Clinical

Parasitology
PARASITE RESEARCH
 GROUP 1
Members:
Aliño Steven
Arichea Cessna
Bonggolan Raxe
Buitre Romeo
Catindig Sherry
Cinense Aira Nicole
Cortez Ezekiel
 TOPIC OUTLINE

NAEGLERIA ACANTHAMOEBA SARCOCYSTIS

FOWLERI SPP SPP
 TOPIC OUTLINE

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM BALANTIDIUM BLASTOCYSTIS

SPP COLI HOMINIS
TOPIC OUTLINE

IODAMOEBA
BUTSCHLII
 PROTISTS

naegleria fowleri
NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
 NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
Naegleria Fowleri, also called the "brain-eating amoeba"
is an ubiquitous, free living amoeba that thrives on warm
fresh water such as lakes, hot springs, and rivers or
untreated contaminated waters.

Naegleria Fowleri is the only species of Naegleria that

infects people.
 DISEASE ON HUMAN
Naegleria Fowleri, infects people when
contaminated waters that contains
the amoeba, enters the body through
the nose.

This typically happens when people go

swimming or diving in warm, fresh,
contaminated waters.
 DISEASE ON HUMAN
Naegleria Fowleri then travels from
the nose to the brain where it will
destroy brain tissue in a devastating
infection called "primary amebic
meningoencephalitis" or PAM which is
almost always fatal.

drinking contaminated water does not

give you the infection.
 MORPHOLOGY

Naegleria Fowleri cyst

7-15 µm in diameter and have a

smooth, single-layered wall. Cysts have
a single nucleus.
 MORPHOLOGY
Trophozoites measure 10-35 µm but
when rounded are usually 10—15 µm in
diameter. In culture, trophozoites may
grow to over 40 µm.

The cytoplasm is granular and contains

many vacuoles. The single nucleus is large
and has a large, dense karyosome and
lacks peripheral chromatin.

Naegleria Fowleri trophozoite

 LIFE CYCLE

MODE OF DEFINITIVE HOST

TRANSMISSION

vehicle transmission human body

 LIFE
CYCLE
 EPIDEMIOLOGY
Naegleria Fowleri infections are rare, with
annual infections counting to 5. Naegleria
Fowleri apperas to infect young males aging
14 years old and younger.

this may be because males are more likely to

participate in recreational water activities
 SYMPTOMS
Naegleria Fowleri causes PAM or primary
amebic meningoencephalitis that destroys
brain tissue.

the symptoms of PAM usually starts after 5

days of infection. the symptoms include
headache, nausea, fever, and vomiting.
symptoms in later stages of infection include
seizures, hallucinations, and coma
 DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT
The diagnosis of Naegleria Primary Amebic
fowleri infection can be made by Meningoencephalitis (PAM) is
microscopic examination of fresh, treated with a combination of
unfrozen, unrefrigerated drugs, often including
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A wet amphotericin B, azithromycin,
mount of freshly centrifuged CSF fluconazole, rifampin,
sediment might demonstrate miltefosine, and dexamethasone.
actively moving trophozoites.
 PROTISTS

Acanthamoeba spp.
Cessna Gail Arichea
 ACANTHAMOEBA
SPP.

Acanthamebae are free-living organisms

commonly found in water and soil, which
prey on other microorganisms.
DISEASE ON HUMAN

granulomatous amebic encephalitis and amebic keratitis

GRANULOMATOUS AMEBIC ACANTHAMOEBA

ENCEPHALITIS (GAE) KERATITIS
A serious infection of the brain An infection of the eye that
and spinal cord that typically typically occurs in healthy persons
occurs in persons with a and can result in permanent visual
compromised immune system. impairment or blindness.
MORPHOLOGY
TROPHOZOITE FORM

Trophozoite Cystic Acanthamoeba trophozoites

have a size range of 13-23 μm

CYSTIC FORM
Acanthamoeba cysts have a
size range of 13-23 μm
DEFINITIVE INFECTIVE
HOSTS STAGE
viruses MODE OF

yeast
protists and
TRANSMISSION
bacteria

direct contact
** some of which
and droplets
are potential
human pathogens

The trophozoites are the infective forms, although both cysts and
LIFE CYCLE trophozoites gain entry into the body (4) through various means.
 DIAGNOSIS
Corneal Scraping
superficial keratectomy, corneal scraping is a
procedure to remove cells from the surface of your
cornea.
SYMPTOMS
Confocal microscopy

Eye pain. This exam uses laser light to create highly detailed images of
every layer in your cornea
Eye redness.
Blurred vision. TREATMENT
Sensitivity to light.
Sensation of something in the eye. Topical antiseptics
Excessive tearing. Antibiotics or antifungal medications

Corneal transplant
Acanthamoeba keratitis is a rare disease that can affect anyone,
but is most common in individuals who wear contact lenses. In the
United States, an estimated 85% of cases occur in contact lens
users.
Cryptosporidium spp.
Cryptosporidium

a microscopic parasite that causes the diarrheal disease

cryptosporidiosis. Both the parasite and the disease are commonly
known as "Crypto."

