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  • Surface Anatomy of The Upper Limb

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    Irvin Joshua
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    The document summarizes the bones and structures of the shoulder girdle, arm, and axilla. It describes the clavicle, scapula, and humerus bones. It details the walls and contents of the axilla, including the axillary artery and its branches, axillary vein, and surrounding muscles like pectoralis minor. Key landmarks are identified, such as the acromion process, coracoid process, and borders of bones that can be palpated.

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    Surface Anatomy of the Upper Limb

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    The document summarizes the bones and structures of the shoulder girdle, arm, and axilla. It describes the clavicle, scapula, and humerus bones. It details the walls and contents of the axilla, including the axillary artery and its branches, axillary vein, and surrounding muscles like pectoralis minor. Key landmarks are identified, such as the acromion process, coracoid process, and borders of bones that can be palpated.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    131 views3 pages

    Surface Anatomy of The Upper Limb

    Uploaded by

    Irvin Joshua
    The document summarizes the bones and structures of the shoulder girdle, arm, and axilla. It describes the clavicle, scapula, and humerus bones. It details the walls and contents of the axilla, including the axillary artery and its branches, axillary vein, and surrounding muscles like pectoralis minor. Key landmarks are identified, such as the acromion process, coracoid process, and borders of bones that can be palpated.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Bones of the Shoulder Girdle and Arm

    The shoulder girdle consists of the clavicle and the scapula which articulate with each other at the acromioclavicular joint.

    The inferior angle of the scapula can be palpated easily in the living subject and marks the level of the seventh rib and the spine of the seventh thoracic vertebra.

    Clavicle
    A long, slender bone that lies horizontally across the root of the neck just beneath the skin. Articulates with the sternum and first coastal cartilage medially and with the acromion process of the scapula laterally. Acts as a strut that holds the arm away from the trunk. Also transmits forces from the upper limb to the axial skeleton and provides attachment for muscles. Its medial two thirds is convex forward and its lateral third concave forward. Situated at the root of the neck and throughout its entire length lies just beneath the skin and can be easily palpated. Its medial end projects above the margin of the manubrium sterni.

    The crest of the spine of the scapula can be palpated and traced medially to the medial border of the scapula, which it joins at the 3rd level of the thoracic spine.

    Humerus
    Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder joint and with the radius and ulna at the elbow joint. The upper end of the humerus has a head, which forms about one third of a sphere and articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula. Immediately below the head is the anatomic neck Below the neck are the greater and lesser tuberosities, separated from each other by the bicipital groove. The surgical neck is where the upper end of the humerus joins the shaft. The deltoid tuberosity is a roughened elevation about halfway down the lateral aspect of the shaft. Behind end below the groove is the spinal groove which accommodates the radial nerve. The lower end of the humerus possesses the medial and lateral epicondyles for the attachment of muscles and ligaments, the rounded capitulum for articulation with the head of the radius, and the pully-shaped trochlea for articulation with the trochlear notch of the ulna. Radial fossa receives the head of the radius when the elbow is flexed. Coronoid fossa, above the trochlea anteriorly, receives the coronoid process of the ulna when the elbow is flexed. Olecranon process, above the trochlea posteriorly, receives the olecranon process of the ulna when the elbow is extended.

    Scapula
    Flat triangular bone that lies on the posterior chest wall between the second and seventh ribs. The spine of the scapula projects backward on its posterior surface. The lateral end of the spine is free and forms the acromion that articulates with the clavicle. The acromion forms the lateral extremity of the spine of the scapula. It is subcutaneous and easily located. Immediately below the lateral edge of the acromion is the smooth, rounded curve of the shoulder produced by the deltoid muscle, which covers the great tuberosity of the humerus. The superolateral angle of the scapula forms the pearshaped glenoid fossa which articulates with the head of the humerus at the shoulder joints. The coracoid process projects upward and forward above the glenoid cavity and provides attachment for muscles and ligaments. The tip of the coracoid process can be palpated in the lateral part of the deltopectoraltriangle, it is covered by the anterior fibers of the deltoid muscle. Medial to the base of the coracoid process is the suprascapular notch. The anterior surface of the scapula is concave and forms the shallow subscapular fossa. The posterior surface of the scapula is divided by the spine into supraspinous fossa above and infraspinous fossa below.

