Media and Information

Literacy
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
The Power of Media and
Information

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 What I Know

Write your pretest here.

Write T if the statement is true; otherwise, write F.

____________ 1 A citizen journalist must be equipped with high-end cameras

to tell news.
____________ 2 Online selling started during the pandemic.
____________ 3 People become effective agents in promoting tourism through
social media.
____________ 4 Being a watchdog is one of the roles of media in a democratic
country
____________ 5 E-commerce can be seen even in Facebook.
____________ 6 Citizen journalism involves the gathering and reporting of
news by people who are trained as professional journalists
____________ 7 Citizen journalists have the advantage of capturing news
where it happens and as it happens.
____________ 8 Social media has nothing to do with tourism.
____________ 9 e-commerce refers to products being sold through the
internet.
____________ 10 Community problems and complaints are normal content of
citizen journalists’ reports.

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 Lesson
The Power of Media and
1 Information
“Content is fire. Social media is gasoline.” - Jay Baer

The analogy was well thought of. Social media is not like any ordinary fuel. It is an
efficient energy source that gets your engine running nicely and optimizes its power.
Just think about us, the social media savvies, as cars loaded with high octane fuel.
Surely, we would be going places at top speed, wouldn’t we?

Because of the internet, never has information been as accessible as ever, and it is
not just us receiving info; it is also us enabled to spread info like wildfire. So how
does this go? Let’s explore.

What’s In

You Got the Power

Over the centuries, media and information has empowered people to improve
themselves and create an impact for their societies. With the advancement of
technology, we have practically become “super humans” in the light of media and
information. So what are these special powers that we get through media? Consider
the drawings below as your visual representation of “Super MIL”. List down the power
that he/she possesses. Take note, we are not talking fiction here, so make sure that
the powers you list are rooted to reality.

1. _____________________________________
2. _____________________________________
3. _____________________________________
4. _____________________________________
5. _____________________________________
6. _____________________________________

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 What’s New

What’s on a Wall?

"Graffiti on a wall" by Welsh Icons (Dom) is licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0

We are used to seeing graffiti on practically any open surface we can think of – from
walls to classroom desks. We may not be able to pinpoint the culprit of these
unwanted art forms, but we may detect which group or gang can be held responsible.
In your opinion, why do some people draw on walls? What could be their motivation
in doing so, and most importantly, what is the impact of these graffiti to the viewing
public? Is this an exercise of our “freedom of expression” or are these done just for
art’s sake? Please share your opinion regarding this.

Notes to the Teacher

Provide opportunities for learners to express their thoughts and opinions,
albeit informally, through designated social media platforms whenever
possible. Illustrations, such as the one on top, may be posted on your GC or
Facebook page/group where you and students can react and comment.

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 What is It

Citizen Journalism
When I was a kid, I used to wonder why there were
angry scribbles on any vacant wall in town, as well
as posters that promoted not products but
ideologies and demands, like salary increase, rights
for the laborers, and the like. I asked myself why
people resorted to such public rants instead of
formal dialogues with the authorities, and I
wondered if other people could find meaning from
these unwanted posts. Later on, I realized that the
wall can be a very essential canvass for expression,
because anything that can be placed there can stay
a long time, and in case someone else cleans it up,
the “communicators” can still find ways to write
them back. The walls as a medium give a sense of
power to express what cannot be communicated
through other means.
I fully realized the sense of empowerment through
media in another incident that happened back in
1998. During that year’s national elections, I "Citizen Journalism" by Nick Gulotta is licensed
volunteered in a Parish Pastoral Council for under CC BY 2.0

Responsible Voting (PPCRV), a group that aimed to

guard the smooth running of the elections. Since I was the photographer in our
college’s school newspaper, I was asked to bring my camera in the voting precinct
where I would be assigned. On the election day, I was tipped to go to the entrance of
the voting precinct to shoot. There, I found a local candidate, casually shaking the
hands of people as they enter the venue. Such act is a form of campaign, and it is
forbidden to do such on election day. The very sight of me shooting was enough for
the local candidate to leave the sight instantly. At that time, I felt I was holding a
very frightening gadget, like the Infinity Gauntlet, and that I had a superpower that
could change the course of destiny. I felt empowered.

This sense of empowerment is much more heightened these days with social media
that is capable of making a local news a viral sensation. This is citizen journalism.
Mare, Keith, Marimbe and Mukundu (2018) gathered various definitions of citizen
journalism. These are:

• The gathering and reporting of news by people who are not trained as
professional journalists (Hermans, Vergeer and D'Haenens, 2009.)

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• The act in which a citizen, or group of citizens play an active role in the process
of collecting, reporting, analyzing and disseminating news and information with the
intention of providing independent, reliable, accurate, wide-ranging and relevant
information that is required for democracy and development (Bowman and Willis,
2003)
• An alternative and activist form of news gathering and reporting that functions
outside mainstream media institutions, often as a response to shortcomings in the
professional journalistic field, which uses similar journalistic practices but is driven
by different objectives and ideals and relies on alternative sources of legitimacy than
traditional or mainstream journalism (Lievrouw, 2013).