There are many species of Cryptosporidium that infect animals, some of which
also infect humans.

DISEASE
Cryptosporidiosis is an infection that causes diarrhea. It is caused by a parasite
 MORPHOLOGY

The parasite is protected by an outer shell that

allows it to survive outside the body for long
periods of time and makes it very tolerant to
chlorine disinfection.

The oocysts of Cryptosporidium are round or oval, very small

(approximately 4 µm by 6 µm), and it is usually difficult or
impossible, even under high power, to see the four sporozoites
within each oocyst.
While this parasite can be spread in several different ways, water
(drinking water and recreational water) is the most common way
to spread the parasite. Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of
waterborne disease among humans in the United States.
Diagnosis of Cryptosporidiosis

Enzyme immunoassay for fecal antigen or molecular probes for parasite DNA
Microscopic examination of stool (special techniques required)

Treatment of Cryptosporidiosis

Nitazoxanide in patients without AIDS and with persistent infection

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) in patients with AIDS; nitazoxanide may improve symptoms, but does not cure infection in
patients with AIDS
BALANTIDIUM
COLI
SHERRY MEANLUV CATINDIG
 BALANTIDIUM
COLI
-LARGEST PROTOZOAN
-ONLY CILITED PARASITES OF HUMANS
-IT CAN CAUSE BALANTIDIASIS

TAXONOMY:
IT BELONGS TO PHYLUM CILIOPHORA
CLASS: LITOSTOMATEA
ORDER: VESTIBULIFERIDA
FAMILY: BALANTIDIIDAE

HABITAT: LARGE INTESTINES OF MAN, PIG AND OTHER ANIMALS

 BALANTIDIUM
COLI
BALANTIDIOS
=IS A ZOONOTIC
DISEASE

HOST
-HUMANS ARE THE PRINCIPLE HOST
-ALSO REPORTED IN DOGS BUT MOST COMMON
IN PIGS AND MONKEYS
BALANTIDIUM
COLI
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
THE PROTOZOA ARE FOUND WORLDWIDE

-BOLIVIA
-PAPUA NEW GUINEA
-PHILIPPINES
 2 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE
TROPHOZOITE CYST STAGE
STAGE

-IN CARRIERS
-IN DYSENTERIC AND CHRONIC
STOOL CASES

BOTH FORMS=BINUCLEATED-LARGE MACRONUCLEUS AND SMALL

MICRONUCLEUS

SITE OF INFECTION
-CAECUM
-LARGE INTESTINE
TROPHOZOITE
OVAL POINTED AT ANTERIOR END
50-130 UM LONG
COVERED IN CILIA
NON-INFECTIVE
REPRODUCE BY BINARY FISSION AND
CONJUGATION
MICRONUCLEI AND MACRONUCLEI

CYST
SPHERICAL
40-60 UM ACROSS
COVERED WITH THICK, HARD CYST WALL WITH
CILIA
INFECTIVE
NON-REPRODUCTIVE
MACRONUCLEI
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
DIARRHEA TREATMENT
COLITIS TETRACYLINE
ABDOMINAL PAIN METRONIDAZOLE
DYSENTERY
ACUTE, EVEN HEMORRHAGIC IODOQUINOL
ULCERATION TO GUT WALL

CONTROL AN=D OREVENTION

DIAGNOS AVOID EATING OF MATERIAL
EXAMINATION OF PATIENTS CONTAMINATED WITH ANIMAL FECES
STOOL PREVENT AND CONTROL SANITARY
BIOPSY DISPOSAL OF HUMAN AND PIG FECES
SIGMOID SCOPE TREATMENT OF INFECTED PIGS
PREVENT OF FECAL CONTAMINATION OF
FOOD AND WATER
BLASTOCYSTIS
HOMINIS
Cinense, Aira Nicole
 a microscopic parasite that
can live in your digestive
tract.
the most commonly reported
human intestinal protozoan in
children and adults, even
infect infants.
 Life Cycle
The life cycle of Blastocystis sp. is not yet
understood, including the infectious stage and
whether (and which of the) various morphologic
forms of this polymorphic organism that have
been identified in stool or culture constitute
distinct biologic stages of the parasite in the
intestinal tract of hosts.
 2 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE:
TROPHOZOITE CYST

VACUOLAR FORM OR MORE RECENT DISCOVERY

CENTRAL BODY GENERALLY SMALLER IN SIZE
DIAMETERS RANGING (3-10 UM)
BETWEEN 5U M AND 200 UM THICK MULTILAYERED CYST
IT HAS 1-4 PERIPHERAL WALL
NUCLEI IT LACKS A
ASYMPTOMATIC INDIVIDUALS CENTRALVACUOLE
PRODUCE THIS FORMS HAS A FEW NUCLEI
MOST PREDOMINANT FORM IN CYST WALL PRESENT
FECAL SPECIMEN SEEN IN FECES AND CULTURE
 Causes: Symptoms:
generally more common among people
Watery diarrhea
who live in or travel to developing
Nausea
countries and among people who work Abdominal pain
with animals. Bloating

Excessive gas
Blastocystis can be passed between Loss of appetite
people and from animals to people. Weight loss
Anal itching
Fatigue

Risk Factors:
Work with animals
Are exposed to human feces at work,
such as a children's day care
Travel to a country with poor water
sanitation
 Sarcocystis species.

