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Defect Sizing Using Non-Destructive Ultrasonic Testing: Wolf Kleinert
Defect Sizing Using Non-Destructive Ultrasonic Testing: Wolf Kleinert
Kleinert
123
Wolf Kleinert
Bonn
Germany
v
Acknowledgments
Without the help and assistance of my former colleagues the development of the
trueDGS® probes would have been impossible. Particularly with Gerhard Splitt I
spent a lot of time discussing the next steps in the development. Additionally he
checked all my equations and formulas for the calculation of these probes. In the
patent application of the trueDGS® probes both of us are mentioned as the
inventors. Furthermore I appreciate the work of York Oberdoerfer and his team.
They built these probes and were very patient following all the necessary iteration
steps. It is hard to imagine how many measurements using test blocks were needed
to validate the new probes. This large number of measurements was carried out by
York and his team. York and I have had lots of technical discussions which all
helped to improve the new probes.
Last but not least, I thank my wife Brigitte who patiently accepted my mental
absence during the writing of this book which was sometimes connected with a bad
mood. Additionally I thank her and my sons for proofreading this document several
times.
vii
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Distance Amplitude Correction Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Distance-Gain-Size Method (DGS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Key Differences: DAC Versus DGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Foresight to This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 State of the Art: DAC and DGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 Distance Amplitude Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Distance–Gain–Size Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.1 EN ISO 16811:2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.2 DGS Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3 DGS Deviations Using Angle Beam Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1 Sound Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2 A Manufacturer-Independent Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3 The Beginning of a New Probe Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4 The New Probe Technology, Single Element Probes. . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.1 Design Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.2 Calculation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.2.1 The Fastest Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.2.2 Included Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.2.3 Time of Flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.2.4 Angle in the Test Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.2.5 Angles in the Wedge of the Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.2.6 Transducer Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.2.7 Calculation Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
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x Contents
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
List of Figures
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xiv List of Figures