.
short hairs, aromatic when crushed. Found water until the water
at secondary forests at low altitudes. changes in color and Relieves
drink it. fever.

Procedure #2:
Mix the leaves with No side
Sola sa kugon, effects
Busikad, and Bayabas.
Soak together with cold
water and drink the
infusion.

Photo
by:
Don Dherick Asdillo
2. Alagasi Part/s Used: Vine Toothache and Relieves
mouth sores toothache
Description: Leucosyke Method of preparation: and mouth
- An wild-crafted erect shrub or small tree, capitellata Direct application sores
reaching a height of 2 to 4 meters. Leaves
are papery, oblong or ovate, felty and Procedure: Scrape the
harsh to touch, gray or chalky white vine and apply directly
beneath and green on the other side; on the aching
pointed at the apex. Flowers are capitate, tooth/teeth or mouth
on 8-millimeter long peduncles, either sores. Apply as much
single or few-clustered, 1 cm in diameter. and as many as desired
Mostly found in thickets and second- in a day until tooth
growth forests at low and medium altitudes ache and mouth sores
heal.

Photo taken: http://drfarrahcancercenter.com/wp-

content/uploads/2015/08/alagasi.jpg

41
3. Alangit-ngit Carmona Part/s Used: Leaves Poisoning Treats
retusa poisoning
Other name: Tsaang gubat (Tagalog name) Method of preparation:
Description:   Decoction
- A dark green shrub that grows wild in the
tropical climate that grows up to 1 to 4 Procedure:
meters high. Leaves are in clusters on short Boil together with the
branches, somewhat toothed or lobed near leaves of dalapot, atis,
the apex and pointed at the base, short tulog-tulog. Drink the
stalked and rough on the upper surface. It decoction afterwards
is also propagated, usong either seeds or
basal cuttings of about 8 inches.

Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

42
4. Alibotbot Part/s used: Leaves Stomach ache Relieves
(front part) stomach
Description: ache
-  Grows as a shrub or tree up to 14 meters Tabernaemont Method of preparation:
tall. Leaves are elliptic-lanceolate to ana Direct application
pandacaqui
oblong-elliptic, 5 to 12 centimeters long,
Lam. Procedure:
narrowed at both ends, shining and short- Gather 9 of its leaves
stalked. Its flowers feature white or pale and apply directly in
yellow corolla lobes. The fruit is orange, the abdomen. After 10-
red or yellow with paired follicles, each up 15 minutes, this will
to 7 centimetres (2.8 in) in diameter. The cause relief
plant is found in a wide variety of habitats,
particularly in drier areas.

43
 Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

5. Alibungog Ehretia Part/s Used: Fever Relieves

acuminata Leaves fever
Description: var.
- Endemic specie found in thickets acuminate Method of Preparation:
and warmer rainforest, especially near the Powder
margins or in disturbed areas. It is a small
tree growing to a height of 5 meters or Procedure:
more with crooked branches and smooth, Burn the leaves until it
slender branchlets .The leaves are simple, turns into powder and
alternate, toothed, ovate to elliptic; lamina put it on the forehead
8 to 15 cm long, mostly 2.5 to 5.5 cm
wide, apex acuminate, margins toothed,
lamina glabrous, veins pinnate to arcuate;
petiole 12 to 25 mm long.

Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

44
6. Alibutran Part/s used: Vines Cures all
Unknown
scientific Method of preparation:
name Oil extraction

Procedure: Mix it with

lana from the lone
coconut (bugtong) facing
No picture the east and with the
vines of Pahuling,
Tawulian, Sulbaran,
Badbaran,
Pahuling sumbalik, and
Pahuling Hilaw

7. Aloe Vera Part/s Used: Leaves Ulcers and Relieves

inflamed ulcers and
Description: Method of Preparation: wounds inflamed
- A short-stemmed shrubby aloe, frequently Aloe Direct application wounds
suckering and forming dense clumps. The Barbadensis
leaves are succulent, erect, forming a dense Miller Procedure #1:
rosette. The leaves are greyish green, Crack the leaves then
growing to about 50cm long, with margins slice the flesh and eat
that are pinkish with many small spines. directly for ulcers
The leaf surfaces are sometimes marked
with white flecks or spots. The flowers are Procedure #2:
yellow, tubular and up to 3cm long, with Directly apply the
anthers and stigma protruding. The flowers leaves onto the
are borne in cylindrical racemes on a inflamed wounds
branched panicle up to 90cm tall.

45
Photo by:

Don Dherick Asdillo

8. Aluloy Part/s Used: Leaves For pregnant Facilitates

women good
Method of Preparation: pregnancy
Unknown Decoction
scientific
name Procedure: Aluloy
leaves may be added to
dalapot for decoction
with a ratio of 1:1. Boil
the mixture. Drink the
decoction as desired for
pregnancy wellness.

Method of Preparation:
Tincture

46
Procedure: Chop the
roots into pieces. Add
efficascent oil or
alcohol to the chopped
roots and place in a
container. Apply a
generous amount of
resulting liquid on the
abdomen of the
pregnant woman for
improved well-being.

47
 Photo by: Angel Clyla Amit
9. Ampalaya Part/s Used: Leaves Panuhot, muscle Relieves
pain panuhot and
Method of preparation: muscle pain
Other name: Bitter Melon (English name) Infusion
Description: Momordica
- A climbing vine that grows up to 5m, with charantia Procedure: Wash 3-4
tendrils up to 20cm long. Leaves are heart- leaves and soak in hot
shaped, 5-10 cm across, cut into 5-7 lobes. water. Drink the
Each plant bears separate yellow male and resulting liquid.
female flowers. Ampalaya bears fleshy
green fruit, oblong shaped with pointed
ends, ribbed and wrinkled, bursting when
mature to release seeds. Ampalaya seeds
are flat with ruminated margins.
48
 Photo by: Don Dherick Asdillo

10. Ampyun na Pungko Part/s Used: Leaves GIT problems Relieves

Un known Hyperacidi-
scientific Method of preparation: ty
name Infusion
No Picture
Procedure:
Wash the leaves and
soak in hot water.
Drink the resulting
liquid.

11. Atis Part/s Used: Roots Panuhot, for Relieves

pregnant women, panuhot and
Other name: Sugar-apple or sweetsop (English name) Method of Preparation: and gastric ulcer facilitates
Description: Anona Decoction pains; poison good
squamosa pregnancy;

49
- A small tree that is 3 to 5 meters high. Procedure: Boil as much Hyperacidity treats
Leaves are hairy when young, oblong, 8 to roots of the atis as poisoning
15 cm long. Flowers occur singly in the axils desired. Drink the Cancer
of the leaves, pendulous, three-angled, light decoction as much and as Relieves
green to yellow. Fruit is large, slightly heart- many times a day as Cough hyperacidity.
shaped, 6 to 9 cm long, the outside with desired until the panuhot Prevents
polygonal tubercles. When ripe, the fruit is alleviates Nodules cancer
light yellowish-green, with a white, sweet
soft and juicy flesh Part/s Used: Leaves Nodules in the Relieves
back of cough, and
Method of Preparation: pregnant nodules.
Decoction women
Procedure #1: No side
Boil as much leaves of effects.
the atis as desired.
Drink the decoction as
much and as many
times a day as desired
until the gastric ulcer
pains alleviates

Procedure #2:
Mix with the leaves of
Dalapot, tulog-tulog,
Photo by: Don Dherick Asdillo and alangit-ngit. Boil
the leaves together and
drink the decoction.

Procedure #3:
Boil the leaves and
drink it while it’s still

50
warm.

Part/s Used: Leaves

Method of Preparation:
Infusion

Procedure: Soak the

leaves in warm water
and drink it when there
is a sign of
hyperacidity

Method of Preparation:
Direct Application

Procedure #1:
Heat the leaves. Place
directly on the
epigastric area.

Procedure #2:
Apply directly 5-7
leaves on the affected
area overnight.

Method of preparation:
Tincture

Procedure #1:
Mixed with

51
 Escobangmanyawis,
Noog-noog, and
kukogbanog. Chop the
roots then sun dry it.
Once dried, put it
inside a bottle and
immerse in either
alcohol, or
efficascent/manzanilla
Apply it on the
posterior chest using
one stroke only (from
up and down stroke)

Method of Preparation:
Poultice

Procedure:
Scrape the bark/stem to
get the skin then put it
inside a banana leaf
then grill it. After, use
the skin to massage the
abdomen or knee area.

12. Avocado Persejia Part/s Used: Leaves Cough, Colds Relieves

Americana and roots Diarrhea or cough and
Other name: Alligator pear (English name) LBM colds
Description: Method of Preparation:
Decoction Relieves
diarrhea.

52
 - A tree that its leaves are elliptic or oval in Procedure #1:
shape and 3 to 10 inches long. The flowers Boil the leaves and No side
are small, greenish, and perfect (has both roots. When effects
male and female parts). The fruit may be temperature is
round, pear shaped, or oblong, and the skin tolerable, drink as
of the fruit may vary in texture and color. much and as many
It has a broader portion towards the base, times a day as desired
rounded base and pointed tip. until cough and colds
are relieved.

Procedure #2:
Wash the leaves first.
Boil the leaves and let
it cool off. Remove the
leaves and drink.

Procedure #3:
Added with Bayabas
and Caimito and boil
the leaves together and
Photo by: Don Dherick Asdillo drink the decoction

Method of Preparation:
Infusion

Procedure:
Soak the leaves w/
warm water. Drink
once cooled.
13. Balagong Tangina Part/s used: Vines Body malaise Relieves
and fatigue body malaise

53
 Method of preparation: and fatigue
Decoction
No Picture
Procedure:
Collect the vines and
wash. Boil it then let it
cool. Drink the
decoction.
14. Banaba Lagerstroemia Part/s Used: Bark Kidney Relieves
speciosa problems kidney
Other name: Badbaran (Bisaya name) Method of Preparation: problems
Decoction
Description:
- A tropical flowering tree that grows up to 10 Procedure: Scrape the
meters high. Banaba has large green oblong bark. Boil the scraped
leaves about 3 iches in width abd 7 inches in pieces of bark. Drink
length. The flowers or banaba are racemes and the resulting fluid as
colored pink to lavender. Banaba bears nut-like much and as many
fruits that are arranged in large clumps. times a day as desired
until problem/s of the
kidney/s are relieved.

54
 Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

15. Banag Smilax Part/s Used: Roots, Fatigue Relieves

blancoi Kunth skin, and stem/bark fatigue.
Description:
- Banag is a climbing woody vine reaching a Method of Preparation: No side
height of several meters, occasionally to Tincture effects.
the canopy of trees it climbs. Leaves are
elliptic to oblong-ovate, the base broadly Procedure:
rounded or slightly cordate and the apex Get 7 of each of the ff:
shortly and abruptly acuminate. Flowers - salong (stem)

55
 are fragrant, greenish-yellow, and about 5 - Kaningag (skin)
millimeters long. - Banag (roots)
- Sibukaw (root and
bark)
- Bulungangkahoy
(stem)
- typing pula (bark and
root)
Soak them all together
w/ rhum and drink it
after

Method of Preparation:
Decoction

Procedure:
Get 7 of each of the ff:
Photo taken: - salong (stem)
http://www.stuartxchange.org/BanagPD2.jpg
- Kaningag (bark)
- Banag (roots)
- Sibukaw (root and
bark)
- Bulungangkahoy
(stem)
- typing pula (bark and
root)
Boil them together and

56
 drink once it’s cooled.

16.Banana Musa Part/s Used: Stem Treats

paradisiaca wound
Method of Preparation:
Other names:Saging, Bulungang saging, Saging Direct Application Relieves
tunday, Saging tundan postpartum
Description: Procedure: Scrape the body malaise
- Very large herb up to 7m tall. Pseudostems inside of the stem.
blotched with green, brown and/or black. Apply the scraped part Treats
Leaves up to 3m long, sheathed at base directly on the infected wound
forming thicker stem with each new wound. Apply as much
growth. Collections of flowers and as many times in a
(inflorescences) hanging (pendulous). Can day as desired until the
both reproduce sexually and asexually. pus of the infected
Cultivated varieties of this plant have very wound disappears.
small, insignificant seeds. Pollinated by
wind, insect and bat. Part/s Used: Flower

Method of Preparation:
Direct Application

Procedure:
Cook naturally. Ingest
the cooked banana
flower as much and as
many times until breast
area cyst vanish.
Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino (Left)
Photo taken: Part/s Used: Midrib
https://www.organicfacts.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/

57
05/Banana3-1020x765.jpg (Right) Method of Preparation:
Manual Extraction

Procedure:
Heat the midrib over
the fire. Extract the
juice from the midrib.
The extracted juice is
then applied all over
the body of a
postpartum mother
whenever desired and
as much as desired
until the body malaise
subsides.

Part/s Used:
Trunk

Method of Preparation:
Manual Extraction

Procedure: Scrape and

squeeze the plant part
until the pulp is
extracted into the
wound. This can be
applied for as many
times as tolerated in a
day, until the wound
heals.

58
17. Bangkuro Part/s Used: Fruit Muscle pain Relieves
muscle pain
Other name: Cheese Fruit (English name), Noni Method of Preparation:
tree (Hawaiian name) Direct Application
Morinda Procedure #1:
Description: citrifolia Peel the skin of the
- A tree in the coffee family that grows in fruit. Apply directly on
shady forests, as well as on open rocky or the area/s with muscle
sandy shore. It can grow up to 9 m (30 ft.) pain.
tall, and has large, simple, dark green, shiny
and deeply veined leaves. The fruit has a Procedure #2:
pungent odor when ripening, and is hence Boil the fruit/s. Apply
also known as cheese fruit or even vomit the warm water on the
fruit. It is oval in shape and reaches 10–18 muscle pain area.
centimeters (3.9–7.1 in) size. At first green,
the fruit turns yellow then almost white as it
ripens.

Photo taken:

59
https://www.biconi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/

18. Banlot- banlot Phanera sp. Part/s Used: Roots LBM Relieves
LBM/Diarrh
Description: Method of Preparation: ea.
- Vines and lianas grow with greater Decoction
No side
abundance and diversity along and near the Procedure: effects.
roadside than in the forests especially as Boil the roots. Let it
seasonlity and drought become more cool after. Remove the
pronounced roots. Drink the
decoction after.

60
 Photo taken:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/plant_diversity/2
3930673582/in/photostream/
19. Bayabas Psidium Part/s Used: Leaves Coughs, Relieves
guajava stomach ache, cough,
Other name: Guava (English name) diarrhea stomach
Method of Preparation: ache and
Description:
Infusion diarrhea
- A tree grows 3 to 10 meters tall with
greenish to red-brownish smooth bark. The Procedure: Add warm
fruit is green and turns yellowish-green water into the bayabas
and soft when ripe. Leaves have an leaves. Drink the
infusion as much as

61
 opposite arrangement, simple structure, desired in a day until
entire margin, green, egg-shaped, with the cough/stomach ache is
broader portion towards the base, rounded alleviated.
base and pointed tip.
Method of Preparation:
Decoction

Procedure: Boil the

young leaves. Drink the
water from boiling the
young leaves as much
and as many times a
day as desired until
diarrhea subsides.

Photo by: Don Dherick Asdillo

Alocasia Part/s Used: Leaves Stomach ache Relieves

montana (Roxb. and “barang” stomach-
20. Biga na tapol ) Schott Method of Preparation: ache and
Direct Application “barang”.
Other name: Elephant ears (English name)
Description: Procedure: Directly No side
apply the leaves on the effects.
abdomen.

62
 - A wild in clearings and secondary forests
at low and medium altitudes that is
commonly cultivated as an ornamental. It
is a coarse and erect plant with a stout
trunk, growing up to 2 meters high. Leaves
are very large, broadly ovate, the larger
ones up to 1.5 meters long, with slightly
undulate margins, a pointed apex and a
deeply cordate base, not at all peltate.
Petioles are long and very stout. Spathes
are peduncled, with the tube 4 to 5
centimeters long, the blade yellowish to
yellowish-green up to 23 centimeters long
and 9 centimeters wide when spread,
slightly mottled with purple inside. 

Photo by: Don Dherick Asdillo

21. Bila-bila Cynosurus Part/s Used: Leaves Fever in Relieves
pectinatus Lam. children fever in
Other names: Goose grass (English name) Method of Preparation: children
Description: Infusion

63
 - An abundant weed in waste places and No side
along river banks, roads, and settled areas Procedure: effects.
that is Strictly xerophytic. Its is also an Soak the leaves in cold
annual, erect, tufted, glabrous grass, 10 water and drink the
centimeters to 1 meter in height. Leaves infusion after.
are 10 to 30 centimeters long, sometimes
involute when dry, 3 to 7 millimeters wide,
distichous, rather flaccid, with flattened
sheaths.

Photo by: Don Dherick Asdillo

22. Bolongang Kahoy Unknown Part/s Used: Roots, Fatigue Relieves

scientific skin, and stem/bark fatigue.
Description: name
Method of Preparation:
No side
Decoction and Tincture

64
 - Leaves are elongated, shiny with pointed effects
tip and non-hairy. The stem holds many Procedure:
leaves stacked close to each other. Get 7 of each of the ff:
- salong (stem)
- Kaningag (bark)
- Banag (roots)
- Sibukaw (root and
bark)
- Bulungangkahoy
(stem)
- typing pula (bark and
root)
Tincture
Soak them all together
with rhum and drink
after

2. Decoction
Boil them together and
Photo by: Angel Clyla Amit drink once it’s cooled.

23. Buli Corypha Part/s Used: Mibrib Body malaise Relieves

gebang Mart. body malaise
Method of Preparation:

65
 Description: Manual Extraction
- The most stately and largest Philippine
palm. Its trunk is straight and erect, up to 1 Procedure: Heat the
meter in diameter and 20 meters in height. midrib and squeeze it.
Leaves are large and fan-shaped, rounded Put the extracted juice
in outine. The lower branches up to 3.5 on a tin plate
meters long, the upper gradually shorter, (aluminum) and heat
the ultimate branches about 1 meter long. the face of the plate
Flowers are numerous, greenish-white, 5 to until soot is
6 mm in diameter. Fruits are globose, accumulated. Mix the
fleshy, 2 to 2.5 cm in diameter. soot with the extracted
juice. Drink it once a
day using a spoon. (Use
firewood for heating)

Photo taken:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/the_three_p_romblon/4597789
15

24. Bulubalitnong Unknown Part/s Used: hyperacidity Used for

scientific Roots hyperacidity

66
 name
Description: Method of Preparation: No side
- A wild-crafted shrub plant where its leaves Decoction effects.
are dark green and alternates in
Procedure:
arrangement. Also it is simple structured,
Boil the roots and drink
smooth-surfaced, toothed margin,
after once temperature
triangular-shaped with the broader portion
is tolerable for
towards the end and pointed tip.
hyperacidity
Photo by: Don Dherick Asdillo
Part/s Used: Leaves

Method of Preparation:
Direct Application

Procedure:
Apply the leaves
directly on the
abdomen for
hyperacidity.