•belong to the family Sarcocystidae. Their life cycle differs from the coccidian,
they require two separate hosts for completion: a definitive host (in which the
sexual stage develops, usually a carnivorous predator) and an intermediate
host (often herbivorous prey).
•Sarcocystis hominis and S. suihominis use humans as definitive hosts and are
responsible for intestinal sarcocystosis in the human host. Humans may also
become dead-end hosts for non-human Sarcocystis spp. after the accidental
ingestion of oocysts. Oocyst is oval in shape with a doubled-contoured
appearance to the oocyst wall and multiple polar granules can be seen at one
end of the oocyst.
•Sarcocystis, a protozoan parasite, has an obligatory prey-predator life cycle
with asexual stages developing in the intermediate host (e.g., sheep, goat) and
sexual stages developing in the definitive host (e.g., carnivore).Numerous
sarcocystis species have been described in domestic livestock and wildlife species.
Generally, host specificity is greater for the intermediate host than the
definitive host. While generally nonpathogenic in the definitive host, sarcocystis
species may be pathogenic or nonpathogenic for intermediate hosts
Life Cycle
 Hosts

CARNOVOROUS HOST BECOMES INFECTED BY EATING INFECTED FLESH OF THE HERBIVOROUS HOST
(TISSUE OOCYST)

HERBIVOROUS HOST BECOMES INFECTED BY INGESTING OOCYST FROM THE FECES OF THE
CARNIVORPUS HOST
 Symptoms

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF DISEASE THAT CAN OCCUR WHEN INFECTED BY SARCOCYSTIC
PARASITES
DIARRHEA, MILD FEVER, AND VOMITING (INTESTINAL TYPE)
AND THE OTHER ONE IS MUSCLE PAIN, TRANSITORY EDEMA, AND FEVER (MUSCULAR TYPE).
S. CRUZI (BOVICANIS)
BOVI (BOVINAE) CATTLE
CANIS-DOG
CATTLE-DOG CYCLE

S.TENELLA (OVICANIS)
OVI (OVINE) SHEEP
CANIS - DOG
DOG-SHEEP CYCLE

S.HOMINIS (BOVIHOMINIS)
HOMINIS-HUMAN
BOVI (BOVINE) CATTLE
HUMAN-CATTLE CYCLE

S. SUIHOMINIS
SUI (SWINE) PIG
HOMINIS (HUMAN)
HUMAN-PIG CYCLE
 ICHODAMOEBA
BUTSCHLII

PRESENTED BY: EZEKIEL EMARR CORTEZ

 Epidemiology
It is found world wide and has a higher
prevalence in tropical region
The frequency of infection appears to be much
less than the E.coli and E.nana
The transmission of this disease occurs when
an infective cyts are ingested in contaminated
food and drinks
Hand to hand transmission may occur
A non parasitic
amoeba
Commonly found on
humans large
intestine
It can also be found
on animals large DISEASE ON HUMANS
intestine
 MORPHOLOGY
The Trophozoites of Iodamoeba butschlii average is 12 to 18
µm but it may vary from 8 to 22 µm
It characteristically exhibit progresive, sluggish motility
It has single nucleus consist of large, usually central
karyosome surrounded by refractive achromatic granules
The Peripheral chromatin is absent
The coarsely granular and vacuolated cytoplasm may
contain bacteria, yeast cells or other debris
 DEFINITIVE
HOST

MOST LIKELY THE ORIGINAL

HOST
OFTEN TARGET IS PIGS AND
OTHER MAMMALS
MODE OF TRANSMISSION

The intestinal amoeba

passed through fecal oral
route
Hand to Mouth
transmission
 Infective Stage

Cyts are the infective stage

Cyts are often found in
formed stools
 Clinical Symptoms

Iodamoeba butschlii is a non-

pathogenic intestinal ameba that is
usually not produce any clinical
symptoms
 DIAGNOSIS
The examination of stools samples for trophozoites and
cyts
The iodine wet prep prove of benefit particularly in the
iddentifcation of Iodamoeba butschlii and the glycogen
typically pick up the iodine stain and is thus
characteristically recognizable
It is important to point out the glycogen mass remains
unstained following trichome setting
 Treatment

Iodamoeba butschlii is considered a non-

pathogen so treatment is usually
indicated
 PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Practice the sanitation and personal
hygiene in substandards area particulary
in regions of high prevalance which is
critical for prevention of Iodamoeba
butschlii
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