• The instance when the people, otherwise known as the audience, employ the
press tools they have in their possession to inform one another. (Rosen, 2008)

To simplify matters, citizen journalism empowers anybody through modern

technology and connectivity to create, enhance or verify media on their own or with
others. Do you still recall the “watchdog” role of media in a democratic society? This
is a clear-cut example of the fulfillment of that role.
Read this report on how citizen journalism addressed issues in a local community
during the pandemic. Since the story happened in India, you may reflect whether the
same scenario is happening in the Philippines.

IMPACT-DRIVEN JOURNALISM DURING THE PANDEMIC

By Devansh Mehta

Apr 29, 2020

The people of Hardauli village in Madhya Pradesh, India, were frightened. On March
30, one week after the Indian government announced a three-week nationwide
lockdown, six families returned from the city of Pune, a COVID-19 hotspot. Some
migrants were coughing, and despite government orders that returning migrants
exhibiting symptoms should be tested, the returnees refused to go to health
authorities.

Frightened and with nowhere else to turn, a citizen journalist from the village
reported this incident on a toll-free number operated by CGNet Swara, a journalism
outlet working to amplify the voices of tribal and rural citizens in central India, many
of whom cannot read or write. Health authorities soon paid a visit to the migrants,
and their COVID-19 tests came back negative. The same citizen journalist reported
that the fear in the village had been lifted.
At CGNet Swara, our focus is on bringing tangible change to our community. We do
so by using a citizen journalism model where anyone with a basic non-smartphone
can call a toll-free number and press one to report a story and two to hear the stories
reported by others. Every day about 80 callers report stories, and 500 callers listen
to the fact-checked and verified stories. About half the stories reported are cultural
songs and other folklore that our rural, indigenous communities wish to share, while
the other half are problems they are experiencing for which they need assistance.

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Measuring the success of a publication is critical to encourage the support of
funders, subscribers and readers. Many organizations measure their success by
focusing on analytics such as pageviews. At CGNet Swara we take a different
approach, focusing entirely on impact reports — the number of times our reporting
led to a problem being resolved.
One organization that has led the way on the use of concrete metrics to measure
impact is the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP), which
advertises a 56,000% return on investment. This means that for every US$1 donated
to them, US$560 is returned to the public as a result of their investigations.

An impact-driven model becomes ever-more critical in the context of the present

pandemic when journalists need to be able to innovate the tools and technologies
that can help them better serve their communities.

In the time that CGNet Swara has been using a citizen journalism model to
crowdsource problems reported in rural communities, we have helped to solve
everything from broken hand pumps to the non-payment of government wages. Each
time our reporting results in community change, our staff files an impact report to
quantify our success.
In the last 10 years since we started this model, we have received more than 700
impact reports, but we see a huge possibility for growth. One of the key metrics we
track at CGNet Swara is the total operating budget divided by the number of impact
reports for that year. In 2018-19, this came to about US$450 per problem solved for
our rural communities. However, in normal circumstances, only 10% of the problems
reported by rural communities get solved. Our team saw the opportunity to reduce
the cost of each impact to as little as US$45 by facilitating solutions to more issues
that were being reported.

To increase the number of solutions — and impact reports — we embarked on an

experiment to develop a technological solution to increase the participation of urban
volunteers, and ultimately grow the number of solutions.

We started with a workshop in Mumbai in September 2017 consisting of urban

working professionals, students and professors. Each attendee received a list of
problems and the phone number of the government officer responsible for solving
that particular issue. We made two observations from the workshop: rural
government officers often got flustered receiving calls from big cities like Mumbai,
and the workshop participants left with a real sense of accomplishment.

“You think you are being productive in your day job but calling someone up and
solving a remote problem is just incredible. It’s one of the few activities that are a
win-win for everyone,” said Rishabh Kathotia, an equity who participated in the
workshop. “I would absolutely do it again.”

However, we couldn’t rely on in-person events, and wanted to find a technological

solution. During another workshop at a technology institute in Bangalore, again with
students, professors and working professionals, participants spent time calling rural
officers and trying to solve the problems reported by villagers. Afterwards, they
presented their idea for a technological solution that could scale up the activities
they undertook earlier. Armed with these insights, our team at CGNet Swara started

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developing an app that could scale the process of individual volunteers adopting and
solving problems reported by villagers.
We tested the first version of the app with help from undergraduate journalism
students from St. Xaviers Mumbai. At the end of their assignment, over 15 students
had made an online petition on the problem they had adopted. One villager even
reported an impact: the large piles of garbage lying in his area were cleared by the
government. We reported on the work of these students and broadcast it to the rural
communities to demonstrate the power of both groups working together.
The application launched just in time, as soon after, the Indian government
announced a lockdown to tackle the novel corona virus. CGNet Swara has gotten a
deluge of reports from rural communities. These reports have included fears of local
residents flouting social distancing norms and migrant laborers unable to pay their
rent or having to eat food with insects in it. We knew many people were at home and
eager to contribute in any capacity, so we engaged them as volunteers to help solve
the many COVID-19 related issues reported on our platform.