Part/s Used: Stem,

Skin, Roots, Bark

Method of Preparation:
Decoction and Tincture

Procedure:
Get 7 of each of the ff:
- salong (stem)

67
 - Kaningag (bark)
- Banag (roots)
- Sibukaw (root and
bark)
- Bulungangkahoy
(stem)
- typing pula (bark and
root)
Tincture
Soak them all together
with rhum and drink
after

Decoction
Boil them together and
drink once it’s cooled.

25. Busikad Kyllinga Part/s used: Flower Fever Relieves and

brevifolia treats fever
Description: Method of Preparation: Eruption of
- Found in waste places, open grasslands, Infusion teeth in infants Helps the
etc., at low and medium altitudes eruption of
throughout the Philippines. It is also a Procedure: Add hot teeth in
major weed in improved pastures that is water and drink the infants.
more or less glabrous, arising from long- infusion once
creeping rootstocks. Stems are usually temperature is tolerable No side
solitary, 10 to 40 centimeters high, and 3- effects.
angled. Leaves are shorter than the stem,
Part/s Used: Leaves
up to 15 centimeters in length or longer, 3
and flower

68
to 4 millimeters wide; with the bracts
similar. Spikes are ovoid, simple, white, 8 Method of Preparation:
to 13 centimeters long. The flowering Infusion
glume distinctly winged along the keel.
Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino Procedure: Get 3 flowers
and 3 leaves, mix it with
cold water and drink it.
You can also add
Bugayana in it.

Part/s Used: Leaves

and roots

Method of Preparation:
Infusion

Procedure:
Soak them all together
w/ rhum then drink the
infusion

Method of Preparation:
Decoction

Procedure:
Boil them together and
drink once it’s cooled.

Part/s Used: Roots

Method of Preparation:
Infusion

69
 Procedure #1:
Soak the roots with
warm or cold water.
Drink the infusion after.

Procedure #2:
Mixed with Sola
sa kugon , Abgaw, and
Bayabas. Soak together
with cold water and
drink after.

26. Buyo Piper betle L. Part/s Used: Sprain, body Treats

Leaves malaise sprain,
Description: varicose veins relieves
-  It is a branching vine, that may climb as Method of Preparation: Cough body malaise
high as 10-15ft, although it often grows as Direct Application
an understory ground cover. The plant Relieves
prefers warm, humid conditions, but can Procedure: cough, and
tolerate some drought. It is generally too Heat the leaves and varicose
tender to grow outside of the tropics. apply it directly to the veins
affected body part
No side
Method of Preparation: effects
Manual Extraction

Procedure:
1. Heat the leaves and
press/squeeze it after to
get the extract. Then,

70
 apply the extract
directly on the chest
area.
2. Pound the leaves to
Photo by: Don Dherick Asdillo get the extract and
apply it directly on the
varicose veins
27. Cacao Theobroma Part/s Used: Leaves Diarrhea Relieves
cacao and diarrhea and
Description: fruits Used for inflammatio
- The fruit has a yellow body, green at the tip with inflamed body ns.
black spots, rough surface, and oval shaped. The Method of Preparation: parts.
leaves are dark green and shiny, egg-shaped, and Decoction No side
elliptical. Flowers are small, yellowish white to effects.
pale pink and grouped together in clusters Procedure:
arising directly from the trunk. 1. Wash the leaves.
Boil the leaves and let
it cool.
2. Remove the leaves
and drink the
decoction.

Method of Preparation:
Photo by: Don Dherick Asdillo Direct Application

Procedure:
Scrape/peel the skin of
the fruit and apply the
peelings/scrapings on
the inflamed areas.

71
28. Caimito Chrysophyllu Part/s Used: Leaves Diarrhea Relieves
m cainito diarrhea
Other name: Star Apple (English name) Method of Preparation:
Description: Decoction No side
- Branches are numerous and slender, the young effects
tips are copper-colored and covered with Procedure #1:
appressed hairs. Leaves are leathery, ovate or Boil the leaves. Drink
oblong, pointed at the tip, blunt or rounded at the decoction as much
the base and covered underneath with silky, and as many times a
golden-brown, soft hairs. Leaves have an day as desired until
opposite arrangement, simple structure, entire diarrhea is relieved.
margin, light- green anterior and brown
posterior, egg-shaped, with the broader portion Procedure #2:
towards the base, rounded base and pointed tip Mix the leaves with
guava leaves and boil
the leaves together and
drink the decoction.

Procedure #3:
Mix the leaves with
guava and mansanitas
leaves; boil the leaves
together and drink the
decoction.

.Photo by: Don Dherick Asdillo

72
 29. Philippine chestnut Pachira Part/s Used: Bark and Piang (strain, Relieves
insignis or roots sprain) piang
Other names: Malaba chestnut aquatica
Description: Method of Preparation:
- Attractive trees, with reddish-brown or grey bark, Decoction
smooth when the trees are young, but furrowed
with age. The leaves are a fresh green, darker on Procedure: Boil the
the top than the bottom. They are oval or lance- bark and roots. Drink
shaped and edged by widely separated teeth. The the decoction as much
flowers of the chestnut tree are long, drooping and as many times a
catkins that appear on the trees in spring. Each tree day as desired until
bears both male and female flowers, but they sprain is relieved.
cannot self-pollinate. The potent fragrance of the
flowers attracts insect pollinators.

(Trunk) (Leaves)
Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

30. Chinese Tea Camellia Part/s Used: Leaves DM and HPN Relieves
sinensis diabetes
Description: Method of Preparation: mellitus and
Infusion hypertension

73
 - An evergreen shrub tree that thrives in No side
forest areas. The leaves are a glossy green Procedure: Soak the effects
with serrated edges and are very similar in leaves in warm water
shape and size to a bay leaf. and drink until the
water becomes
greenish in color. Drink
one glass a day.

Photo by: Don Dherick Asdillo

Cocos Part/s Used: Fruit GIT problems Relieves

31. Coconut Tree
nucifera and sobers up a GIT

74
 Method of Preparation: drunk person problems
Other names: Pula na Lubi (Bisaya name), Lambi Direct Application and will not and sobers
(Bisaya name), Lubi (Bisaya name) drink again up a drunk
Procedure: person and
Description: Clean the fruit. Open it will not
- a large palm, growing up to 30 m (98 ft) into half. Eat the coconut drink again
tall, with pinnate leaves 4–6 m (13–20 ft) meat.
long, and pinnae 60–90 cm long; old
leaves break away cleanly, leaving Part/s Used:
the trunk smooth. The coconut fruit is Roots
a drupe, not a true nut. Its full-sized fruit
weighs about 1.44 kg (3.2 lb.). The Method of preparation:
coconut root system consists of an Decoction
abundance of thin roots that grow outward
from the plant near the surface. Only a few Procedure #1:
of the roots penetrate deep into the soil for Boil together with the
stability.  roots of Labnog and the
Photo bark of Lambi. Drink it
taken: afterwards, 3 times a
day in one week

Procedure #2:
Boil together with the
roots of Labnog and
Pula na Lubi. Drink it
afterwards, 3 times a
day in one week

https://media.salon.com/2017/03/coconuts-palm-tree-
620x412.jpg
32. Dalapot Blumea Part/s Used: Leaves Stomach ache, Relieves

75
 balsamifera arthritis, cough,
stomach
Other names: Gabon (Bisaya name), Sambong Method of Preparation: colds, fever andache,
Tagalog name) Infusion muscle pain; arthritis,
Description: for poison cough, colds,
- An aromatic shrub that grows from 1 to 4 Procedure #1: fever and
meters in height has yellow flowering Infuse into warm water Cleansing agent muscle pain;
heads that is 6 mm long. The leaves are six young leaves. These treats
green obloid that spreads in a pyramidial may also be added with cough , colds poisoning
pattern. It bears fruits.Leaves have a gaso. Set for some time.
Drink the infusion as
whorled arrangement, simple structure, and Relieves/
much as desired until the
toothed-margin, green, egg-shaped, with cures
stomach ache heals.
the broader portion towards the end, wound,
rounded base and pointed tip. cough and
Procedure #2: colds
Add water of room
temperature into the No side
young leaves. Drink the effects.
resulting mixture as
much and as many as
desired in a day until
the cough is relieved.

Method of Preparation:
Manual Extraction

Procedure: Rub with

both hands the leaves
of dalapot. Apply the
pulp from rubbing
Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino directly into the painful

76
area with arthritis. This
can be applied as much
as desired until the pain
is relieved.

Method of Preparation:
Decoction/Infusion

Procedure: Boil the

young leaves or just
add warm water to
them, then drink the
resulting fluid as much
and as many times a
day as desired until
colds are healed.

Part/s Used: Leaves

Method of Preparation:
Decoction

Procedure #1:
Boil the leaves. Bathe
the warm water from
boiling the leaves every
day until the fever
recedes.

77
Method of Preparation:
Infusion
Procedure:
Soak the leaves with
water. Apply over the
wound to serve as
cleansing agent.

Method of Preparation:
Direct Application

Procedure:
Wash the young leaves
and chew directly or
apply the leaves
directly on the temporal
area.

Part/s Used: Roots

Method of Preparation:
Decoction

Procedure: Boil the

roots. Apply the
resulting warm fluid on
the area with muscle

78
pain as much and as
many times a day as
desired until the muscle
pain is relieved

Part/s Used: Leaves

Method of preparation:
Decoction

Procedure:
Mix with the leaves of
Atis, tulog-tulog, and
alangit-ngit and boil.
Drink the decoction
afterwards.

Part/s Used: Roots,

leaves, and flower

Method of Preparation:
Infusion

Procedure #1:
Soak the plant parts
together with cold
water. Drink the
infusion.

79
 Procedure #2:
Soak the plant parts
with warm water and
then drink once it has
cooled off. Use only 3-
4 leaves. Change the
leaves everyday

Method of Preparation:
Infusion, Manual
Extraction

Procedure:
1. Pound the leaves to
get the extract and
drink

2. Soak w/ warm water

until the leaves change
in color and drink after

33. Dalupang Urena Part/s Used: Hives Treats hives

reticulata Cav. Leaves
Description:
- Dalupang is an erect, branched shrub. Plant Method of Preparation:
is exceedingly variable and more or less Powdered, Poultice
hairy, stems often with reddish branches.
Leaves are pale beneath, ovate to Procedure:
suborbicular, 3 to 9 centimeters long, Put the leaves gathered
heart-shaped at the base, more or less inside the coconut shell

80
toothed or somewhat lobed or angled, the and small destroyed
lobes not exceeding beyond the middle of native mat and put it on
the leaf and the sinuses being usually the burning fire. Once
broad and acute. it is done, powder it
and put the powder
directly on the hives

Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

81
34. Doldol ihalas Ceiba Part/s Used: Leaves Mentally Treats
pentandra unstable, mentally
Description: Method of preparation: (nabuang unstable,
- A tropical tree that grows to 70 m (230 ft) Direct application tungod kay (nabuang
up to 252 feet (77 meters). Trunks can napasmo, naligo tungod kay
Procedure: Directly nga gudugo), napasmo,
often be up to 3 m (9.8 ft) in diameter
apply its leaves typhoid fever; all naligo nga
above the extensive buttresses. The very kinds of (manic,
together with the leaves gudugo),
largest individuals, however, can be 19- depression, typhoid fever;
feet (6 meters) thick or more above the of Tugas himul-aw and
schizophrenia) all kinds of
buttresses. Its  fiber is light, very buoyant, tulog-tulog in the
(manic,
resilient, resistant to water, but it is very abdomen depression,
flammable schizophrenia
Part/s Used: Roots )
Method of preparation:
Decoction

Procedure: Boil the

roots together with
roots of tugas himul-aw
and Tulog-tulog. Drink
it afterwards 3 times a
day

Photo taken:
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c3/96/a2/c396a2c0

82
 266d3c7e04c2b25bb402957b.jpg
35. Escoba Sida acuta Part/s Used: Leaves Piang (sprain, Relieves
strain, piang, sprain,
Other name: Escobang mayawis (Bisaya name), Method of Preparation: dislocation) and strain,
Poultice fever dislocation
Escobang pungkol (Bisaya name), Escobang
hyperacidity and
silhig (Bisaya name)
Procedure: Heat the
Description: leaves over the fire. Tingling Relieves
- An erect, branched, slightly hairy or neary Squeeze the leaves and sensation/numb tingling
smooth, half-woody shrub growing to a place it over the area ness sensation/nu
height of a meter or less. Leaves with affected. Secure with a mbness,
toothed margins, pointed tip and blunt or piece of cloth. Replace Nodules in the hyperacidi-
rounded base. Flowers are yellow, about the leaves once cooled, back of ty.
1.3 centimeters in diameter, borne singly at as many times as pregnant Cures
the axils of the leaves. Fruit is a capsule desired in a day until women. nodules and
about 3.5 mm long. Leaves have an the affected area is fever.
alternating arrangement, simple structure, healed. Relieves
toothed margin, green, shaped like a lance- muscle sore, No side
Part/s Used: Stalk fever, and effects.
stomach ache.
Method of Preparation:
Powdered

Procedure: Shake the

stalk or grate until
powder in form. Then,
apply directly over the
whole parts of the body
as many times as
desired until fever
subsides.

83
head and a pointed tip. Part/s Used: Stem,
Roots

Method of Preparation:
Manual Extraction

Procedure:
1. Scrape the
stem/roots until there is
an extract
2. Use it and apply over
the affected part.

Method of Preparation:
Direct Application
Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino
Procedure:
Scrape the stem and
roots and apply the
peelings on the skin
(especially the
forehead) for fever

Part/s Used:
Roots

Method of Preparation:
Tincture/Oil Extraction

Procedure:

84
 Mixed with Noog-
noog, atis and
kukogbanog.
1. Chop the roots then
dry it under the sun.
once dried, put it inside
a bottle and put either
alcohol, efficascent or
manzanilla.
2. Apply it on the
posterior chest using
one stroke only (from
up and down stroke)

Part/s Used: Leaves

Method of Preparation:
Poultice

Procedure:
Heat the leaves directly
with fire and apply it
directly on the skin of
the affected area.

36. Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Part/s Used: Leaves To increase Increases

globulus and roots appetite appetite
Other name: Gum tree (English name)
Description: Method of Preparation:
- May take the form of a low shrub or a very Decoction
large tree. The leaves are leathery in

85
 texture, hanging obliquely or verticaly. Procedure:
Flowers in bud are covered with a cup-like Boil for ten minutes.
membrane. Fruit is surrounded by a Drink three times a day
woody, cup-shaped and contains numerous every after meal. Drink
seeds. only when warm.

Photo taken:
http://medicinalherbinfo.org/images/
Eucalyptus1.jpg
37. Ganda Allium Part/s Used: Leaves Hyperaci-dity. Relieves
odoratum L hyperacidity.
Description: Method of Preparation:
- A ranked-scented, bulbous, glabrous plant. Poultice No side
Leaves flat, fleshy, 20cm long or more, effects
about 5mm wide. Scapes very slightly Procedure:

86
 compressed, slender, solid. Flowers are Cover it with banana
white and fragrant. leaves then grill. After,
Photo taken: http://www.stuartxchange.org/Kutchai.jpg apply it directly on the
abdominal area

Part/s Used: Roots For pregnant Facilitates

Gossypium and/or leaves women good
38. Gapas herbaceum pregnancy
Method of Preparation: cough and
Other name: Cotton (English name) Oil Extraction/Tincture colds Relieves
Description: cough and
- Have high stems that grow 2 feet to 6 feet Procedure: Chop the colds.
high with wide, hairy leaves. Flowers are roots and/or leaves into
small and yellow with a purple center. pieces. Add efficascent No side
When ripe and in warm weather, the oil or alcohol to the effects
flower capsule will burst and expose the chopped plant parts and
cotton surrounding the seeds firmly. The place in a container.
cotton produced by this plant is short, Apply a generous
about 2 inches long and is firmly attached amount of resulting
to the seed, which is covered in hairy liquid on the pregnant
down. abdomen for improved
well-being.

87
 Part/s Used: Fruit

Method of
Preparation: Poultice

Procedure:
Grill the fruit until it
soften then squeeze it
into the mouth so the
sap will go inside the
mouth. Then the fruit
will be places on the
forehead

Photo taken: https://nativoimages-

comercioepicollc.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/
2015/03/IMG-0008.jpg

Part/s Used: Bulb Antibiotic Treat

infection
39. Garlic Allium Method of Preparation:
sativum Direct Application
Other name: Ahos (Bisaya name)
Description: Procedure:
- The leaves are long, narrow and flat-like
Wash the bulb and eat
grass. The bulb consists of numerous directly.
bulblets that are grouped together within a
whitish skin, which holds them as in a sac.

88
 Flowers are placed at the end of a stalk
rising direct from the bulb and are whitish,
grouped together in a globular head.

Photo taken:
https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/
image_nodes/garlic-growing-guide.jpg
40. Gmelina Gmelina Part/s Used: Leaves Muscle pains Relieves
arborea  muscle pains
Description: Method of Preparation: Arthritis
- Bark light gray or gray-yellow in color, Direct application Relieves
smooth, thin, somewhat corking, becoming arthritis.
brown and rough; twigs stout, often Procedure #1: Directly
slightly 4-angled. Flowers are many, short- place the leaves on the No side
stalked, nodding, 4 cm long, densely hairy. area with muscle pains effects.
Leaves have an alternating arrangement, and secure with towel.
simple structure, entire margin, green, Change the leaves daily
circular-shaped, with the broader portion or until leaves dry out,

89
towards the tip, tapering base, and until muscle pains
pointed tip subside.

