1210-Article Text-3148-1-10-20210621
1210-Article Text-3148-1-10-20210621
This issue of Feminist Africa marks the successful transition of the journal from
its birthplace, the African Gender Institute at the University of Cape Town, South
Africa, across the continent to the Institute of African Studies at the University
of Ghana, Accra. After a three-year gap, Feminist Africa has emerged with a new
institutional host, a new editorial structure and a new website. Many people have
been involved in ensuring that this transition takes place smoothly. This issue1 is
on the theme of Extractivism, Resistance, Alternatives.
Extractivism refers to the longstanding colonial and imperialist phenomenon
of accumulating wealth by extracting a wide range of natural resources from
countries colonised in Africa, Asia and the Americas, and exporting this wealth
to the metropoles. The natural resources involved are oil, gas and minerals, as
well as the resources extracted from agriculture, seeds, land and water. This is the
process at the heart of so-called “development”, but the process leaves former
colonised countries underdeveloped and impoverished. Affected communities face
the violence of having their land and resources seized from them, the unravelling
of social bonds, and the destruction of ecosystems (Gudynas, 2010; Acosta, 2011;
Ye et al., 2020). What renders extractivism a distinct process within contemporary
capitalism is the shift away from accumulation through ownership and direct
control over sites of production, which is the case in industrial capitalism. Instead,
accumulation takes place in a global system where operational centres with
control over the flows of resources and services, extract these from places of
poverty, concentrating wealth elsewhere (Ye et al., 2020). Extractivism and its
consequences are highly gendered but its treatment in the literature is generally
gender blind (WoMin, 2013, 2015). This issue presents feminist analyses of diverse
manifestations of extractivism in Africa, the resistance to its consequences, and
the alternatives that are being pursued.
·2 · Feminist Africa 2 (1)
Members of the Reflection and Action Group agreed that it was essential
to improve understanding of the processes of extractivism in Africa, and to
document resistance and related struggles as well as alternatives. The Group’s
concept paper concluded that “genuine alternatives need to emerge from social
movements, peoples, communities, and women specifically, based on their lived
realities, developmental practices and aspirations that promote emancipatory and
multidimensional change. […] such alternatives already exist and are even practised”
(Randriamaro, 2019: 17). In this issue, the feature article by Charmaine Pereira on
genetically modified crops in Nigeria and the Conversation piece with Marianna
Fernandes and Nzira de Deus on strengthening feminist solidarity across Brazil,
Mozambique and Angola, grew directly out of these discussions.
The work of the African Feminist Reflection and Action Group has provided
Feminist Africa with the opportunity to address this pressing concern and circulate
the feminist perspectives emanating from different sites of extractivism. The first
feature article provides a critical feminist analysis of the contextual dimensions
of extractivism in Africa. Charmaine Pereira and Dzodzi Tsikata draw attention to
the wider political economy within which extractivism operates, outlining ways
in which the pre-eminence of financial processes has exacerbated extractivism
in agriculture as well as in the energy sectors. The article addresses four main
themes: the meanings and manifestations of extractivism, the key players involved,
responses and resistance, and alternatives to extractivism.
Both Dzifa Torvikey and Charmaine Pereira address questions pertaining to
agriculture in their feature articles. Extractivism in industrial agriculture and its
expansion in Ghana is the focus of Torvikey’s article and her analysis of the tensions
that industrial cassava production generates in relation to women’s household
production of the crop. The control of household resources that are key in agrarian
livelihoods, such as land and labour (Tsikata, 2009), becomes more complicated in
the context of extractivism, with gender and class inequalities being sharpened in
such situations. Pereira addresses the recent introduction of genetically modified
(GM) food crops in Nigeria, with a focus on cowpea, a crop grown predominantly
by poor women and men. This new face of extractivism in Nigeria is manifesting in
the context of the federal government’s drive to reduce the country’s dependence
on oil by strengthening its policy emphasis on agriculture. Meanwhile, there are
increasing pressures on land as well as proliferating conflicts in rural areas as a
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extractivism is embedded. Andrews argues that alternatives are required on all the
fronts on which feminists face challenges, from trade to technology and more. The
violence and sexual exploitation surrounding the extractive industry are particularly
egregious; feminists are exposing and challenging the sexism and misogyny on
which such violations are predicated. Andrews highlights the tensions that arise
over the denial in numerous quarters—by NGOs, state agencies, corporations and
progressive activists—that the social and ecological costs of extractivism are borne
by women through their unremunerated social reproduction work and cheap labour.
Seeking alternative relationships among peoples and the planet is essential when
faced with the social and ecological destruction that extractivism brings in its
wake. Andrews concludes that the creation of life-affirming economies will lie at
the heart of generating alternatives.
Feminist practice that aims to resist extractivism as well as generate solidarity
in the struggle for alternatives is a critical arena for fusing knowledge and activism.