    Axilla
    The armpit is a pyramidal-shaped space between the upper part of the arm and the side of the chest. Forms an important passage for nerves, blood, and lymph vessels as they travel from the root of the neck to the upper limb. Its upper end, the apex is directed into the root of the neck and is bounded by the clavicle in front, by the upper border of the scapula behind and by the outer border of the first rib medially. Its lower end, the base is bounded in front by the anterior axillary fold (lower border of the pectoralis major), behind by the posterior axillary fold ( tendon of latissimusdorsi and teres major) and medially by the chest wall. It is formed by the skin stretching between the anterior and posterior walls.

    Surface anatomy of the upper limb

    Wall of the Axilla


    Anterior wall: pectoralis major, subclavius and pectoralis minor. Posterior wall: subscapularis, latissimusdorsi, teres major from above down. Medial Wall: upper four or five ribs, the intercostal spaces covered by the serratus anterior. Lateral Wall: coracobrachialis, biceps in the bicipital groove of the humerus.

    *First Part of the Axillary Artery - extends from the lateral border of the first rib to the upper border of the pectoralis minor. Anterior: pectoralis major and the skin. The cephalic vein crosses the artery Posterior: long thoracic nerve (nerve to the serratus anterior) Lateral: three cords of the brachial plexus Medial: axillary vein

    Key muscles of the Axilla Pectoralis Minor


    Thin, triangular muscle that lies beneath the pectoralis major. Arises from the third, fourth, fifth ribs and runs upward and laterally to be inserted by its apex into the coracoid process of the scapula. Crosses the axillary artery and the brachial plexus of nerves.

    *Second Part of the Axillary Artery

    - lies behind pectoralis minor


    Anterior:pectoralis minor, pectoralis major and the skin Posterior: posterior cord of the brachial plexus, subscapularis, shoulder joint. Lateral: lateral cord of the brachial plexus Medial: medial cord of the brachial plexus and axillary vein

    Clavipectoral Fascia *Third Part of the Axillary Vein


    A strong sheeth of connective tissue that is attached - extends from the lower border of the pectoralis minor to the lower border of the teres major

    above to the clavicle.


    Below, it splits to enclose the pectoralis minor and then continues downward as the suspensory ligament of the axilla and joins the facial floor of the armpit.

    Contents of the Axilla Axillary Artery


    Supplies blood to the upper limb Begins at the lateral border of the first rib as a continuation of the subclavian and ends at the lower border of the teres major, where it continues as the brachial artery. Closely related to the cords of the brachial plexus and their branches and is enclosed with them in a connective tissue sheath called the axillary sheath. The sheath is continuous with the prevertebral fascia if traced upward into the root of the neck.

    Posterior: subscapularis, latissimusdorsi, teres major. The axillary and radial nerves also lie behind it. Lateral: coracobrachialis, biceps, and the humerus. Lateral root of the median and the musculocutaneous nerves also lie on the lateral side Medial: ulnar nerve, axillary vein, medial cutaneous nerve.

    Surface anatomy of the upper limb

    Anterior: pectoralis major for a short distance; crossed by the medial root of the median nerve

    *Branches of the Axillary Artery

    (from the first part) Highest Thoracic Artery


    Small and runs along the upper border of the pectoralis minor.

    (from the second part) Thoracoacromial artery


    Immediately divides into terminal branches

    Lateral Thoracic Artery


    Runs along the lower border of the pectoralis minor

    (From the third part) Subscapular Artery Runs along the lower border of the subscapularis Anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteris
    Wind around the front and back of the surgical neck of the humerus

    Axillary Vein
    Formed at the lower border of the teres major by the union of the venae comitantes of the brachial artery and the basilica vein. Runs upward on the medial side of the axillary artery and ends at the lower border of the first rib by becoming the subclavian vein.

    Surface anatomy of the upper limb

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