Procedure #2:
Apply the leaves
directly on the affected
area or joints

Method of Preparation:
Poultice

Procedure:
Heat the leaves and apply
directly to the part where
there is panuhot

Photo by: Angel Clyla Amit

90
41. Ginger Zingiber Part/s Used: Root, bulb Cough, wound Relieves
officinale and nodules. sore throat,
Other names: Tapol na Luy-a (Bisaya name), Dulaw Method of Preparation: coughs,
(Bisaya name), Turmeric (Bisaya name) Decoction Relieves nodules and
Description: inflamed body inflammatio
- A perennial plant with roots or tubers Procedure: parts. ns.
oblong, palmate, and deep orange inside; Chop the ginger and
root-leaves about 2 feet long, lanceolate, then boil it. Remove Cancer, Ulcer Prevents
long, petioled, tapering at each end, the ginger and add and tumor cancer ,
smooth, of a uniform green; petioles sugar in the decoction ulcer and
sheathing spike, erect, central, oblong, and mix. Fractures tumor.
green; flowers dull yellow. It is propagated Drink it after cooling.
by cuttings from the root, which when dry Relieves
is in curved cylindrical or oblong tubers 2 Method of Preparation: fractures
or 3 inches in length, and an inch in Infusion
diameter, pointed or tapering at the end No side
Procedure: effects
Soak the plant parts
together with warm
water and drink the
infusion

Method of Preparation:
Direct Application

Procedure:
Chewed directly after
washing. May taste
spicy/hot when eaten or
Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino chewed directly

91
Method of Preparation:
Tincture

Procedure:
Soak the bulb in wine
then drink for relieving
panuhot and sore throat.

Part/s Used: Stem

Method of Preparation:
Direct Application

Procedure: Scrape the

pulp in the stem and
apply directly on the
wound. Do this daily.

Part/s Used: Stem

Method of Preparation:
Decoction

Procedure: Boil the

stem. Drink the
resulting fluid 3x a day
until the cough
subsides.

Part/s Used: Leaves,

Fruit

92
 Method of Preparation:
Infusion

Procedure:
Soak the plant parts in
warm water then drink
after 5 – 10 mins.

Part/s Used: Fruits

Method of Preparation:
Oil Extraction

Procedure:
Soak the fruits of
luyangtapol, banglay,
kisol, sibukaw, dulaw,
tabonhangin, kulinos
together in manzanilla
or oil

42. Ginseng Jatropha Part/s Used: Root GIT, GIT,

podagrica Musculoskeleta Musculoskel
Other names: Buddha belly plant (English name), Method of Preparation: l and etal and
Infusion Integumentary Integumenta
Gout plant (English name), Bottle plant (English
problems ry problems
name) Procedure: Clean the
Description: ginseng. Soak in hot
water. Drink the

93
 - Cultivated for ornamental purposes, it is a infusion after the
tropical, succulent or sub-woody shrub, temperature is
growing to a height of 0.5 to 1 meter. Stem tolerable.
is swollen, knobby, grey-skinned, with a
large bottle-like caudex. Leaves are peltate,
glossy green adaxially, gray-green
abaxially, margins entire, wavy, or
shallowly 3- to 5-lobed, 6 to 8 palmate
veins, up to 12 inches in diameter, with a
stout stalk attached on the underside of the
leaf. Flowers are small, bright red or
orange-red, and coral-like clusters at the
tip of a long red stalk. 

Photo by: Don Dherick Asdillo

43. Gumamela Hibiscus rosa- Part/s Used: Flower Wound Treats

94
Other name: Antulanga (Bisaya name) sinensis wound
Description: Method of Preparation: Inflamed body
- An erect, much-branched, glabrous shrub, Direct Application part Cures
1 to 4 m high. Leaves are glossy green, DM, furuncle inflamed
Procedure: Rub flowers part of the
ovate, acuminate, pointed, coarsely-
directly on the wound. Relieves body
toothed, 7 to 12 cm long, alternate,
Apply daily, as much inflamed body
stipulate. Flowers are solitary, axillary, and
and as many times as part. Lowers
very large. Petals commonly red, obovate,
desired until wound blood sugar
entire, rounded tip, and imbricate. Stamens
heals. levels,
forming a long staminal tube enclosing the
relieves
entire style of the pistil and protruding out
Part/s Used: Bud, furuncle.
of the corolla.
Flower
No side
Method of Preparation: effects.
Manual Extraction

Procedure:
Pound the bud. Apply
the extract directly on
the inflamed part.

Method of Preparation:
Infusion

Procedure:
Use 3 flowers and
buds. Soak w/ warm
Photo by: Don Dherick Asdillo
water. Drink it after.
Change every 24 hours.

95
 Method of Preparation:
Manual Extraction

Procedure:
Pound the plant parts
together to get the
extract and apply on
the furuncle.

44. Gynura Gynura Part/s Used: Leaves Hypertension Relieves

procumbens hypertension
Other name: Longevity Spinach (English name) Method of preparation:
Description: Direct Application
- An edible vine. Leaves are ovate-elliptic or No side
lanceolate, 3.5 to 8 cm long, and 0.8 to3.5 Procedure: Eat raw effects
cm wide. Flowering heads are panicled, once a day before
narrow, yellow and 1 to 1.5 cm long. The breakfast.
plant grows wild but is also cultivated as a
vegetable.

Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

96
45. Hagonoy Chromolaena Part/s Used: Leaves Wound Treats
odorata wound
Description: Method of Preparation: Hyperacidity
- is a bushy herb or subshrub with long Manual Extraction Cures
rambling branches, spreading into tangled wounds and
dense thickets up to 2 meters high. Leaves are Procedure #1: hyperacidity.
arrowhead-shaped, 5 to 12 centimeters long Squeeze the leaves
and 3 to 7 centimeters wide, with three until the juice of the No side
characteristic veins in a pitchfork pattern, leaves is extracted. The effects
growing in opposite pairs along stems and extract is applied
branches. Flowers are in clusters of 10 to 15, directly into the wound
tubular, pale pink-mauve or white, 10 as much as desired for
millimeters long, at the end of the branches. a desired number of
times in a day. This is
done until the wound is
healed.

Procedure #2:
Pound the leaves until
its juice is extracted.
The extract is directly
applied to the wound.

Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

97
46. Halum Amaranthus Part/s Used: Stem/bark Body malaise Relieves
paniculatus and headache body malaise
Other name: Halum na pula (Bisaya name) Method of Preparation: and
Description: Poultice Inflamed body headache
parts
- An upright or spreading annuals or short- Procedure: Relieves
lived perennials, with simple leaves in Put over the flames inflamed
shades of crimson and dark red and tiny until the plant part body parts.
flower spikes borne in dense, erect or becomes black. Scrape
pendulous, catkin-like inflorescences in the black portion and No side
summer and autumn use as powder to apply effects.
on pulse areas.

Part/s Used: Leaves

Method of Preparation:
Poultice

Procedure:
Cover the leaves w/
banana leaf. Pass it
through fire. After,
place the leaves
directly on the inflamed
area

Method of Preparation:
Direct Application

Procedure #1:

98
 Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino Wash the leaves. Apply
the leaves directly on
the stomach or on the
wound.
47. Hambalanting Pula Homalanthus Part/s Used: Leaves GIT problems Relieves
populifolius GIT
Other name: Balanti (Bisaya name) Method of Preparation: problems
Description: Poultice
- A semi-deciduous (evergreen in frost free
Procedure:
locations) shrub or small tree 8 to 10+ feet
Heat the leaves by
tall with a straight trunk with smooth gray
passing it through fire.
bark and an open, spreading crown of
Directly apply on the
delicate 3 to 6 inch long heart-shaped
affected area.
leaves which when mature are blue-green
above and pale gray-green below and
attach by red petioles at the base and taper
to a point at the tip. When leaves first
emerge they are a copper color and turn
pink to red prior to dropping.

Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

99
48. Hambilica Bryophyllum Part/s Used: Leaves Infected w/ Cures
pinnatum inflamed infected
Description: Method of Preparation: wound wounds
Direct Application
- A succulent perennial medicinal
No side
herb. It is small plant also used effects.
for ornamental purpose in Procedure:
Wash the leaves. Apply
gardens. The plant can easily grow
the leaves directly on
in pots. It does not grow from the wound to act as
seeds. It propagates from the dressing.
leaves of plant and a single leaf
can produce 5-10 plants. The stem
is obtusely 4 – angled. The lower
and uppermost leaves are simple.

The middle ones pinnately 3- to 5-

100
 foliolate.  It grows wild in shaded
places and along water courses.
Photo by: Angel Clyla Amit

49. Handa Alimukon Deeringia Part/s Used: Fruit, GIT and Relieves
amaranthoide Leaves, Roots, Skin, musculo GIT and
Description: s Stem and Bark skeletal musculo
- A slightly hairy or nearly smooth vine, problems skeletal
reaching a length of 5 to 6 meters, with Method of Preparation: problems
drooping branches. Leaves are entire, ovate Decoction
to oblong-ovate, 7 to 14 centimeters long,
with pointed tips and subtruncate bases. Procedure:
Flowers are numerous, shortly pedicelled, Boil plant parts then
greenish-white, with reflexed segments, drink the decoction.
and about 1.5 millimeters long. Stamens
are white and erect. Fruit is ovoid, fleshy,
red, about 4 millimeters long

101
 Photo by: Angel Clyla Amit

50. Handal-usa Gendarussa Part/s Used: Leaves Pelvic pain Relieves

vulgaris Nees pelvic pain.
Description: Method of Preparation:
Poultice No side
- An erect, branched, smooth undershrub,
effects.
0.8 to 1.5 meters high. Leaves are Procedure:
opposite, lanceolate, green or variegated Heat the leaves directly
with short petioles, 7 to 14 centimeters w/ fire then wait for the
long, 1 to 2.5 centimeters wide, pointed at extract to come out.
the ends . Flowers are small, in 4- to 12- Use the extract to apply
centimeters long spikes, terminal or in directly on the skin
axils of leaves. Calyx-teeth are smooth,

102
 linear, and about 3 millimeters long.
Corolla is nearly smooth, 1.5 centimeters
long, white or pink, with purple spots.
Capsule is club-shaped, about 12
millimeters long, and smooth.

Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

51. Hibi-Hibi Mimosa Part/s Used: Leaves Dysuria Relieves

pudica and roots painful
Other name: Makahiya (Bisaya name) urination
Description: Method of Preparation:
Decoction
- Branches are up to 1 meter long, sparingly
prickly with numerous deflexed, bristly Procedure: Boil the
hairs. The leaves are very sensitive, both leaves and/or roots.
pinnae and leaflets, folding when touched. Drink the resulting
The leaflets are narrowly oblong, fluid 3x a day until
inequilateral, 1 to 1.5 centimeters long,

103
 sessile, sparingly bristly, with pointed tips. dysuria is relieved.
Florets are red in the upper part with pink
to lavender filaments.

Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

Artemisia Part/s Used: Leaves Abdominal Relieves

vulgaris discomfort. fatigue and
Method of Preparation: abdominal
52. Hilbas Decoction discomfort

Description: Procedure:
Boil the leaves and
drink decoction.

104
 - It can grow up to 3 feet. Its leaves are
green to dark green, lobed and incised and
are compound. This plant has a mint smell
which is refreshing and it has tiny, white to
purple flowers that bloom in the summer
time. It can grow anywhere along the road
side, the backyards, and the grasslands.

Photo by: Angel Clyla Amit

53. Hinagdong Unknown Part/s Used: Roots Furuncle Relieves

scientific . furuncle
name Method of Preparation
Manual Extraction No side

105
 effects.
Procedure:
No Picture Peel off the skin. Grate
the flesh to get the
extract. Apply the extract
on the furuncle.

54. Horse Radish Moringa Part/s Used: Leaves Wound and Treats
Oleifera Diabetes wound and
Other name: Kalamunggay (Bisaya name), Method of Preparation: mellitus Diabetes
Malunggay (Tagalog name) Manual Extraction mellitus
Description:
Procedure: Rub with
- Short, slender, deciduous, perennial tree, to both hands the leaves
about 10 m tall; rather slender with of dalapot. Apply the
drooping branches; branches and stems extract from rubbing
brittle, with corky bark; leaves feathery, directly into the wound.
pale green, compound lateral ones This can be applied as
somewhat elliptic; flowers fragrant, white much as desired until
or creamy-white, 2.5 cm in diameter, borne the wound heals.
in sprays, with 5 at the top of the flower;
stamens yellow; pods pendulous, brown, Part/s Used: Stem/bark
triangular, splitting lengthwise into 3 parts
when dry Method of Preparation:
Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino Direct Application

Procedure: Scrape the

bark and apply directly
on the wound. Replace
the herbal plant part
daily until the wound
heals.

106
Method of Preparation:
Manual Extraction

Procedure: Pound the

leaves to get the
extract. Apply the
extract directly on the
wound. Replace when
desired until wound
heals.

Part/s Used: Roots

Method of Preparation:
Decoction

Procedure: Boil the

roots. Drink the water
from the boiled roots as
much and as many
times a day as desired,
to manage DM or to
lower sugar levels in
the blood.
Caution: May cause
abortion

Part/s Used: Seeds

Method of Preparation:

107
 Direct Application

Procedure: Dry the

seeds under direct
sunlight. Ingest the
dried seeds as much
and as many times a
day as desired.

55. Iba Cicca acida Part/s Used: Fruits Cough and Relieves
colds. cough and
Description: Method of Preparation: colds
- An intermediary between a shrub and tree, Infusion
reaching 2 to 9 m high. The tree's dense
Procedure:
and bushy crown is composed of thickish,
Slice fruit and soak on
tough main branches, at the ends of which
hot water. Drink the
are clusters of deciduous, greenish,
resulting liquid.
branchlets. The branchlets bear alternate
leaves that are ovate in form, with Change the fruit
short petioles and pointed ends. The leaves are everyday.
2-7.5 cm long and thin, they are green and
smooth on the upperside and blue-green on the
underside

(picture in next page)

108
 Photo taken:
http://media.growsonyou.com/photos/photo/image/1173
9/main/MAMA051.jpg

56. Insulin Chamaecostus Part/s Used: Leaves Diabetes Relieves DM

cuspidatus mellitus and and
Description: Method of Preparation: hypertension hypertension
- Large fleshy looking leaves. The Direct Application
undersides of these large, smooth,
dark green leaves have light purple shade. Procedure:
The leaves are spirally arranged around the Wash and eat the
stem, forming attractive, arching clumps leaves directly.
arising from underground rootstocks. The
maximum height of these plants is about
two feet. The flowers are orange in color
and are 1.5 in (3.8 cm) in diameter.

109
 Flowering occurs during the warm months.
And they appear to be cone-like heads at
the tips of branches.

Photo by: Don Dherick Asdillo

57. Kalabutigre Sansevieria Part/s Used : Leaves Dog bites Cures dog
Trifasciata bites
Description: Method of Preparation:
- It is an evergreen perennial plant forming Poultice
dense stands, spreading by way of its
creeping rhizome, which is sometimes Procedure:
above ground, sometimes underground. Its Heat directly the leaves
stiff leaves grow vertically from a through fire. After,
basal rosette. Mature leaves are dark green squeeze the leaves to
with light gray-green cross-banding and get the extract. Apply
usually range between 70–90 centimetres the extract over the dog
(28–35 in) long and 5–6 centimetres (2.0– bites.
2.4 in) wide, though it can reach heights

110
 above 2 m (6 ft) in optimal conditions

Photo by: Don Dherick Asdillo

58. Kalamansi Citrus Part/s Used: Fruits Cough Relieves

microcarpa cough
Description: Method of Preparation:
- A smooth and slightly spiny plant, growing Manual Extraction
to a height of 3 to 5 meters. Leaflets are
elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 4 to 8 Procedure:
centimeters long. Petioles are very Squeeze the kalamansi
narrowly or scarcely winged, about 1 fruits into a spoon or
centimeter long. Flowers are axillary, cup. The extracted
solitary, rarely in pairs, white, and short- juice can be ingested
stalked. Fruit is yellow when ripe, nearly directly, as much and

111
 spherical, 2 to 3.5 centimeters diameter, 6- as many times a day as
to 7-celled, and thin-skinned. The skin or desired until the cough
peel is green to yellowish green or yellow, subsides. The extracted
loosely adhering to the flesh. The flesh juice can also be added
contains a few light orange seeds. with water and sugar to
suit taste, then ingested
as much and as many
times a day as desired
until the cough
subsides.

Photo

by: Princess Gloria Macalino

59. Kaningag Cinnamomum Part/s Used: Roots and Body Malaise Relieves
mercadoi stem/bark and Fatigue boday
Other name: Sinamon (Bisaya name) malaise
Description: Method of Preparation:
and
- The leaves are simple, opposite or sub Decoction and Tincture
fatigue.
opposite, smooth, pale green, ovately-
Procedure:
oblong or broadly lanceolate. The leaves
Get 7 of each of the ff: No side
are also sometimes subelliptic, usually 8 to

112
20 cm long and 4 to 6 cm wide, and are - salong (stem) effects.
pointed at both ends, with petioles 5 to 15 - Kaningag (bark)
millimeters long. Finally, the bark is gray - Banag (roots)
and does not have any fissures or cracks. It
- Sibukaw (root and
is covered irregularly with corky pustules
and thus giving the bark a slightly rough bark)
appearance. - Bulungangkahoy
(stem)
- typing pula (bark and
root)
1. Soak them all
together with rhum
then drink the resulting
liquid

2. Boil them together

and drink once it’s
cooled.

Part/s Used: leaves

Method of Preparation:
Decoction

Photo by: Angel Clyla Amit Procedure:

Collect and wash
leaves. Boil with water.
Cool and then drink
decoction.

113
60. Kanding-kanding Waltheria Part/s Used: Leaves Wound Treats
americana wound
Description: Linn Method of Preparation:
Manual Extraction
- Leaves are green, egg-shaped with a
rounded base and a pointed tip, sharp Procedure:
edges in a simple structure arrangement. Wash and clean the
leaves with tapwater,
pound it using a bottle
and apply the extract
directly to the wound

Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

61. Kukog Banog Part/s Used: Leaves Stomach ache Relieves

Elephantopus  and feeling ill, stomach
sprain

114
Description: scaber Method of Preparation: ache and
- Found in open grasslands and waste Direct Application Body pains, feeling ill,
places, from sea level to an altitude of fracture or sprain
2,000 meters. It is a rather coarse, rigid, Procedure: dislocated/twist
erect, more or less hairy herb 30 to 60 Rub the leaves with ed bones Relieves
centimeters high. Stems are forked, and the both hands. Apply the Hyperacidity body pains,
branches are few and stiff. Leaves are rubbed leaves directly fractures
mostly in basal rosette, oblong-ovate to on the abdomen. Do Nodules in the and/or
oblong-lanceolate, 10 to 25 centimeters in this as much and as back of dislocated/t
length and often very much notched in the many times a day as pregnant wome wisted
margins; those on the stems are few and desired until stomach bones.
much smaller.. Flowering heads are many ache ceases.
and crowded in each cluster; each head Cures
comprising about 4 flowers Part/s Used: Leaves nodules.

Method of Preparation: No side

Poultice effects.