The complexities of such efforts form the focus of our two Profiles and the
Conversation. Margaret Mapondera and Samantha Hargreaves’ profile of the feminist
network WoMin outlines its journey from a research initiative on the destructive
impacts of extractive industries on women, to the formation of an Africa-wide
ecofeminist alliance. Abiodun Baiyewu discusses Global Rights, a human rights
NGO in Nigeria which engages with rural communities where extractive activities
are ongoing and works on natural resource governance across the country from
a feminist perspective. Marianna Fernandes and Nzira de Deus, in conversation
with Charmaine Pereira, discuss their collaborative efforts in transcontinental
feminist organising and solidarity. Feminists from Brazil, Mozambique and Angola
organised a week-long workshop to bring together rural women from these
three Portuguese-speaking countries, who are actively engaged in resistance to
transnational corporations and extractivist enterprises. The organisers came from
the following groups and networks: Fórum Mulher (Women’s Forum), World
March of Women, MovFemme (Movimento das jovens feministas de Moçambique
- Young feminists’ movement of Mozambique), Ondjango Feminista (Feminist
Gathering) and WLSA (Women and Law Southern Africa).
We pay tribute to the Nigerian feminist theorist, literary critic, and poet,
‘Molara Ogundipe, who died on 18 June 2019. Adedoyin Aguoru recalls her
time as a student with Ogundipe, celebrating the latter’s intellectual and social
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urban as well as rural spaces are now difficult to ignore. Bodies, labour alienation,
livelihoods, and land, their dynamic relations to one another – and to production
and distribution – are increasingly receiving attention. As WoMin argues, “[W]
e need radical transformations to guarantee a life for all beings on the planet”
(WoMin, 2020). Universal health care that not only provides a public service but
also entails people-oriented production of medicines and medical technology is
one arm of such restructuring (Valiani, 2020). Another is an alternative farming
system which would encompass food sovereignty and polycultures (as opposed
to the monocultures central to agroindustry) as well as a more humane approach
to livestock. Not only would this provide healthier food, but it would also result
in healthier animals that are more resilient to pathogens. The interconnections
among farming, health, and labour surface clearly here (Ajl, 2020).
African feminists have displayed vigilance and creativity in the discussions
around responses to COVID-19, creating and taking up numerous opportunities
to organise webinars and signature campaigns and to issue statements. One such
initiative reveals the agenda-setting nature of their engagements. In July 2020, over
340 African feminists and feminist organisations signed an open letter to Ngozi
Okonjo-Iweala, Donald Kaberuka, Tidjane Thiam, Trevor Manuel and Benkhalfa
Abderrahmane – the Special Envoys mandated by the African Union to mobilise
international support to address the coronavirus pandemic in Africa. The letter
set out the nature of the COVID-19 crisis and its far-reaching implications and
possibilities for rethinking Africa’s economies and societies (African Feminism,
2020). As the African Feminist post-COVID-19 Economic Recovery Statement
argues,
COVID-19 has provided us with an opportunity to reimagine African
political economies. This moment requires a pan-African response
that creates an enabling environment for people and movement-
led economic work, including but not limited to cooperative
and solidarity economics, to be given the support and space to
flourish. COVID-19 needs to be a turn-around point from orthodox
laissez-faire models and overly financialised states. This crisis is
an opportunity to dislodge structural inequality and re-frame the
political economy which contributed to this tipping point.
Editorial ·9 ·
Endnotes
1. This relocation and new phase are reflected in our volume designation, such
that all issues hosted by the African Gender Institute (1-22) constitute Volume
1 (2002-2017). From now on, volumes will be numbered annually, beginning
with the current Volume 2, Issue 1 in 2021.
2. The African Feminist Reflection and Action Group is an independent group
convened by Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES). At the first meeting, held in
Maputo between 28 and 29 November 2017, 27 women attended from 16
African countries: Botswana, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic
of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique,
Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Swaziland (renamed by the King as
Eswatini), and Uganda. FES convened four Feminist Idea Labs across the
continent between 2017 and 2019, bringing together members of the Group
and invited guests on these occasions. The Reflection and Action Group also
met with and engaged local organisations at these events.
3. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2.
References
Acosta, Alberto. 2011. “Extractivism and Neo-extractivism: Two Sides of the
Same Curse”, in Lang, M. and Mokrani, D. eds. Beyond Development:
Alternative Visions from Latin America. Amsterdam: TNI/Rosa
Luxembourg Foundation.
Editorial · 11 ·
covid-19-crisis-upon-crisis-in-africa-an-ecofeminist-
perspective/
Ye, Jingzhong et al., 2020. “The Incursions of Extractivism: Moving from
Dispersed Places to Global Capitalism”, Journal of Peasant Studies
47 (1): 155-183. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/
publication/331260487_The_incursions_of_extractivism_moving_from_
dispersed_places_to_global_capitalism