Procedure: Heat over

direct flames. Add
some kalamunggay
leaves, then apply
directly over the
abdomen. Replace with
newly heated young
leaves once the
previous have become
wilted.

Part/s Used: Roots,

leaves, and stem/bark

115
 Method of Preparation:
Poultice

Procedure:
Heat them together
through fire and apply
on the abdomen and
wrap it around with
cloth.

Method of preparation:
Tincture/Oil Extraction
Photo by: Don Dherick Asdillo
Procedure:
Mixed with
Escobangmanyawis,
Noog-noog, and atis.
1. Chop the roots then
dry it under the sun.
Once dried, put it
inside a bottle and put
alcohol, efficascent or
manzanilla.
2. Apply it on the
posterior chest using
one stroke only (from
up and down stroke)

62. Kulinos Unknown Part/s Used: Leaves Body malaise Relieves

scientific “panuhot” and body malaise

116
 name Method of Preparation: fatigue. “Pahuhot”
No Picture Decoction ad fatigue.

Procedure:
Boil leaves. Let it cool
and drink decoction.
63. Labano Annona Part/s Used: Leaves Decreases Decreases
muricata blood pressure blood
Other name: Libanos (Bisaya name), Guyabano Method of Preparation: when there is pressure
(Bisaya name) Infusion an increase in
Description: BP Relieves
Procedure: nodules, DM
- The heart shaped / oblong guyabano fruit Soak the leaves with DM and No side
has a dark green, leathery and spike-like hot water. After 5 nodules effects
skin that measures from 8 to 12 inches minutes, you may drink
long and can weigh up to 2.5 kilos. The the resulting liquid
creamy and delectable flesh contains from already.
60 to 100 black-brown seeds that are
indigestible and non-edible. Method of Preparation:
The guyabano tree is relatively small. It Decoction
usually grows from 8 to less than 20 feet
high and is sensitive to very cold Procedure:
Boil the leaves and let
if cool off. Drink the
decoction once a day.

117
 temperatures. 
Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

64. Labnog Part/s Used: Leaves

Ficus Fatigue, Relieves
Description: leucantatoma  Method of Preparation: Toothache fatigue.
Merr. Direct Application
-  An erect, small tree, growing 3 to 8 meters
Relieves
high, smooth, with more or less hairy young
Procedure: tooth ache
shoots. Leaves are smooth and shining, not all
roughened, oblong-ovate to elliptic-ovate, 10 Open the young leaves.
Place on the temporal No side
to 20 centimeters long, with tip tapering to a
area. effects
rather sharp point, and the base pointed.
Receptacles are axillary, solitary, depressed-
Part/s Used: Skin
globose or turbinate, obscurely ridged or
angled, 1.5 to 2 centimeters in diameter, and
Method of Preparation:
shortly peduncled
Manual Extraction

Procedure:
Peel off the skin of the
stem in order to get the
extract. Apply it on the
cheeks.

118
 Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

65. Lagay lagay sa amo Part/s Used: Skin Cough, fever, Relieves
Hydnophytum colds, goiter, cough, fever,
Other name: Ant plant (English name) formicarum Method of Preparation: cancer, serves cold, goiter,
Description: Infusion as detoxifier cancer, and
- This epiphyte grows a tuber also known as serve as
Procedure: detoxifier.
a caudex that is spineless and contains
Don’t wash. Soak it No side
chambers; many of which are connected to
directly with warm effects
one another. These tubers may grow 10-55
water and drink it after.
cm in diameter with two to four stems that
reach about 60 cm long. The leaves, which
grow 4-15 cm long and 2-7 cm wide, are
opposite, elliptical and have a leathery
texture. Flowers are four-merous, white,
and occur in groups of 3-10, which then
yield orange, fleshy fruits 6-7 mm in
diameter

Photo taken: https://toptropicals.com/pics/garden.jpg

119
66. Lagundi Vitex negundo Part/s Used: Leaves Cough, fever Relieves
cough and
Description: Method of Preparation: fever
- An erect, branched tree or shrub, 2 to 5 Decoction
meters high. Leaves are usually 5-foliate,
rarely with 3 leaflets only and palmately Procedure: Boil the
arranged. Leaflets are lanceolate, entire, 4 leaves. Drink the water
to 10 centimeters long, slightly hairy from boiling the leaves
beneath, and pointed at both ends, the as much and as many
middle leaflets being larger than the others, times a day as desired
and distinctly stalked. Flowers are until cough and fever is
numerous, blue to lavender, 6 to 7 relieved.
millimeters long, borne in terminal
inflorescences (panicles) 10 to 20 Part/s Used: Roots
centimeters long.
Method of Preparation:
Decoction

Procedure: Boil the

roots. Drink the water
from boiling the roots
as much and as many
times a day as desired
until cough and fever is
relieved.

Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

120
67. Lomboy Syzygium Part/s Used: Leaves Diarrhea, Relieves
cumini Nodules and diarrhea.
Other name: Dalakit na Lomboy (Bisaya name), Method of Preparation: Frscture
Java plum (English name) Decoction Relieves
Description: nodules and
Procedure: fractures.
-  A smooth tree, about 8 to 15 meters high Wash the leaves first.
with white branchlets and reddish young Boil the leaves and let No side
shoots. Leaves are opposite, shiny and it cool off. Remove the effects
leathery, oblong-ovate to elliptic, the tip leaves and drink the
being broad and shortly pointed. Flowers decoction.
are small, pink or nearly white, in clusters,
without stalks, borne in crowded fascicles Part/s Used: Roots
on the ends of the branchlets. Fruit is oval
to elliptic, dark purple or nearly black, Method of Preparation:
luscious, fleshy and edible with a sweet Oil Extraction
astringent taste;containing a single large
seed. Procedure #1:
Chop the roots then
soak it in efficascent oil
then apply in fractured
parts.

Method of Preparation:
Poultice

Procedure:
Place or cover the roots
Photo taken: in banana leaf and grill
http://www.planetayurveda.com/mediajamun- it. After, pound it and
syzygium-cumini.jpg slice in the middle and

121
 apply directly on the
fracture
68. Magamay Unknown Part/s Used: Leaves Difficulty Relieves
scientific urinating and difficulty in
Other name: Magamay na Kahoy (Bisaya name) name Method of Preparation: panuhot urination and
Description: Decoction panuhot
- Simple-structured alternating arrangement, Body pain Relieves
green, with an elliptical shape, with the Procedure: Boil the body pains.
broader portion towards the base, rounded leaves. Drink the water
base and pointed tip from boiling the leaves No side
Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino as much and as many effets
times a day as desired
until difficulty in
urination is relieved.

Method of Preparation:
Direct application

Procedure #1:
Apply directly on the
abdominal area. Replace
the leaves when it has
wilted. Apply the leaves
as many times in a day as
desired until panuhot
subsides.

Procedure #2:
Apply directly on the
affected part and wrap
w/ cloth.
69. Malagapas Uknown Part/s Used: Leaves Bitok in Kills bitok

122
 scientific children (parasites)
name Method of Preparation: (stomach and treats
Manual Extraction parasites) and wound
wounds
Procedure #1:
No Picture Pound the leaves. Wrap
the pounded leaves in
cheese cloth and
squeeze until the juice
is extracted. Let the
children drink the
extract once a day.

Procedure #2: Pound

the leaves until juice is
extracted. The juice is
applied directly into the
wounds for as much
and as many times as
tolerated until the
wound heals.

70. Mango Part/s Used: Leaves Fever, cough Relieves

and colds fever, cough
Other name: Mangga (Bisaya name) Method of Preparation: and colds
Magnifera Decoction
Description:
Indica
- Mango tree can grow quite large, reaching Procedure: Mix leaves
a height of 100 feet or more with a canopy with avocado leaves
of 35 feet or more. Mangos in cultivation and caimito leaves.
are generally pruned and kept much Boil the mixture of
smaller for a more manageable harvest.

123
 The large leaves are leathery, five to 16 leaves. Drink the
inches in length, and remain on the tree for resulting liquid as
a year or more. Flowers are produced in many times a day as
terminal panicles or clusters four to 16 desired until diarrhea is
inches long. relieved.

Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

Part/s Used: Leaves Diarrhea Relieves

Diarrhea
71. Mansanitas Muntingia Method of Preparation:
calabura Decoction No side
Other name: Kerson Fruit (English name) effects
Description: Procedure:
Boil the leaves together
with Caimito and
Bayabas. Drink the

124
 - Is a shrub or tree up to 12 m tall with decoction.
spreading branches. The leaves are
alternate, distichous, oblong or lanceolate ,
with toothed margin and covered in short .
hairs. The flowers are small (up to 3cm
wide), solitary or in inflorescences of 2-3
flowers; with lanceolate sepals, hairy;
obovate white petals; many stamens with
yellow anthers and a smooth ovoid ovary.
Fruit, an edible berry, red at maturity.

Photo by: Angel Clyla Amit

72. Manunngal Quassia Part/s Used: Leaves Body malaise Relieves

indica and fatigue. body malaise
Method of Preparation: ad fatigue.
Description:
Decoction

125
 - Manunggal is a tree, smooth and growing
to 10 meters high. Bark is pale and Procedure:
transversely cracked. Wood is light yellow Collect and boil the
and soft. Leaves are simple, elliptic- leaves. Let it cool and
oblong, about 20 centimeters wide. drink 1 glass of the
Flowers are numerous, bisexual, 4-parted, decoction.
pinkish yellow, on dense and pedunculated
short-stalked umbels. Fruit is oval, about 6
centimeters long and 2.5 centimeters wide
consisting of one carpet, flattened and
keeled.

Photo by: Brandon John Casas

Part/s Used: Leaves Abdominal Relieves

73. Marbas Abutilon Bloating Abdominal
Indicum Method of Preparation: Bloating

126
Description: Oil Extraction
- a perennial, half-woody, branched, erect No side
shrub, 0.5 to 3 meters high. Leaves are Procedure: effects.
green and toothed, orbicular-ovate to Boil the leaves, and
broadly ovate, 5 to 12 centimeters long and then mix it with oil.
nearly as wide, with a prominently heart- Apply on the
shaped base and pointed apex, the margins abdominal area.
entire or irregularly toothed. Flowers are
yellow, 2 to 2.5 centimeters, solitary, borne
in the axils of the leaves, and opens in the
evening. Fruits is a rounded capsule, 1.5 to
2 centimeters in diameter, with 15 to 20
somewhat hairy, shortly awned carpels.

Photo by: Don Dherick Asdillo

74. Mayana Plectranthus Part/s Used: Leaves Inflammation/ Relieves
scutellarioides inflamed body inflammatio

127
 Other names: Mijanang Kujanap/Mayanang Method of preparation: parts, toothache n / inflamed
kuyanap (Bisaya name) Manual Extraction body parts
Description: toothache
Procedure #1:
-  An erect, branched, fleshy, annual herb,
Pound the leaves and No side
about 1 meter high. Stems are purplish and
apply the extract effects.
4-angled. Leaves are variously blotched or
directly to the inflamed
colored, usually more or less hairy, ovate,
area of the body
5 to 10 centimeters long, rather coarsely
toothed in the margins; and in the most Procedure #2:
common form uniformly velvety-purple. Pound the leaves
Flowers are purplish, numerous, and borne together with the leaves
in lax, terminal, simple or branched of the Ambilica and
inflorescences apply directly to the
inflamed area of the
body

Procedure #3:
Get the extract from
pressing on the leaves
or squeezing and apply
the extract on the
inflamed parts.

Method of Preparation:
Direct Application
Phot
o by: Procedure:
Apply the leaves
Princess Gloria Macalino
directly on the inflamed
areas

128
 Inflammation/inflamed
body parts
75. Narra Pterocarpus Part/s Used: Bark Kidney Relieves
indicus problems kidney
Description: Method of Preparation: problems
- The Philippine national tree, a majestic Decoction
reddish hard wood tree, growing to 33
meters nigh and with an irregular fluted Procedure: Scrape the
trunk. Leaves are compound, pinnate, with bark. Boil the scraped
leaflets which ovate to oblong-ovate. bark. Drink the
Flowers are numerous, yellow, fragrant resulting fluid as much
and on branched, axillary panicles. Pods and as many times a
are disc-shaped, flat, with winged margins, day as desired until
hairy when young but smooth or nearly so kidney problems is/are
when mature, more or less reticulate and relieved.
undulate, and very shortly beaked,
orbicular to obovate, including the wing..

Ph
oto

taken: http://plantpono.org/images/non/.jpg
Guizotia Part/s Used: Roots Nodules in the Cures
76. Noog-noog
abyssinica back of nodules.
Method of Preparation: pregnant
129
 Other name: Niger Seed (English name) Tincture/Oil Extraction women

Description: Procedure:
- A stout, erect annual herb growing up to 2 Mixed with
meters tall. The root system is well Escobangmanyawis, ,
developed, with a taproot and many lateral atis and kukogbanog
roots, particularly in the upper 5cm. Grow 1. Chop the roots then
in open waste places and casual on tips and dry it under the sun.
waste ground. once dried, put it inside
Photo taken: http://luirig.altervista.org/cpm/albums/bot- a bottle and put either
alcohol, efficascent or
manzanilla.
2. Apply it on the
posterior chest using
one stroke only (from
superior to inferior
portion of the back)

ap024/guizotia-abyssinica-f_-cass_18657.jpg
77. Oregano Origaum Part/s Used: Leaves Cough Relieves
vulgare . cough.
Description: Method of Preparation:
- An aromatic, woody-based perennial plant. Decoction No side
Its leaves are ovate and borne opposite effects

130
 each other on the stem. The edges of the Procedure:
leaves are smooth or very shallowly Wash and boil the
toothed, and the leaf tips vary from pointed leaves. Then drink the
to obtuse rounded. The inflorescence is decoction.
with flowers grouped into short dense
lateral or terminal spikes. Opposite Method of Preparation:
arrangement, simple structure, toothed Manual Extraction
margin, green , circular-shaped, with the
broader portion towards the tip, rounded Procedure:
base, wrinkly, and pointed tip. Pound the leaves to get
the extract. Drink the
extract after.

Method of Preparation:
Infusion

Procedure:
Soak the leaves with
warm water until the
leaves change in color
Photo
and drink the resulting
by: liquid after.

Brandon John Casas

78. Pahuling Unknown

scientific Part/s used: Vines Cures all Cures all
name
Description: Method of preparation:
- simple-structured arrangement, light – Oil Extraction
green in color, egg-shaped, with the

131
 broader portion towards the base, rounded Procedure: Mix it with
base and pointed tip. Has a woody stem lana from the lone
with a rough surface. coconut (bugtong) facing
east and with the vines of
Tawulian, Sulbaran,
Badbaran,
Pahuling sumbalik, and
Alibutran

Photo by: Angel Clyla Amit

79. Pahuling hilaw Part/s used: Vines Cures all Cures all
Unknown
No Picture scientific Method of preparation:
name Oil Extraction

Procedure: Mix it with

lana from the lone
coconut (bugtong) facing
east and with the vines of
Tawulian, Sulbaran,
Badbaran,

132
 Pahuling sumbalik, and
Alibutran
80. Pahuling balagon Part/s used: Vine Wound Treat
Unknown wounds.
scientific Method of preparation:
name Direct Application

Procedure:
No Picture Apply the vines
directly on affected part
of the body.

81. Pahuling Sumbalik Unknown Part/s used: Vines Cures all Cures all
scientific
name Method of preparation:

No Picture Procedure: Mix it with

lana from the lone
coconut (bugtong) facing
east and with the vines of
Pahuling,
Tawulian, Sulbaran,
Badbaran, Alibutran,
and Pahuling Hilaw

82. Panyawan Tinospora Part/s Used: Vine Hypertension, Manages

crispa toothache, hypertension
Method of Preparation: arthritis and

133
 Description: Decoction toothache
- A climbing, dioeciously vine producing For hepatitis
stems up to 15 metres long. Stems are Procedure: Boil the Manages
thick and somewhat fleshy, with scattered vines. Drink the hepatitis
decoction as much and
protuberances. Leaves are thin, ovate with Side effects:
as many times a day as
pointed and truncate or somewhat heart- desired to manage Hot and
shaped based, smooth and shining. It is hypertension and to painful if
commonly gathered from the wild. lower blood pressure. applied on
the eyes,
Method of Preparation: bitter taste.
Water Extraction

Procedure: Boil the

balagon. Extract juice
from the boiled
balagon. Pour drops of
Photo the juice on the eye.
by:

Part/s Used: Trunk

Method of Preparation:
Princess Gloria Macalino Tincture/Oil Extraction

Procedure:
Chop and dry it. After
it has dried, put it in a
clean bottle and add it
with rubbing alcohol or
manzanilla

134
 Method of Preparation:
Manual Extraction

Procedure:
Get the extract from
scraping the vines.
Apply the extract to the
eye opposite to painful
side at the teeth and
mouth.

Part/s Used: Leaves

Method of Preparation:
Manual Extraction

Procedure:
Pound the leaves then
squeeze it to get the
extract. Drink the
extract after.
83. Papaya Carica papaya Part/s Used: Leaves Increases Helps in
platelet (during dengue by
Other name: Papaya nga lalaki (Bisaya name) Method of Preparation: Dengue) increasing
Description: Manual Extraction platelet
- A small, sparsely branched tree, usually levels.
with a single stem with spirally Procedure #1:
Pound the leaves until
135
 arranged leaves confined to the top of the extract is released. No side
the trunk. The lower trunk is Then drink the extract effects.
conspicuously scarred where leaves are after.
borne. Male flowers have no ovary and do
not produce a fruit. Procedure #2:
Pound and squeeze the
leaves. The extract is
mixed with cold water.
Drink once a day.

Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

84. Pelipog Part/s Used: Fruits, Fatigue, Relieves
Unknown leaves, roots abdominal fatigue and
No Picture Scientific bloating abdominal
Name Method of Preparation: bloating.
Decoction, Poultice No side
effects

136
 Procedure:
Mixed with
Pahiulingbalagon,
atison, Ulian, Hilaw,
and Kahoy magamay
1. Boil the leaves and
roots then turn it into
oil once cooled. Drink
it after 5-10 days or
2. Heat the leaves
directly w/ fire and
apply the leaves
directly on the affected
area

85. Pisaw-pisaw Emilia Part/s Used: Leaves Furuncle Treats

sonchifolia Inflamed body furuncle
Other name: Lilac tassleflower ( English name), Method of Preparation: parts
Habol-habol (Bisaya name) Manual Extraction Relieves
Description: inflammatio
Procedure: ns.
- a branching, perennial herb up to 40 cm Pound the leaves and No side
(15.5 in) tall glabrous or hairy. Leaves get the extract. apply effects
are lyrate-pinnatilobed, up to 10 cm (4 in) the extract directly to
long, sometimes becoming purplish as they the furuncle
get old. One plant can produce several pink
or purplish flower heads Method of Preparation:
Direct Application

Procedure:

137
 Apply the leaves
directly on the inflamed
areas

Photo by: Don Dherick Asdillo

86. Pisik Centipeda Part/s Used: Flower Fever Relieve
minima fever
Description: Method of Preparation:
-  a small, erect to prostrate herb, often much Infusion
branched from the base, that usually has
stems 8 - 20cm long, sometimes to 30cm. Procedure:
Grows in humid open locations and Soak the flower
propagated by its seeds together with Busikad
in cold water.
(picture in next page)

138
 Photo taken:
http://www.plants-extracts.com/photo/plants-extracts/e
ditor/20161104090047_29928.jpg

87. Pobreng Kahoy Euphorbia Part/s Used: Stem Dog/snake bites Cures
tirucalli Linn. dog/snake
Other name: Gusu-Gusu (Bisaya name) Method of Preparation: bites.
Description: Manual Extraction
- An erect, smooth, somewhat fleshy shrub Side effects:
or small tree. Branches are green, May cause
Procedure: blindness if
somewhat fleshy, cylindrical, clustered or

139
 scattered, and thick. There are no leaves Scrape the skin of the the sap gets
except for a few, small, linear-oblong ones stem and get the into the eyes
which are about 1 centimeter long or less, extract. Apply the
soon disappearing to leave the stems extract directly on the
smooth and cylindrical, glossy green and bites.
pencil-thick. Involucres are shortly-
stalked, clustered in the forks of the
smaller branches, small, and turbinate.

Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

Euphorbia Part/s Used: Whole Dengue Fever Treats

88. Salingkapaw hirta plant dengue fever

Description: Method of Preparation:

Decoction

140
 - An erect or prostrate annual herb with a
solid, hairy stem that produces an abundant Procedure:
white latex.The leaves are simple, Boil the entire plant.
elliptical, hairy with a finely dentate Drink the decoction
margin. Leaves occur in opposite pairs on once the temperature of
the stem. The fruit is a capsules with three the water is tolerable as
valves and produces tiny, oblong, four- much and as many
sided red seeds. It has a white or times a day as tolerated
brown taproot until dengue fever is
healed.

Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

Agathis Part/s Used: Roots, and Fatigue Relieves
89. Salong Tree
philippinensis stem/bark. fatigue.

141
Description: Method of Preparation: No side
- a large tree with a pyramidal crown and Tincture/Decoction effects
whorled branches, growing to a height of
50 to 60 meters, the trunk up to 3 meters in Procedure:
diameter with a smooth and graying bark Get 7 of each of the ff:
exuding resin found in tropical rainforests, - salong (stem)
growing from sea level to very high - Kaningag (bark)
mountainous regions where it becomes - Banag (roots)
extremely stunted. - Sibukaw (root and
Large coniferous evergreen tree with grey bark)
coloured bark. The leaves are oval and - Bulungangkahoy
broad on adult trees (stem)
- typing pula (bark and
root)
1. Soak them all
together with rhum and
then drink the resulting
liquid
2. Boil them together
and drink once it’s
cooled.

Photo by: Jamella Cafe

90. Sibukaw Caesalpinia Part/s Used: Leaves Bruises Heals

sappan bruises

142
Description: Method of Preparation: Fatigue
- A small tree with scattered spines. Leaves Poultice Relieves
are compound. Pinnae are about 20, fatigue.
opposite, and 10 to 20 centimeters long. Procedure:
Leaflets are 20 to 30, obliquely oblong to Heat the leaves over No side
oblong-rhomboid. Flowers are yellow, on the fire. Place the effects.
terminal panicles, 2 to 2.5 centimeters in heated leaves over the
diameter with densely wooly filaments. bruised body part/s.
Fruit is a hard, indehiscent, shiny pod, Once the leaves have
about 7 centimeters long, and 3.5 to 4 cooled, replace the
centimeters wide, with a hard recurved leaves with newly
beak at the upper angle heated ones as many
times as desired until
bruises heal.

Part/s Used: Roots,

skin, and stem/bark

Method of Preparation:
Tincture/Decoction

Procedure:
Get 7 of each of the ff:
- salong (stem)
- Kaningag (bark)
- Banag (roots)
- Sibukaw (root and
bark)
Photo by: Angel Clyla Amit - Bulungangkahoy
(stem)
- typing pula (bark and

143
 root)
1. Soak them all
together with rhum
then drink the resulting
liquid.
2. Boil them together
and drink once it’s
cooled.

Peperomia Part/s Used: Whole Problems with Treat

91. Sinaw-sinaw pellucida plant kidney (back problems
pain, weakness related to
Other names: Pansit-pansitan (Tagalog name), Method of Preparation: on the legs, kidney.
Decoction dysuria, has Relieves
Ulasimang bato(Tagalog name)
stone) back pain,
Procedure: weakness on
Description:
Boil all the plant parts Cough the legs,
- An erect, branched, annual herb, shallow
and drink the decoction Stomach-ache dysuria, has
rooted, reaching up to 40 centimeters high,
afterwards. stone
with very succulent stems. Stems are
round, often about 5 millimeters thick. problems
Part/s Used: Leaves
Leaves are alternate, heart-shaped and
turgid, as transparent and smooth as candle Relieves
Method of Preparation: cough and
wax. Spikes are green, erect, very slender, Infusion
1 to 6 centimeters long. Tiny dot-like stomach-
flowers scattered along solitary and leaf- ache.
Procedure: No side
opposed stalk (spike); naked; maturing Soak the leaves with
gradually from the base to the tip; turning effects
warm water. Drink the
brown when ripe resulting liquid once
the temperature of the
liquid is tolerable.

144
 Method of Preparation:
Direct Application

Procedure:
Wash the leaves and
eat directly or use the
leaves in making salads

Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

92. Sola sa kugon Imperata Part/s Used: Roots and Eruption of Helps the
cylindrica (L.) leaves teeth in infants, eruption of
Description: Raeusch fever teeth in
- The leaves are wide near the base of the Method of Preparation: infants.
plant and narrow to a sharp point at the Infusion
top; the margins are finely toothed and are Relieves
embedded with sharp silica crystals. The Procedure: fever.
main vein is a lighter colour than the rest Mix the plant parts No side
of the leaf and tends to be nearer to one with Abgaw, Busikad effects
side of the leaf. The upper surface is hairy and Bayabas. Soak
near the base of the plant while the them together with cold
water. Drink the

145
 underside is usually hairless resulting liquid after.

Photo taken:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperata_cylindrica

93. Soro-soro Euphorbia Part/s Used: Stem/bark Wounds Treats

neriifolia L. wounds
Description: Method of preparation:
- Erect cactus-like plant. The fleshy oblong Poultice
leaves are 5-15cm long. Its flowers are
short, solitary and green or pale yellow. It Procedure: Pass the
has spines and thickened stems. Cultivate plant parts through fire.
in rock gardens. Split it into half and
apply the jelly-like
substance from the
stem directly to the
wound.

146
 Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

94. Sulbaran Unknown Cures all Cures all

scientific Part/s used: Vines
Description: name
-Elongated dark green leaves with smooth Method of preparation:
edges, pointed tip, and with smooth texture liniment

Procedure: Mix it with

lana from the lone
coconut (bugtong) facing
east and with the vines of

147
 Pahuling,
Tawulian, Alibutran,
Badbaran, Pahuling
sumbalik, and Pahuling
Hilaw

Photo by: Angel Clyla Amit

Uknown Part/s Used: Stem Stomach ache Relieves

95. Tabon na hangin scientific stomach
name Method of Preparation: ache.
No Picture Direct Application
No side
Procedure: effects.
Sundry the stem and
eat the stem once dried
already.

148
96. Tagima Heptapleurum Part/s Used: Roots Body malaise Relieves
insularum See body malaise
Other name: Kalangkang (Bisaya name) m. Method of Preparation: Incontinence Stops
Description: Decoction incontinence
- A woody vine growing 2 to 6 meters or .
Procedure: Boil the
more. Leaves are palmately compound,
roots. Drink the No side
smooth, crowded at the ends of the
decoction as much and effects
branches, with 7 to 9 leaflets. Leaflets are
as many times a day as
of different sizes in the same leaf, oblong
desired until body
or oblong elliptic, 10 to 24 centimeters in
malaise subsides.
length, 3 to 8.5 centimeters wide, and upon
5- to 7-centimeter-long stalks, narrowly
Part/s Used: Leaves
pointed at the apex and pointed at the base.
Method of Preparation:
Direct Application

Procedure:
Directly apply the
leaves on the
hypogastric area.

149
 Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

97. Tagnanam Ficus Part/s Used: Leaves Headache, pasmo Relieves

pseudopalma headaches
Description: Method of Preparation: and “pasmo”
- An erect, glabrous, unbranched shrub Direct application
growing to a height of 5 meters. Leaves are
crowded at the end of the stems, spreading Procedure:
and short-petioled, oblanceolate with a Apply directly on the
cordate base and an acute apex. Blade is head part and wrap it
coriaceous and dark-green, coarsely around the head with
toothed growing to more than 25 cloth.
centimeters long. Fruit is ovoid, angular,
up to 4 centimeters long, on short
peduncles and crowded at the axils of the
leaves. The leaves and fruits leave a
pattern of scars on the trunk

150
 Photo taken:
https://lilgreenwarrior.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09
/DSCF9160-840x560.jpg?da1f2d

98. Tanglad Cymbopogon Part/s used: Leaves and Hypertension Manages

citratus bulb hypertension
Description:
- A tufted and perennial grass. The branches Method of preparation:
and branchlets somewhat nodding. Perfect Decoction
spikelets are linear-lanceolate, pointe and
not awned. Whorled arrangement, simple Procedure
structure, entire margin, green, linear- Boil the plant parts
shaped, rounded base and pointed tip together. Let it cool off
and drink decoction.
Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

151
99. Tawulian Unknown Part/s used: Vines Cures all Cures all
scientific
name Method of preparation:
Oil Extraction

Procedure: Mix it with

No Picture lana from the lone
coconut (bugtong) facing
east and with the vines of
Pahuling, Alibutran,
Sulbaran, Badbaran,
Pahuling sumbalik, and
Pahuling Hilaw

100. Tuba-tuba Jatropha Part/s Used: Leaves Panuhot, body Relieves

curcas malaise, and panuhot,
Description: Method of Preparation: stomach ache body malaise
- A drought resistant perennial shrub or Decoction and stomach
small tree that produces seeds. It grows ache
fast with little or no maintenance and Procedure: Boil the Nodules of
reaches the average height of about 3 leaves. Drink the pregnant Relieves
decoction as much and as women w/ nodules of
meters but it can grow up to 8 meters with
many times a day as prolonged labor
a wide 5 lobed leaves, 5 to 8 inches long. pregnant
desired until body
women and
malaise/panuhot.
induce
Method of Preparation: pregnancy in
Poultice late delivery.

Procedure: Heat the

leaves by passing it

152
through fire. Apply the
heated leaves over the
abdomen and secure
with cloth. Replace
with new warmed
leaves once the
previous leaves have
cooled.

Part/s Used: Skin

Method of Preparation:
Poultice

Procedure:
Scrape the stem to get
the skin. Then, place it
inside a banana leaf.
Pass it through fire and
apply on the affected
part at the body

Part/s Used: Trunk

Method of Preparation:
Poultice

Procedure #1:
Heat the trunk then
peel off the skin. Apply
the trunk in the

153
 abdomen and wrap w/
cloth for prolonged
labor

Procedure #2:
Heat the leaves and
place it directly on the
affected area.

Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

154
101. Tubo Sacchrum Part/s Used: Roots Increases blood Relieves
Officinarum sugar during hypoglycemi
Description: Linn Method of Preparation: hypoglycaemic a.
- a large, coarse and erect grass. Stems are Infusion state, cures all
solid, polished, green, yellow or purplish,
attaining a height of 1.5 to 4 meters, 2 to 5 Procedure:
centimeters thick, with long and short Soak the roots in warm
internodes. Leaves are very large and water and drink the
broad, with blades 0.9 to 1.25 meters long resulting liquid after.
and 4 to 5 centimeters wide. Panicles are
very large, white, drooping and terminal, Method of Preparation:
40 to 80 centimeters long; branches up to Direct application
35 centimeters long.
Procedure: Directly
apply the roots to the
different pulses such as
brachial pulse

155
Photo
taken:

http://wikigoviya.goviya.lk/images/f/fd/41.jpg

102. Tulog-tulog Part/s Used: Leaves Poison, Treats

Mentally poisoning,
Description: Breynia vitis- Method of preparation: unstable, Mentally
idaea Decoction unstable,
(nabuangtungodk
Procedure: aynapasmo, (nabuangtung
Boil the leaves together naligongagudugo odkaynapasm
with the leaves of ), typhoid fever; o,
dalapot, atis, and tulog- all kinds of naligongagud
(manic, ugo), typhoid
tulog. Drink the
depression, fever; all
decoction afterwards. schizophrenia) kinds of
(manic,
Method of preparation:

156
 - An erect, monoecious, slender, smooth Direct application depression,
shrub, 1.5 to 4 meters high. Bark is schizophrenia
Procedure: )
Directly apply the
leaves together with the
leaves of Duldol ihalas
and tugas himul-aw on
the abdomen

Part/s Used: Roots

Method of preparation:
Decoction

Procedure:
Boil the roots together
with roots of Duldol
ihalas and Tugas
himul-aw. Drink the
yellowish grey. Leaves are distichous, decoction three times a
elliptic to elliptic-ovate, 1 to 3 centimeters day.
long. Flowers are very small, greenish or
pink, axillary, and about 3 to 5 millimeters
in diameter. Fruit is pink, purple or dull
red, somewhat fleshy, nearly spherical,
about 5 millimeters in diameter
Photo by: Princess Gloria Macalino

103. Taypong pula Ardisia Part/s Used: Roots and Fatigue Relieves

157
 elliptica Thun stem/bark fatigue.
b.
Description: Method of Preparation: No side
- A small tree reaching a height of about 10 Tincture and Decoction effects
meters. Leaves are alternate, oblanceolate
to elliptic-oblanceolate, 6 to 15 centimeters Procedure:
long, 2 to 6 centimeters wide, and pointed Get 7 of each of the ff:
at both ends. Flowers are white or pink, - salong (stem)
fragrant, borne on compound, terminal or - Kaningag (bark)
lateral inflorescences, and about - Banag (roots)
1 centimeter in length. - Sibukaw (root and
bark)
- Bulungangkahoy
(stem)
- typong pula (bark and
root)
1. Soak them all
together with rhum
then drink the resulting
liquid
2. Boil the plant parts
together together and
drink

Photo taken:
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfscqUUUsAAOq
zv.jpg

104. Ulaba Unknown Part/s Used: Leaves Hypertension Relieves

scientific Hypertensio

158
 name Method of Preparation: n.
Decoction

Procedure: Heat the

No Picture leaves until it reaches
its boiling point. Drink
the decoction as much
and as many times a
day as desired to
manage hypertension
and to lower blood
pressure.
105. Ulchichaw Unknown Part/s Used: Leaves Fever, Relieves
scientific insomnia, and Fever,
name Method of Preparation: abdominal insomnia,
Decoction discomfort and
abdominal
Procedure: discomfort.t
No Picture Cut the tip of leaves.
Boil the leaves until the
decoction measures
half a glass. Drink the
decoction. Reuse leaves
three times.

159
Demographic Data of the Key Informants

The use of medicinal plants in the island of Siquijor is observed in various areas

utilized by different people of different ages, gender, religion, occupation, and

educational attainment as reflected on Table 5.

The study results show that the largest number of respondents (42.3%) who

utilized medicinal plants belong to age group 44-61 years old. In congruence with the

age, the marital status shows that there is 70.3% respondents who are married. At this

age, they already have their own family and have experiences in handling health

problems in the most cost-effective ways. They were selected as key informants largely

because they are more knowledgeable about the types and uses and are more capable in

the preparation of specific medicinal plants because of their age characteristic. In

addition, middle and older adults are more inclined to traditional culture. The use of

medicinal plants among the said group may be also be related to their educational status.

A large number of respondents (37.8%) have been educated until the elementary level.

Educated people tend to seek the modern pharmacologic treatments because they have

the knowledge about the scientifically proven medicines compared to traditional

medicines. In Table 5, vocational work characterized the respondents' occupations (e.g.

farmer, fisherman, and vendor) accounting for the most users of medicinal plants in the

island (45.95%) and those who have no occupation or were housewives (37.84%).

Respondents who have no work and who are vocational workers probably tend to utilize

more of the medicinal plants because of their limited financial capabilities. They spend

less if they utilize herbal medicines which are available in their immediate environment

compared to buying pharmaceutical medicines or availing medical treatments.

160
 Women comprised the majority of the respondents (67.6%). This may be because

most of them were the ones left at home to take care of the household chores while men

worked away from home. Taking care of an ill family member is one of the basic roles

of women in the Filipino family. Thereby, this position situates them to have more

knowledge about herbal medicines and its preparation.

Moreover, women respondents were more readily available compared to men. As

observed during the data gathering, women were more accommodating and friendly than

men. Collins (2012) explained that men and women display distinct personalities.

Women show more sensitivity, warmth and apprehension than men. In contrast, men are

more emotionally stable, dominant, rule-conscious, and vigilant. In addition, 1 female

and 2 males of the key informants were identified as mananambal (traditional healers)

and claimed to be guided with supernatural beings to help cure the symptoms or the

illnesses of the people. There are probably more males who were mananambals in

Siquijor province since their gender and roles allow them more capability and

opportunity to gather (pangalap) more plants in the deserted forest, wastelands and

mountains where most of the medicinal plants are usually found.

Causual interviews with respondents revealed that the use herbal plants in their

locality is widespread. This may be linked to their economic status and also to their

cultural linkage, similar to the study results of Mahomoodally (2013). Some herbal

practices history were traced back during the Spanish colonial rule where alternative

medicine in the country already existed, as claimed by key informants. This also reflects

the religion of the respondents where Roman Catholic accounts for 91.9% because of the

fact that the Spaniards aim to spread Catholicism in the Philippines. (Shirley, 2004). The

161
results show (Table 5) that 62.8% of the key informants came to know these medicinal

plants from their parents, elders, and ancestors. The tradition of the use of herbal plants

were claimed to be handed down from generation to generation, and were practiced by

their family ever since they were informed about it. They intend to continue with the said

traditional practice, if preferred by their offsprings. They believe that the efficacy of these

medications remains reliable even with the passage of time, similar to other propulation

studies by Miquiabas (2008). On the other hand, 3 out of 37 key informants (6.97%)

claimed to be guided with “supernatural beings” that taught them how to use these

medicinal plants to cure the symptoms of specific conditions. Miquiabas (2008) discussed

that there are residents in the Island of Siquijor who are believed to be chosen by certain

saints and supernatural being to do the mission of healing in order to help the people

attain well-being.

Table 5: Socio-Demographic Data of the Key Informants

Classification Number of Percentage

Respondents (n=37)
26-43 8 21.6
Age 44-61 16 43.2
62-79 10 27
80-96 3 8.2
Male 12 32.4
Gender Female 25 67.6
Single 6 16.2
Married 26 70.3
Marital Status Widow 5 13.5
Roman Catholic 34 91.9
Religion
Non- Roman Catholic 3 8.1
Occupation Vocational 17 45.95
Professional 6 16.22
None 14 37.84
Educational Elementary Level 14 37.8
Attainment High School Level 11 29.7

162
 College Level 11 29.7
None 1 2.7
Elders/Parents/Ancestors 27 73
Self-learning with assistance 3 8.1
from supernatural being
5 13.5
Sources of Neighbors /Friends
knowledge about Research/Book 6 16.25
medicinal plants
Social Media 1 2.7
(Multiple Health Care Worker 1 2.7
Responses)

Distribution of Medicinal Plants

Based on the data gathered (Table 6), the top 3 medicinal plants commonly used

in Siquijor, are distributed in the coastal and upland areas. They are commonly used by

residents and their popularity of use are as follows: Coastal: atis (1st), dalapot (2nd), and

escoba, oregano, salingkapaw (3rd); Upland: dalapot (1st), escoba (2nd), and atis.

Atis, the most common medicinal plant in the coastal area, grows favorably in humid

tropical and subtropical lowlands below 1000-1200m altitude. It is not demanding in its

soil requirement since it can withstand infertile, sandy, and limestone soil so long as it is

well drained. Also, it prefers slightly acidic soil conditions with a pH of 5.5-6.5 and can

tolerate mild salinity. Just like in other countries such as Mexico, Brazil and in Central

America, atis is found in the lowlands in a naturalized or wild state (Datiles & Acevedo-

Rodriquez, 2015). This may explain why atis is abundant in the coastal areas of Siquijor

since the climate condition suits the growth of such plant. However, atis also ranks third

in the upland areas. This is probably because it can also flourish in 1066m above sea

level (Morton, J., 1987). Also, it has been found that atis grows well in areas with

temperatures of 10-30C and soils of pH level 7-8 (How to grow sugar apple, 2017). It is

163
evident in the upland areas of Siquijor that there is a much cooler temperature and the soil

pH level is more alkaline than that of the coastal areas.

Dalapot is an aromatic shrub that grows wild in the tropical climate countries such as

Philippines, India, Africa, and even in Eastern Himalayas. According to Arseniuk (2016),

dalapot is abundant in upland areas since it grows at elevations up to 2200m above sea

level. Furthermore, the plant grows on forest edges but it hardly tolerates shade, and the

less sun it has the less aromatic the leaves are. The plant can cope well with extreme

heat, scourging sun and can even resist long term drought. Dalapot also ranked

second in the coastal areas because some people in Siqujor cultivate this plant for

home use wherein they reproduce it by stem planting. Also, this plant grows

everywhere in Siquijor as long as the climate and location can sustain its growth

according to most locals in the island.

Escoba ranked third in the coastal areas and second on the upland areas because

this plant is a very common weed that grows in the Philippines. These plants also grow in

pantropic places where it will be found throughout the tropical regions (Stuart, n.d.).

Each of its parts is very useful in relieving common pains that usually people in Siquijor

experiences. This plant is wild-crafted that the practice of harvesting it, mainly from their

natural or wild habitat that made it very accessible when the people need it the most and

due to economic status, that the people cannot afford the hospitalization. In the upland

areas they grow everywhere and people of Siquijor as they identify the plants uses, they

let them grow it freely in its wildness.

There was a higher frequency of identification of medicinal plants by key

informants in coastal areas (185) as compared that of upland areas (153) as seen in Figure

164
2. With the presumption that there was more or less equal number of respondents in both

areas, the difference in frequency of identification of medicinal plants may be attributed

to wider variety of plant types or the popularity of certain types of plants among

respondents in the coastal areas.

Table 6: Medicinal Plants Location

Frequency of use Frequency of use

of Medicinal of Medicinal
Plants in the Plants in the
Total
Medicinal Plant Coastal Area as Upland Area as
claimed by claimed by
Respondents Respondents
1. Atis 14 8 22
2. Dalapot/Gabon/Sambong 8 12 20
3. EscobangManyawis 7 9 16
/Escoba/Escobang
pungkol/Escobang Silhig
4. Oregano 7 5 12
5. Ginger / tapol na luy-a 6 5 11
6. Salingkapaw 7 3 10
7. Banana/Saging/Saging 3 5 8
Bulungan(Green)/Saging
Tunday(Yellow)/Saging Tundan
8. Bayabas 6 2 8
9. Gapas 5 3 8
10. Busikad 6 1 7
11. Gumamela/Antulanga 3 4 7
12. Horse radish 3 4 7
/Kalamunggay/Malunggay
13. Mayana 3 4 7
14. Panyawan 4 3 7
15. Avocado 5 1 6
16. Kanding-kanding 4 2 6
17. Kukog Banog 1 5 6
18. Abgaw 3 2 5
19. Gmelina 2 3 5
20. Lagundi 1 4 5
21. Banaba 2 2 4
22. Caimito/Star Apple 3 1 4
23. Hagonoy 1 3 4
24. Labano/ Labanos 2 2 4
25. Labnog 3 1 4
26. Papaya / Papaya na laki 2 2 4
27. Tanglad 2 2 4
28. Tuba-tuba 2 2 4

165
 29. Aluloy 3 3
30. Biga na tapol 1 2 3
31. Bulungang kahoy 3 3
32. Buyo 2 1 3
33. Cacao 3 3
34. Coconut/Pula na Lubi/Lambi 2 1 3
35. Halum 3 3
36. Kaningag 1 2 3
37. Lagay-lagay sa amo 2 1 3
38. Lomboy 2 1 3
39. Magamay/ magamay na kahoy 3 3
40. Mansanitas 1 2 3
41. Sibukaw 3 3
42. Sinaw-sinaw 1 2 3
43. Sola sa kugon 1 2 3
44. Alagasi 1 1 2
45. Banag 2 2
46. Buli 2 2

47. Ginseng 2 2
48. Hambilica 1 1 2
49. Handal-usa 2 2
50. Narra 2 2
51. Noog-noog 2 2
52. Pahuling Hilaw 1 1 2
53. Pisaw-pisaw 1 1 2
54. Salong tree 1 1 2
55. Tagima 2 2
56. Tulog-Tulog 2 2
57. Alangitngit 1 1
58. Alibotbot 1 1
59. Alibungog 1 1
60. Alibutran 1 1
61. Aloe vera 1 1
62. Ampalaya 1 1
63. Ampyun na pungko 1 1
64. Balagong tangina 1 1
65. Bangkuro 1 1
66. Banlot-banlot 1 1
67. Bila-bila 1 1
68. Bulubalitnong 1 1

69. Chestnut 1 1
70. Chinese tea 1 1
71. Dalupang 1 1
72. Duldol Ihalas 1 1
73. Eucalyptus 1 1
74. Ganda 1 1
75. Garlic 1 1

166
 76. Gynura 1 1
77. Hambalanting pula 1 1
78. Handa alimukon 1 1
79. Hibi-hibi 1 1
80. Hilbas 1 1
81. Hinagdong 1 1
82. Iba 1 1
83. Insulin 1 1
84. Kalabutigre 1 1
85. Kalamansi 1 1
86. Kulinos 1 1
87. Malagapas 1 1
88. Mango 1 1
89. Manunggal 1 1
90. Marbas 1 1
91. Pahuling 1 1
92. Pahuling balagon 1 1
93. Pahuling Sumbalik 1 1
94. Pilipog 1 1
95. Pisik 1 1
96. Pobreng kahoy/Gusu-gusu 1 1
97. Soro-soro 1 1
98. Sulbaran 1 1
99. Tabon hangin 1 1
100. Tagnanam 1 1
101. Tawulian 1 1
102. Tubo 1 1
103. Typong pula 1 1
104. Ulaba 1 1
105. Ulchichaw 1 1

Upland Areas 151

Coastal Areas 184

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Frequency of Identification of Medicinal Plants

Figure 2: Frequency of identification of medicinal plants used among respondents in

upland and coastal areas

167
Plant Parts used for Medicinal Plants in the Upland and Coastal Areas of Siquijor
Island

Among the plant parts used by the respondents, the most frequently reported was

the use of leaves (70), followed by roots (35), stem/bark (24), and flowers (4). Other

plant parts reported to be used were bulbs (3), fruits (10), skin (7), and vines (10) (See

Figure 3). On the other hand, palwa (the long hard midrib of a leaf) (2), seeds (1), and

stalks (1) were found to be used less frequently (Figure 3).

Medicinal Plant Parts Used

80 70
# of Medicinal Plants

60
40 35
24
20 3 4 10 7 10 Medicinal Plant Parts Used
2 1 1
0
lb er its es rib ts ds in lk rk es
Bu low Fru eav id Roo See Sk Sta /Ba Vin
F L M
em
St
Plant Parts

Figure 3: Number of the medicinal plant parts used

The use of leaves are said to pose the least damage to the plant, unlike using other

parts such (e.g. roots, and barks) since leaves readily grow back or are replaced by other

leaves once they are removed. A study reported that frequent harvesting of roots and

barks can kill the plants being harvested (Chinsembu and Hedimbi, 2010). With this,

traditional healers were advised to use plant leaves to maintain the plants’ sustainability.

This study contradicts Kamatenesi, et. al. (2011) who found that roots were most

commonly harvested for medicinal purposes. Another probable cause for the frequent

use of leaves as compared to other parts is their abundance in plants. In most cases, they

are also readily available, easily accessed and harvested due to their capacity to

168
regenerate. Furthermore, the process of photosynthesis in leaves allow them to

manufacture and store many chemical compounds. For this, as compared to other parts,

leaves of plants have been reported to accumulate more alkaloids, tannins, coumarines,

flavonoids, essential oils and inulins, which may be responsible for the medicinal

properties of medicinal plants (Okoegwale and Omefezi 2001).

On the other hand, roots came in second as the most frequently ued part for

medicinal plant preparation Roots ar frequently used as liniments. Because they are thick

and extracting chemicals from them are relatively difficult, they are usually cut into small

pieces for methods of liniment or infuion.

Preparation of the Medicinal Plants in the Upland and Coastal Areas of Siquijor
Island

Based on the findings of the survey (Figure 4) in the coastal and upland barangays

in six different municipalities in Siquijor Island, decoction is the most common (cited 50

times) method of preparation used. According to our key informants they have learned

about this method from their ancestors. According to research the knowledge on

decoctions have been used for several years as a means of delivering oral doses of herbs

(Bone & Mills, 2013). Chinese healers also used decoctions since it has favourable

qualities which include quick absorption, favourable therapeutic outcomes and minimal

toxic side effects. The second most commonly used method according to our findings is

direct application (cited 33 times). The key informants have narrated about directly

applying the plant part to the affected area itself. If the cause of the illness is internal the

plant part is applied on the superficial part of the affected area. This is similar to a study

done in Zimbabwe wherein herbal medications were applied directly through bathing,

massage and lotions. (Maroyi, 2013).

169
 60
No of Medicinal Plants

40
20 50
29 21 33
13 16
0 1 1 2
n ct on en
t ls re n
re
d ce
ct
io tra si Oi tu tio de ul
ti
co Ex nfu ni
m
in
c
li ca w o
De
I Li T pp Po
P
t A
c
re
Di

Types of Preparations

Figure 4: Number of Medicinal plants used in each preparation

Another commonly used method of preparation is extraction (cited 29 times). The

use of extraction may be linked to the mechanical extraction of chemical properties of

plants through extraction of their juices. On the other hand, another method used

commonly is infusion (cited 21 times), in which according to the key informants has two

ways of preparation which is hot and cold.. This may apply methods of chemical

extraction of chemicals from plants. This method may also be applied to oils and

liniments.

Indications of the Medicinal Plants used in the Upland and Coastal Areas of
Siquijor Island

The results showed that the plants were used to treat conditions involving mostly

the gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and respiratory system (see Table 7). The most

common reported manifestations were hyperacidity, panuhot, stomach ache, back pain,

cough and colds. Most of these conditions are considered as minor and that they easily

170
resolve overtime with rest. With the use of herbal remedies, these are relieved maybe

because of the soothing effect of the additional massage therapy they provide together

with the oil/liniment. Massage therapy can enhance circulation of the blood and activates

relaxation response that decreases stress. (Fritz, 2008). Unlike other conditions where it

needs prompt medical treatment (e.g. difficulty urinating) they tend to seek hospital care.

But with the costly demand of their condition, they go back to alternative treatments like

the traditional medicine.

Table 7: Frequency of medicinal plants used in treating ailments of different systems

involved
Systems
Involved and Medicinal Plants Used
Associated
Ailments Frequency
Name of Plants Used
Used
Dalapot 6
Respiratory Escobang Magyawis/Escoba/ 5
Escobang Pungkol/Escobang Silhig
Associated Oregano 4
Ailments: Sore Lagay-lagay sa amo 3
throat, Cough, Lagundi 3
Abgaw 2
Atis 2
Ginger/tapol na luy-a 2
Halum/Halum pula 2
Alibutran 1
Avocado 1
Badbaran 1
Bayabas 1
Biga na Tapol 1
Bila bila 1
Busikad 1
Buyo 1
Dulaw/Turmeric 1
Gapas 1
Hilbas 1
Kukog Banog 1
Magamay/Magamay nga Kahoy 1
Mango 1

171
 Mansanitas 1
Pahuling 1
Pahuling Hilaw 1
Pahuling Sumbalik 1
Pobreng Kahoy/Gusu-gusu 1
Salingkapaw 1
Sulbaran 1
Sinaw sinaw 1
Tawulian 1

Atis 9
Gastrointestinal Escobang Manyawis/Escoba/Escobang 7
Pungko/Escobang Silhig
Associated
Bayabas 6
Ailments:
Teething pain, Avocado 4
tooth ache, Caimito 4
mouth sores, Dalapot/Gabon/Sambong 3
poison, stomach Kukog Banog 3
ache, GIT ulcers,
panuhot, Mejana Kujanap/miyanang kuyanap 3
hyperacidity, Tuba-tuba 3
diarrihea or Abgaw 2
LBM, typhoid Biga na tapol 2
fever, loss of
Busikad 2
appetite,
abdominal Ginger 2
discomfort, Magamay/Magamay nga kahoy 2
parasites in the Mayana 2
stomach, Pahuling Hilaw 2
abdominal
bloating, pasmo
Salingkapaw 2
Salong 2
Alagasi 1
Alangitngit 1
Aloe vera 1
Alibotbot 1
Alibutran 1
Hambilica 1
Ampyun na pungko 1
Badbaran 1
Banlo-banlo 1
Bila-bila 1
Bulubalitnong 1
Bulungang kahoy 1
Cacao 1

172
 Coconut/Pula na Lubi/Lambi 1
Dalakit nga Lumbuyon 1
Dulaw/Turmeric 1
Eucalyptus 1
Ganda 1
Gapas 1
Ginseng 1
Hagunoy 1
Halum/Halum na pula 1
Hambalangting pula 1
Handa alimukon 1
Hilbas 1
Kanding-kanding 1
Kaningag 1
Kulinos 1
Labnog 1
Lagundi 1
Libanos 1
Malagapas 1
Manunggal 1
Marbas 1
Noog -noog 1
Pahuling 1
Pahuling Sumbalik 1
Panyawan 1
Sulbaran 1
Sambong 1
Sibukaw 1
Sinamon 1
Sinaw sinaw 1
Sola sa kugon 1
Talimughat 1
Tawulian 1
Tulog-tulog 1
Typong Pula 1
Ulchichaw 1
Atis 8
Musculoskeletal Escobang Manyawis/Escoba/Escobang 7
Pungkol/Escobang Silhig
Associated
Kanding-kanding 4
Ailments:
panuhot, muscle Gmelina 3
pain, body Ginger 3

173
malaise, body Magamay/Magamay nga Kahoy 3
pains, fatigue, Panyawan 3
postpartum body
Banana/ Saging/Saging Bulungan(Green)/Saging 3
malaise, sprain,
strain, fracture, Tunday(Yellow)/Saging Tundan
arthritis, pelvic Talimughat 3
pain, edema Mejana Kujanap/Miyanang Kuyanap 2
Pahuling Hilaw 2
Sinaw-sinaw 2
Tanglad 2
Tuba-tuba 2
Dalapot/Gabon/Sambong 2
Bulungang Kahoy 2
Halum/Halum na pula 2
Kukog Banog 2
Lagundi 2
Abgaw 1
Alibutran 1
Ampalaya 1
Badbaran 1
Banaba 1
Bangkuro 1
Biga na tapol 1
Balagong Tangina 1
Bila-bila 1
Buli 1
Busikad 1
Buyo 1
Chestnut 1
Dalakit nga Lumbuyon 1
Gapas 1
Ginseng 1
Gumamela/Antulanga 1
Handa alimukon 1
Horse Radish/Kalamunggay/Malunggay 1
Kaningag 1
Kulinos 1
Lambi 1
Libanos 1
Malawmaw 1
Manunggal 1
Mayana 1
Pahuling 1

174
 Pahuling Sumbalik 1
Pisaw-pisaw 1
Sulbaran 1
Tagima 1
Tawulian 1

Busikad 3
Immune Eskubang Manyawis/Eskuba/Escobang 3
Pungkol/Escobang Silhig
Associated Dulaw/Turmeric 2
Ailments: fever, Gumamela/Antulanga 2
cancer, nodules, Kukog Banog 2
nodules in the Oregano 2
back of pregnant Salingkapaw 2
women, Abgaw 1
inflamed body
Alibungog 1
parts, tumor,
Alibutran 1
infection,
Aluloy 1
dengue fever
Atis 1
Badbaran 1
Biga na tapol 1
Balagong tangina 1
Bila-bila 1
Dalapot/Gabon/Sambong 1
Gapas 1
Gmelina 1
Halum/Halum na pula 1
Lagundi 1
Lumboy 1
Mango 1
Mayana 1
Mejana Kujanap/Miyanang Kuyanap 1
Pahuling 1
Pahuling Hilaw 1
Pahuling Sumbalik 1
Papaya/Papaya na Laki 1
Pilipog 1
Pisik 1
Banana/Saging/Saging Bulungan(Green)/Saging 1
Tunday(Yellow)/Saging Tundan
Salong 1
Sulbaran 1
Sibukaw 1
Sinamon 1

175
 Sinaw sinaw 1
Tawulian 1
Ulchichaw 1
Escobang Manyawis/Escoba/Escobang 2
Mental Pungkol/Escobang Silhig
Alibutran 1
Associated Badbaran 1
Ailments:
Mental illness,
Biga na Tapol 1
alcohol Bila-bila 1
intoxication, Bulanti na Pula 1
mental instability Busikad 1
from pasmo and Buyo 1
bathing during
menstruation, all Coconut/Pula na Lubi/Lambi 1
mental problems Duldol Ihalas 1
(eg. manic, Halum/Halum na Pula 1
depression, Kukog Banog 1
schizophrenia),
Lagbnog 1
headache,
insomnia Pahuling 1
Pahuling Hilaw 1
Pahuling Sumbalik 1
Sulbaran 1
Sinaw sinaw 1
Tawulian 1
Tulog-tulog 1
Tugas Himul-aw 1
Ulchichaw 1
Escobang Manyawis/ Escoba/ 2
Sensory Organ Escobang Pungkol/Escobang Silhig
System Panyawan 2
Alibutran 1
Associated
Badbaran 1
Ailments:
Tingling Biga na tapol 1
sensations Bila bila 1
Busikad 1
Dalapot/Gabon/ Sambong 1
Halum/Halum pula 1
Mansanitas 1
Noog noog 1
Pahuling 1
PahulingHilaw 1
PahulingSumbalik 1
Sulbaran 1

176
 Sinaw sinaw 1
Tawulian 1
Genito-Urinary Banaba 2
Escobang Manyawis/ Escoba/ Escobang 2
Associated Pungkol/Escobang Silhig
Ailments: Ginger/tapol na luy-a 2
kidney
Badbaran 1
problems,
painful Biga na tapol 1
urination, Bila bila 1
difficulty Busikad 1
urinating, Halum/Halum pula 1
incontinence Hibi hibi 1
Labnog 1
Magamay/Magamay nga kahoy 1
Narra 1
Pahuling 1
PahulingHilaw 1
Pahuling Sumbalik 1
Salingkapaw 1
Sulbaran 1
Sibukaw 1
Sinaw-sinaw 1
Tabon Hangin 1
Tanglad 1
Tawulian 1
EscobangManyawis/ Escoba/ Escobang 2
Endocrine Pungkol/Escobang Silhig
Alibutran 1
Associated Badbaran 1
Ailments:
Biga na tapol 1
Diabetes
Mellitus, goiter, Bila bila 1
hepatitis, Busikad 1
general Chinese Tea 1
intoxication Gumamela/Antulanga 1
Halum/Halum pula 1
Handalusa 1
Insulin 1
Horse Radish/Kalamunggay/ Malunggay 1
Kukog Banog 1
Labano/Labanos 1
Labnog 1
Noog noog 1

177
 Pahuling 1
Pahuling Hilaw 1
Pahuling Sumbalik 1
Sulbaran 1
Sinaw sinaw 1
Tawulian 1
Tubo 1
Panyawan 5
Integumentary Gumamela 5
Horse Radish 3
Associated Dulaw/Turmeric 2
Ailments:
EscobangManyawis/ Escoba/ Escobang 2
wounds
Pungkol/Escobang Silhig
(general,
inflamed, Hagunoy 2
infected), hives, Lumboy 2
furuncle, dog Banana/ Saging/ Saging (Bulungang - green)/ 2
bites, snake SagingTunday (yellow)/ SagingTundan
bites, bruises Sinaw-sinaw 2
Aloe vera 1
Alibutran 1
Badbaran 1
Biga na tapol 1
Bila-bila 1
Busikad 1
Cacao 1
Dalupang 1
Ginseng 1
Halum/Halum pula 1
Hambilika 1
Hinagdong 1
Kalabutigre 1
Kanding Kanding 1
Libanos 1
Malagapas 1
Mayana 1
Pahuling 1
Pahauling Balagon 1
Pahuling Hilaw 1
Pahuling Sumbalik 1
Papaya/ Papaya na laki 1
Pisaw-pisaw 1
Sibukaw 1

178
 Sulbaran 1
Tawulian 1
Zoro-Zoro 1
EscobangManyawis/ Escoba/ Escobang 2
Cardiovascular Pungkol/Escobang Silhig
Oregano 2
Associated Sola sa kugon 2
Ailments: Alibutran 1
hypertension, Ashitaba/Gaynora 1
varicose veins Badbaran 1
Biga na tapol 1
Bila bila 1
Busikad 1
Buyo 1
Chinese Tea 1
Halum/Halum pula 1
Handalusa 1
Insulin 1
Labano/Labanos 1
Labnog 1
Libanos 1
Pahuling 1
Pahuling Hilaw 1
Pahuling Sumbalik 1
Panyawan 1
Papaya/ Papaya na laki 1
Sulbaran 1
Sinaw-sinaw 1
Tawulian 1
Ulaba 1
Escobang Manyawis/Escoba/Escobang 3
Reproductive Pungkol/Escobang Silhig
Alibutran 1
Associated Aluloy 1
Ailments: Badbaran 1
Discomforts in Banag 1
pregnancy Biga na Tapol 1
Bila-bila 1
Busikad 1
Gapas 1
Halum/Halum na Pula 1
Kalamansi 1
Pahuling 1
Pahuling Hilaw 1

179
 Pahuling Sumbalik 1
Sulbaran 1
Sinaw-sinaw 1
Talimughat 1
It is also noteworthy that, from the data gathered, some Department of Health (DOH)

identified medicinal plants were used by the locals, such as lagundi, sambong (dalapot),

ampalaya, bayabas, and ulasimang bato (sinaw-sinaw). Although used, it is noticeable

that some of the medicinal plants used by Siquijor people do not have the same

indications as those stated in the medicinal plants identified by the DOH. For example,

according to DOH, bawang is used to lower cholesterol levels, while in Siquijor it is used

to treat hypertension.

Among these plants, only sambong (dalapot) is frequently used, while the other

medicinal plants cited by the DOH and used in Siquijor were not popularly identified by

the key informants. On the other hand, tsaang gubat, yeba buena, akapulco, and niyug-

niyogan were not identified at all. This difference in frequency of use of medicinal plants

identified by DOH may be attributed to the difference in the availability of the said

plants. Those plants with increased identification by the natives may be more accessible

in the said island, while those infrequently identified may be unavailabile in the localities

of Siquijor island. Another reason for the low identification of the said plants may be

because the Siquijor locals have no knowledge of these plants. Also, information about

these plants may not be properly dissiminated in throughout the province. On the other

hand, if information was dissiminated, locals may have still chosen to patronize the

medicinal plants recommended by their traditional healers. In addition, the low use of

some DOH plants may be because the people of Siquijor do not experience the ailments

indicated by the said plants. Furthermore, another probable reason for those plants may

180
be because the Siquijor people have high respect towards the elders of the island. With

these, they may be more inclined to and practice their own culture, that of which they

have already established as reliable and effective.

Perceived Effects from Using Medicinal Plants

According to the data gathered from the survey done in Siquijor Island majority

of the key informants claimed that the medicinal plants have helped alleviate the

symptoms of their ailments and some even believed that they were cured (See Table 7,

page 162). Although no concrete evidence on the effects of the chemical components of

many of these plants are established, it could be assumed that certain chemical properties

from the plants have caused their healing effects on the the ailments indicated.

Furthermore, the effects may also be due to placebo effect. The knowledge on

medicinal plants were said to be passed on from generations and ancestors and spread

through words by mouth. With this, people may possibly believe that these medicinal

plants are effective because of the claims of others. As reported in the NBC News (2009),

placebo effect can make people feel better because they believe and expect it to make

them feel better. This is possible since our mind has the ability to alter physical

symptoms like pain, anxiety and fatigue.

Most of the key informants claimed that medicinal plants have no adverse effects

since it is “natural”. According to a Thai study (Lanini, J., et. al., 2011) since herbs are

natural there are no chemicals, therefore there are no risks associated. In contrast, these

medicinal plants may present with side effects and adverse reactions but it is possible that

users of these plants in Siquijor Island have failed to recognize them since they have the

notion that medicinal plants are herbal and natural, thus they have no side effects. To add

181
to this, they may have experienced the side effects but have failed to attribute the

symptoms to the use of the medicinal plants. Also, in line with the Health Belief Model,

(Glanz & Bishop, 2010), it is probable that Siquijor people gave more importance and

focus on the relief of symptoms of their ailments and gave little to no importance on the

side effects that came with using medicinal plants. An example is the controversy of noni

juice. Noni juice was claimed to cure almost all ailments. In fact, it has been recognized

by the European Union as a novel food (O’Mathuna, 2009). According to O’Mathuna’s

news article (2009), no side effects were reported by those being monitored while taking

the said juice but there had been a small number of cases who reported liver problems

after drinking non juice daily for several weeks. However, the effects of noni juice on the

liver had never been proven. Chua (n.d.) claimed that noni juice had no scientific

evidence on the claims of the juice, and that effects of the juice were not scientifically

substantiated and were mere testimonial and anecdotal.

Limitations of the Study

The study acknowledges some limitations which may be general extraneous

influences and considerations in the data collection and analysis. Firstly, there is a

likelihood of a Key Informant’s limited ability to recall, identify or fully explain the uses,

preparations and perceived effects of the medical plants in the area. Secondly, “perceived

effects” are subjective in nature and may entail further validation by future researchers.

182
 Chapter V
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

Summary

This study aided in broadening knowledge on the medicinal plants used in

Siquijor Island. The reserchers interviewed a total of 37 key informants from both upland

and coastal areas, within the area’s 6 municipalities. From the study, majority of

medicinal plant use were traced back to contemporary healing methods. These methods,

as found, were passed on and practiced by their parents and/or grandparents in their

homes.

Through the study, 105 medicinal plants used by the Siquijor people were

identified. The plant parts utilized, their uses, preparations, and perceived effects were

studied on and presented as well. It was found that the most frequently used plant parts

were leaves. Also, majority of the indications were found to be those affecting the

gastrointestinal system, and the most frequently used method of preparation is decoction.

Almost all key informants also claimed to be relieved from ailments without underlying

side effects after using the medicinal plants.

Conclusions

Based on the data gathered, the following are the derived conclusions:

There were 105 medicinal plants recorded to be used by people living in the

Island of Siquijor. It ranged from different plant types, which include shrubs, herbs, trees,

weeds and even ornamental plants. Through the interviewing 37 key informants, it was

found that different plant parts of a single plant can be used used to treat various

ailments. These plant parts identified were leaves, stem, bark, stalk, root, bulb, flower and

183
fruit. Also, a single medicinal plant was able to provide various perceived effects. Some

plants were even believed to have the capacity to “heal all ailments.”

Herbal plant preparations ranged from using one plant alone or by mixing a

number of plants in a decoction or liniment. Preparations of medicinal plants involved

decoction, extraction, infusion, liniment, oils, ointment, syrup, tincture, direct application,

powedered, and eating/chewing.

Most of these medicinal plants were believed to have no side effects because they

are, as key informants claimed, “herbal and natural.” In contrast, some also identified

adverse effects that only manifest if the preparation instructions, prescribed dose, and/or

frequency of usage is not followed.

Recommendation

The researchers recommend that the results of the study be submitted to the

Agriculture office, DOH, and Silliman University College of nursing to contribute to the

existing database of medicinal plants. They also recommend further research to

determine the scientific names and biochemical properties of the plants. These

prospective studies can enhance the capacity of communities for identification of

pharmaceutical products which are efficient and cost effective.

184
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189
 Appendices
Appendix A: Transmittal Letter
Letter to the Mayor for permission to conduct the study

REQUEST FOR PERMISSION TO CONDUCT RESEARCH STUDY

March 11, 2017

HON. GEROLD V. PAL-ING

Mayor of Enrique Villanueva
Municipality of Enrique Vilanueva
Siquijor

Dear Sir,

Good Day!

We are third year nursing students from Silliman University College of Nursing. We would like
to ask permission from your good office to conduct our research at your municipality. The title
of our study is “Medicinal Plants in Siquijor Island: Types, Uses, Preparation, and
Perceived Effects”. This study will get data through participant interview and direct observation
of herbal plants.

We assure you that ethical considerations will be observed in the course of the study for the
protection of the participants. Data from this study will also remain confidential and the result
may be supplied to your office, should it be required.
Your positive approval to this letter will greatly be appreciated. We will follow up your
response with an email next week. Should you have any further questions about this study you
may direct them to Mr. Don Asdillo at 0916-422-1065 or through email at
[email protected].

Thank You.

Sincerely,

Don Dherick Asdillo

Leader of the research team

Endorsed by:

Dr. THERESA A. GUINO-O DR. EVALYN E. ABALOS

Research Adviser Dean, SillimanUniversity College of Nursing

190
Letter to Local Provincial Agriculturist for expert help in identifying the scientific names of
medicinal plants.

March 11, 2017

DR. RAMON A. TAROC

Provincial Agriculturist
Municipalities of Helen and Larena
Siquijor

Dear Sir,

We are third year nursing students from Silliman University College of Nursing. We are
conducting a research the title “Medicinal Plants in Siquijor Island: Types, Uses,
Preparation, and Perceived Effects”. In connection with this, we would like to ask for your
expert opinion in identifying/validating the scientific names for the particular medicinal plant
and plant parts that we have identified through ocular survey.

We will greatly appreciate your assistance and support in this research endeavour.
We will follow you up with an email next week. Should you have any further questions about
this study you may directly talk to Don Dherick Asdillo at 0916-422-1065 or through email at
[email protected].

Sincerely,

Don Dherick Asdillo

Leader of the research team

Endorsed by:

Dr. THERESA A. GUINO-O DR. EVALYN E. ABALOS

Research Adviser Dean, Silliman University
College of Nursing

191
Appendix B: Research Instrument
Questionnaire for Research on Medicinal Plants in Siquijor Island (English Version)

Instructions: Please answer the following questions by putting a check (√) on the appropriate
boxes and write your answers on the space provided.

1. Age ________
2. Gender:
Male Female
3. Marital Status:
Single
Married
Others (Separated/Widowed)
4. Religion:
Roman Catholic
Protestant
Others: Please Specify: ______________
5. Occupation: _____________
6. Highest educational attainment:
Elementary level College level
High school level others: Please Specify: ______________
7. Did you ever use medicinal plants to treat any personal disease condition or recommend it to
another person for the same purpose?
Yes (If yes, proceed to number 8) No (If no, return this questionnaire)
8.What is/are the name(s) of medicinal plant/s and their uses?
MP 1 MP 2- uses MP 3- uses MP 4- uses MP 5- uses
Name: Name: Name: Name: Name:

Use: Use: Use: Use: Use:

9. Please describe how you came to know, use or recommend these medicinal plants for.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
10. What part of the medicinal plants do you use and how do you collect this?

192
 Roots Fruits Stem/Bark
Skin Leaves Skin Flower
Herbal plant 1 Describe the method of collection:

Roots Fruits Stem/Bark

Skin Leaves Skin Flower
Herbal plant 2 Describe the method of collection:

Roots Fruits Stem/Bark

Skin Leaves Skin Flower
Herbal plant 3 Describe the method of collection:

Roots Fruits Stem/Bark

Skin Leaves Skin Flower
Describe the method of collection:
Herbal plant 4

Roots Fruits Stem/Bark

Skin Leaves Skin Flower
Herbal plant 5 Describe the method of collection:

11. What is the method of preparation of the medicinal plants you are using?

Decoction Extract Infusion Liniment

Oils Ointment Syrup Tincture
Herbal plant 1
Describe the specific steps in preparation:

193
 Decoction Extract Infusion Liniment
Oils Ointment Syrup Tincture

Herbal plant 2 Describe the specific steps in preparation:

Decoction Extract Infusion Liniment

Oils Ointment Syrup Tincture

Herbal plant 3 Describe the specific steps in preparation:

Decoction Extract Infusion Liniment

Oils Ointment Syrup Tincture

Herbal plant 4 Describe the specific steps in preparation:

Decoction Extract Infusion Liniment

Oils Ointment Syrup Tincture
Herbal plant 5
Describe the specific steps in preparation:

12. What are your perceived effects of these medicinal plants?

Good effects Bad effects

194
Questionnaire for Research on Medicinal Plants in Siquijor Island (Cebuano Version)

Pamaagi: Palihog ug tubag sa mga pangutana. Palihog butangi ug tsek (√ ) ang kahon sa ubos ug
palihog isulat ang tubag sa blanko nga makita.

1. Edad: ________
2. Kinatawhan:
Lalaki Babayi
3. Estado sa kaminyoon:
Tagsa-anon
Minyo
Laing Tubag: ( Bulag/Balo)
4. Relihiyon:
Katoliko
Protestante
Laing Tubag: Palihog ug bungat: ______________
5. Trabaho: _____________
6. Kinatas-ang nakab-ot sa pag-eskwela :
Nakatongtong sa elementarya Nakatongtong sa kolehiyo
Nakatongtong sa hayskul Laing tubag: Palihog ug bungat: ______________
7. Nakasulay na ba ka ug gamit ug herbal nga tambal sa pag ayo sa imong sakit o imong gisugyot
nga gamiton sa laing tawo?
Oo (Kung oo, palihog padayon sa number 8) Wala (Kung wala, palihog uli sa papel)
8.Unsay pangalan sa herbal nga tambal nga imo gigamit ug para asa man kini?
HT 1 - HT 2- gamit HT 3- gamit HT 4- gamit HT 5- gamit
Pangalan: Pangalan: Pangalan: Pangalan: Pangalan:

Gamit: Gamit: Gamit: Gamit: Gamit:

9. Palihog sa pagsaysay kung giunsa nimo pagkahibalo ang kabahin sa herbal nga tambal, ang
iyang paggamit, ug asa nimo kini pwede ikarekomendar?
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

195
10. Unsang parte sa herbal nga tanom ang imong gigamit ug giunsa nimo kini pagkolekta?
Gamut Prutas Sanga
Dahon Panit Bulak
Herbal plant 1 Isaysay ang pamaagi sa pagkolekta o pagkuha:

Gamut Prutas Sanga

Dahon Panit Bulak
Herbal plant 2 Isaysay ang pamaagi sa pagkolekta o pagkuha:

Gamut Prutas Sanga

Dahon Panit Bulak
Herbal plant 3 Isaysay ang pamaagi sa pagkolekta o pagkuha:

Gamut Prutas Sanga

Dahon Panit Bulak
Isaysay ang pamaagi sa pagkolekta o pagkuha:
Herbal plant 4

Gamut Prutas Sanga

Dahon Panit Bulak
Herbal plant 5 Isaysay ang pamaagi sa pagkolekta o pagkuha:

11. Unsang pamaagi sa pag preparar sa maong herbal nga tanom?

Pinabukalan Pinahubsan Tsaa Haplas
Lana Ointment Sirup Tintura

Herbal plant 1 Laing Pamaagi: Palihog isaysay ang pamaagi sa pagkuha:

Herbal plant 2 Pinabukalan Pinahubsan Tsaa Haplas

196
 Lana Ointment Sirup Tintura

Laing Pamaagi: Palihog isaysay ang pamaagi sa pagkuha:

Pinabukalan Pinahubsan Tsaa Haplas

Lana Ointment Sirup Tintura

Herbal plant 3 Laing Pamaagi: Palihog isaysay ang pamaagi sa pagkuha:

Pinabukalan Pinahubsan Tsaa Haplas

Lana Ointment Sirup Tintura

Herbal plant 4 Laing Pamaagi: Palihog isaysay ang pamaagi sa pagkuha:

Pinabukalan Pinahubsan Tsaa Haplas

Lana Ointment Sirup Tintura

Herbal plant 5 Laing Pamaagi: Palihog isaysay ang pamaagi sa pagkuha:

12. Unsay imong pagsabot kabahin sa epekto sa herbal nga tambal?

Maayong Epekto Dili Maayong Epekto

197
Appendix C: Informed Consent
Informed Consent (English Version)

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NURSING

Dumaguete City

RESEARCH INFORMED CONSENT FORM (English Version)

Title

This study is titled, “Medicinal Plants in Siquijor Island: Types, Uses, Preparation, and
Perceived Effects” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree in Bachelor of
Science in Nursing.

Researcher
This study is to be conducted by third year nursing students who are pursuing the degree in
Bachelor of Science in Nursing at Silliman University College of Nursing, under the supervision
of Dr. Theresa A. Guino-o. The researchers can be contacted through this mobile number
09053269610 or email address [email protected].

Purposes of the Research

This study aims to find out the following:
1. Identify the different types of plants used for medicinal purposes in the upland areas of
Siquijor Island.
2. Determine the specific parts of the plants that are used as herbal medicines.
3. Describe the perceived uses of these plants, according to the residents in Siquijor Island.
4. Describe how are these plants and plant parts prepared for herbal medications used.
5. Enumerate the identified effects, side effects and/or adverse effects.
6. Describe the physical appearances of these plants.

Description of the Research

This study is a quantitative, non- experimental descriptive study and the data will be gathered
through Environmental Observation Method and Key Informant Interview within one week.

Potential Benefits
This study will benefit the community, nurses, researchers, Healthcare personnel
DOH, rural health centers, student nurses by increasing the awareness of the types, uses,
perceived effects of medicinal plants and utilization of available resources in the community.

Confidentiality
In the conduction of the study, full confidentiality will be assured. Your identity information will
not be disclose or be released or published without your specific consent to the disclosure and
only imperatively necessary. The materials that contained the raw information derived from you

198
will be kept in a laptop protected with a password and will be destroyed after data processing
within a given period.

Publication
The results of this study may be published in any form for public and scholarly consumption or
used in classroom instruction to enrich learning and generate more knowledge for future
research.

Participation
Your involvement in this study is completely voluntary, you have the right to withdraw anytime
from this study, and the right to withhold any information with no consequences or penalty.

_____________________________________________________________________

Informed Consent

Given the information above, I confirm that the potential harms, benefits, and alternatives have
been explained to me. I have read and understood this consent form, and I understand that I am
free to withdraw from my involvement in the study any time I deem it to be necessary or to seek
clarifications for any unclear steps in the research process. My signature indicates my
willingness to participate in the study.

_____________________________________________ _____________
Printed Name and Signature of the Research Participant Date

199
Informed Consent (Cebuano Version)

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NURSING

Dumaguete City

RESEARCH INFORMED CONSENT FORM (Cebuano Version)

Title
Kini nga pagtuon giulohan og, “Medicinal Plants in Siquijor Island: Types, Uses,
Preparation, and Perceived Effects” nga kinahanglanon sa pagtuon sa degree sa Bachelor of
Science in Nursing.

Researcher
Kini nga pagtuon pagahimoun sa mga 3rd year nursing students sa Nursing nga kurso sa Silliman
University, nga gipangulohan sa maestro nga si Dr. Theresa A. Guino-o. Mahimong maabot ang
mga researchers pinaagi niining numeroha 09053269610 o email address [email protected].

Purposes of the Research

Kini nga pagtuon nagtinguha nga makab-ot ang mga mosunod:
1. Ilhon ang nagkalain-laing klase sa mga tanom nga gigamit alang sa pagpamanambal sa
mga katawhan sa mga bukid nga lugar sa Siquijor Island.
2. Ilhon ang mga lain-laing parte sa mga tanom nga gigamit sa pagpanambal.
3. Isaysay ang mga nailhang gamit niini nga mga mga tanom.
4. Ihulagway kung giunsa pagpreparar kining mga tanoma para sa pagpanambal.
5. Hinganlan ang ginatuohang maayong epekto ug mga dili maayong epekto niining mga
tanoma.
6. Ihulagway kung unsa ang hitsura niini nga mga tanom.

Description of the Research

Kani nga pagtuon wala galakip sa pag-eksperimento kun dili sa panagistoryahanay lamang
kabahin sa mga impormasyon nga lambigit sa pagtuon ang pagabuhaton. Kini paga-ubanan sa
pagtan-aw sa mga hitsura sa lain-laing mga tanom nga mahisgutan sa pagtuon, ug pagabuhaton
lang sa sulod sa usa ka-semana.

Potential Benefits
Kani nga pagtuon makabenepisyo sa mga tawo sa komunidad, sa mga nars, mga researchers, ug
uban pa nga may kalambigitan sa panglawas, ug mga estudyante. Kini alang sa pagdugang sa
ilang mga nakat-onan kabahin sa mga tanum nga ginagamit sa pagpanambal ug ang paggamit sa
mga kahimanan sa komunidad.

Confidentiality
Ang mga personal nga impormasyon sa katawhan nga malambigit niining pagtuon dili gayud
mabutyag sa kadaghanan. Walay impormasyon bahin niini na pagtuon ang masaysay sa uban nga
walay pagpananghid ug sa walay sayod nga hinungdan. Ang mga nakolekta nga impormasyon
gikan niini nga pagtuon igatago sa kompyuter nga protektado ug kini walaon pagkahuman sa
pagproseso niini sulod sa gilaan nga panahon.

200
Publication
Ang resulta niining pagtuon mahimung ipakigbahin sa publiko, komperensya o pang-eskwelahan
para mapalambo ang mga nahibal-an alang sa mga umaabot na pag-tuon.

Participation
Ang imong pag-apil niining pagtuon boluntaryo. Aduna kay katungod na muundang sa imong
pagapil ug dili mutubag sa mga pangutana nga supak sa imong kabubut-on, ug kini walay
sangputanan o silot..

_____________________________________________________________________
Informed Consent

Sa mga gihisgutang impormasyon nga akong nabasa, ako niuyon sa mga possible nga kadaot,
mga benepisyo, ug mga alternatibo na gipasabot kanako. Akong nabasa ug nasabtan kini.
Nakasabot usab ako nga naa koy kagawasan sa akong kalambigitan sa pagtuon bisan kanus-ang
panahon ug makapangayo ako ug katin-awan sa bisan unsa nga dili klaro sa mga lakang niini na
pagtuon. Ang akong pirma nagpakita sa akong boluntaryong pag-apil niini na pagtuon.

_____________________________________________ ______________
Ngalan ug pirma sa moapil sa pagtuon Petsa

201
Appendix D: Clearance from the University Review Ethics Committee

202
Appendix E: Curriculum Vitae of the Researchers

CURRICULUM VITAE

Angel Clyla Amit

TNHA Subd. Balugo, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, Philippines
Mobile: +63917 757 0297
E-mail: [email protected]

Personal Information
 Date of Birth: January 2, 1997
 Place of Birth: Dumagete City
 Citizenship: Filipino
 Gender: Female

Professional Qualifications
 Fluent in English, Cebuano, Filipino
 Proficient with MS Word, PowerPoint, and Excel
 News Writer for The Nurse SY 2015-2016
 Work experience in SUMC: Surgery and Medicine Wards
 Work experience in NOPH: OB and Pedia Ward, LRDR, OR
 Work experience in the community: Family Health Nursing, Rural Health Unit,
School Health Nursing, Community Health Nursing, Psychiatric Nursing

Organizational Membership
 SUCNA member 2014-2018
 Ang Sandigan Member SY 2014-2015

Interests
 Listening to music
 Watching movies
 Studying and learning new things

203
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Mafinn D. Amores
Roosevelt Street, Poblacion, Zamboanguita. Negros Oriental
Mobile: +63927 144 1058
Email: [email protected]

Personal Information
 Date of Birth: October 24, 1997
 Place of Birth: Dumaguete Ciy
 Citizenship: Filipino
 Gender: Female

Professional Qualifications
 Fluent in Cebuano, English and Filipino
 Proficient with MS Word, Excel and Power point
 Work experience in NOPH: LRDR, OR, Pedia and OB Ward
 Work experience in SUMC: Surgery and Medicine Wards

Organizational Membership
 SUCNA Member 2014-2018
 Level Treasurer 2016-2017
 Zamboaungiuta Parish Lectors 2011-2018

Interests
 Korean Pop Music and Dramas
 Reading news articles (health, etc.)

204
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Don Dherick S. Asdillo

Lower Jugno, Amlan, Negros Oriental, Philippines
Mobile: +63916 422 1065
Email: [email protected]

Personal Information
 Date of Birth: April 4, 1997
 Place of Birth: Dumaguete City
 Citizenship: Filipino
 Gender: Male
Professional Qualifications
 Fluent in English, Cebuano, and Filipino.
 Proficient with MS Word, PowerPoint, and Excel
 Work experience in NOPH: LRDR, OR, Pedia and OB Ward
 Work experience in SUMC: Surgery and Medicine Wards
 Work experience in the community: Family Health Nursing, Rural Health Unit, School
Health Nursing, Community Health Nursing, Psychiatric Nursing
Organizational Membership
 SUCNA Member SY 2014 – 2018
 SUCNA Secretary SY 2015 – 2016
 Level Vice President SY 2016 – 2017
 Ang Sandigan Member SY 2014 – 2015
 Renaissance Youth Leaders Forum SY 2015 – 2017
 SUCNA President SY 2017=2018
Interests
 Watching cooking shows
 Declaiming/Orating
 Learning about universe/world
 Stage directing

205
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Jamella Maven Ysabelle Cafe

Malabugas, Bayawan City, Negros Oriental, Philippines
Mobile: +63917 775 0257
Email: [email protected]

Personal Information
 Date of Birth: January 10, 1997
 Place of Birth: Dumaguete City
 Citizenship: Filipino
 Gender: Female
Professional Qualifications
 Fluent in English, Cebuano, Ilonggo, and Filipino. Elementary level in Mandarin
 Can read and write Chinese characters (pre-school level)
 Work experience in NOPH: LRDR, OR, Pedia and OB Ward
 Work experience in SUMC: Surgery and Medicine Wards
 Work experience in the community: Family Health Nursing, Rural Health Unit, School
Health Nursing, Community Health Nursing, Psychiatric Nursing
Organizational Membership
 SUCNA Member 2014 – 2018
 Level Treasurer SY 2015 – 2016
 Tau Gamma Phi Treasurer SY 2015 – 2016
 SUCNA Vice-President SY 2017-2018
Interests
 Playing Football/Soccer
 Learning drugs and diseases
 Looking at medical operations
 People’s opinions and belief in life
 Learning new languages
 Traveling
 Meeting new people

206
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Brandon John A. Casas

Albiga, Siaton, Negros Oriental, Philippines
Mobile: +63905 885 6260
Email: [email protected]

Personal Information
 Date of Birth: June 3, 1998
 Place of Birth: Makati City
 Citizenship: Filipino
 Gender: Male
Professional Qualifications
 Proficient with MS Word, PowerPoint, and Excel
 Work experience in NOPH: LRDR, OR, Pedia and OB Ward
 Work experience in SUMC: Surgery and Medicine Wards
 Work experience in the community: Family Health Nursing, Rural Health Unit, School
Health Nursing, Community Health Nursing, Psychiatric Nursing
Organizational Membership
 SUCNA Member SY 2014 – 2018
 SUCN Basketball Team Member SY 2015 – 2016
 SUCN Basketball Team Captain SY 2016 – 2017
 SUCN Volleyball Team Member SY 2015 – 2017
Interests
 Playing Basketball
 Learning new things

207
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Rosel B. Estoreon
Janay-Janay San Jose, Negros Oriental, Philippines
Mobile: +63926 482 7522
Email: [email protected]

Personal Information
 Date of Birth: December 01, 1983
 Place of Birth: Dumaguete City
 Citizenship: Filipino
 Gender: Female
Professional Qualifications
 Fluent in English, Cebuano, and Filipino
 Graduated Midwifery at University of Cebu last March 20, 2003
 Registered Midwife with PRC license number 0133389 valid until December 01, 2019
 Work experience: Nursing Aid at Holy Child Hospital (year: 2003-2005), Staff Midwife
at Al-Hayah National Hospital (Saudi Arabia) year 2006-2009, and Staff Midwife at San
Jose Rural Health Unit (year 2012-2013)
 Work experience in NOPH: LRDR, OR, Pedia, OB Ward, and Medicine Ward
 Work experience in SUMC: OR and Medicine Ward
 Work experience in the community: Family Health Nursing, Rural Health Unit, School
Health Nursing, Community Health Nursing, and Psychiatric Nursing
Organizational Membership
 SUCN First Aid Committee
 SUCNA SY 2013-2018
Interests
 Singing and listening to music
 Reading
 Writing
 Forming relationship

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 CURRICULUM VITAE

Princess Gloria Macalino

Candanay Norte, Siquijor, Siquijor
Mobile: +63997 804 6531
Email: [email protected]
Personal Information
 Date of Birth: July 8, 1997
 Place of Birth: Northern Junob,
Dumaguete City Organizational Membership
 Citizenship: Filipino  SUCNA Member 2014 – 2018
 Gender: Female  SUCNA First-aid team member 2014-
2016
Professional Qualifications
 Class Level III Secretary SY 2016-
 Can speak fluent in English, Cebuano,
2017
and Filipino
 SUCNA Softball Women member
 Understands and knows how to
2016-2018
communicate sign language
 Work experience in NOPH: LR-DR,
Interests
OR and Pedia ward
 Playing Softball
 Work experience in SUMC: Surgery
and Medicine ward  Reading
 Work experience in the community:  Learning new things
Family Health Nursing, Rural Health  Adventures
Unit, School Health Nursing,
Community Health Nursing,
Psychiatric Nursing, Barangay Health
Station (Calindagan)
 Volunteer of RCDE Medical Dental
 Surgical Mission

CURRICULUM VITAE

209
 Marianne T. Valencia
G.V. Subdivision, Barangy Villareal, Bayawan City, Negros Oriental, Philippines
Mobile: +63905 802 0317
Email: [email protected]
Personal Information
 Date of Birth: January 20, 1998
 Place of Birth: Dumaguete City
 Citizenship: Filipino
 Gender: Female
Professional Qualifications
 Fluent in English, Cebuano, and Filipino
 Editor-in-Chief for High School Paper SY 2013-2014
 Feature Editor for High School Paper SY 2011-2013
 Work experience in NOPH: LRDR, OR, Pedia and OB Ward
 Work experience in SUMC: Surgery and Medicine Wards
 Work experience in the community: Family Health Nursing, Rural Health Unit, School
Health Nursing, Community Health Nursing, Psychiatric Nursing
Organizational Membership
 SUCNA Member 2014 – 2018
 SUCNA Academics Committee Co-chair SY 2015-2016
 Level II Secretary SY 2015 – 2016
 Level III Secretary SY 2016-2017
 Level IV President SY 2017-2018
Interests
 Singing and playing the guitar
 Drawing and designing
 Playing Softball
 Writing

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 CURRICULUM VITAE

Gemma Vill R. Vergara

Carmenville Subdivision, Guihulngan, Negros Oriental, Philippines
Mobile: +63906 770 5175
E-mail: [email protected]

Personal Information
 Date of Birth: July 30, 1997
 Place of Birth: Guihulngan
 Citizenship: Filipino
 Gender: Female

Professional Qualifications
 Fluent in English, Cebuano, Filipino
 Proficient with MS Word, PowerPoint, and Excel
 News Writer for The Nurse SY 2015-2016
 Work experience in SUMC: Surgery and Medicine Wards
 Work experience in NOPH: OB and Pedia Ward, LRDR, OR
 Work experience in the community: Family Health Nursing, Rural Health Unit,
School Health Nursing, Community Health Nursing, Psychiatric Nursing

Organizational Membership
 SFC-G Auditor SY 2012-2013
 Guihulngan Sillimanites Member SY 2014-2015
 The Nurse Member SY 2015-2016
 SUCNA Secretary SY 2017-2018

Interests
 Learning new languages and new cultures
 Reading and writing random stuff
 Cooking and Baking

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 CURRICULUM VITAE

Julianne Keffa Q. Villacaol

1421 Purok Camia, Canday-ong, Calindagan, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, Philippines
Mobile: +63906 796 3388
Email: [email protected]

Personal Information
 Date of Birth: November 5, 1997
 Place of Birth: Dumaguete City
 Citizenship: Filipino
 Gender: Female
Professional Qualifications
 Fluent in English, Cebuano, and Filipino
 Radio Broadcasting Member S.Y. 2013-2014
 Regional Table Tennis Player (Played for Dumaguete City and Negros Oriental Table
Tennis Team)
 Work experience in NOPH: LRDR, OR, Pedia and OB Ward
 Work experience in SUMC: Surgery and Medicine Wards
 Work experience in the community: Family Health Nursing, Rural Health Unit, School
Health Nursing, Community Health Nursing, Psychiatric Nursing
Organizational Membership
 SUCNA Member 2014 – 2018
 Level I Secretary SY 2014 – 2015
 Dumaguete Table Tennis Association
Interests
 Singing and listening to music
 Playing table tennis and volleyball
 Reading
 Writing
 Forming relationship

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