One of our volunteers in Raipur, Snehil Saraf, discovered a case of 90 migrant

laborers that were unable to return to their village, and whose employer was not
giving them enough food during the lockdown. The migrants reported this story on
CGNet Swara, and Saraf immediately tweeted to the government authorities.

The district collector paid a visit, and ensured that the owner would provide the
migrant laborers enough food for the duration of the lockdown.

In the last month, there have been over 90 stories reported by citizen journalists
seeking a solution to a predicament they are facing. By working with the government
and well-meaning volunteers, about 60% of these concerns have resulted in impact
reports.

The pandemic has laid bare the weakness of the metrics prioritized by media
organizations. Despite rising page views and user engagement, media revenue is in
a freefall, with layoffs and pay cuts at almost all major media outlets. With traditional
metrics failing, it is an opportune time to consider metrics for a new journalism
model, one that prioritizes impact in the communities they claim to serve.

What’s More

The Online Selling Phenomenon

Aside from citizen journalism, there are other instances by which people are
empowered by media, one of which has become so obvious these days because of the
pandemic. With normal trade affected by the months of lockdown, many people can
manage business through the basic yet powerful online platform. I believe that you
are very much aware of how online selling flourishes these days. Lazada and Shopee
have become the virtual malls for people who want easy access to products without

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leaving their homes. Food can be served conveniently through Grab Food and Food
Panda. But more than these, small scale enterprise flourished through online selling
via FaceBook Live and deliveries through “pasabuy.” For many Filipinos whose jobs
or businesses were affected by the lockdown, these became means of earn a living in
the new normal.
Read this online article that further explains how online selling thrives in the time
of the pandemic.

HOW ONLINE SELLING IS THRIVING IN THE NEW NORMAL

June 15, 2020 | 1:44 pm

By Hannah Mallorca, Features Writer, The Philippine STAR

The growth of many e-commerce platforms is the effect of transition from traditional
shopping channels to online platforms during quarantine
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused the rise and fall of
several industries worldwide. Even though e-commerce platforms have long been on
the rise, the process was fast-tracked when quarantine guidelines were put into
place.

With the absence of traditional shopping channels, customers have flocked to e-

commerce platforms to secure purchases and transactions. Many stores and
restaurants have also transitioned online to serve their target market.

To discuss the current state of online selling in the new normal, The Philippine
STAR’s Career Guide shared insights on the progress of e-commerce platforms and
other online means during this time.

The online discussion featured Entrego retail director Xervin Maulanin, PurpleBug
Inc. president and CEO Marlon Gonzales, La Carnita Modern Mexican Cantina co-
founder Lenlen Mesina, Lazada Philippines head of business development Petrus
Carbonell, and Seven Days of Greens co-founder Roel Uy Chan.

Growth of e-commerce platforms

Even though various e-commerce platforms were established pre-pandemic, its

identity strengthened since the start of quarantine. Mr. Carbonell shared that Lazada
has witnessed significant growth.

“So far, we see a lot of demand. We’re also seeing people who are more interested in
starting their businesses online,” he added. “I think this will continue even after
quarantine and if you think about it, these trends have always been present. Ang
nangyari lang ngayong quarantine, na-accelerate siya.”

According to Mr. Carbonell, some of the most popular products in Lazada’s platform
are groceries, medical items, and ready-to-eat products.

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Mr. Maulanin noted that the transition from traditional shopping methods into online
has pushed e-commerce platforms to sell more essential goods and daily needs. He
added that delivery personnel are also considered as frontliners due to their service
during the quarantine.

“Lumalaki ang volume natin compared to before. We’re still a long way to go before
online shopping becomes the predominant channel for us, but I think we’re going to
see a lot of acceleration there. We’re very excited to see ano’ng magiging trend nito,”
he said.

Transitioning from traditional shopping methods to online

The pandemic has caused many businesses to transition to online to cater to its
customers. Many restaurants have also moved towards delivery services to serve
their target market.

According to Ms. Mesina, proper research and development are needed to ensure the
quality of Cantina’s products even in the new normal.

“At the moment, what we’re trying to do, instead of dispensing or distributing the
product, we had to come up with product lines that can be experienced by the
customers in the comfort of their homes, that’s why we really value the support and
the service of third-party suppliers when it comes to delivery,” she shared.

Ms. Mesina also noted that the quarantine is an opportunity for many businesses to
understand how to navigate into e-commerce and to incorporate online payments.

“You need to make sure that you’re able to deliver what you’re promising to your
online market and that the product is available from you. It’s also not just being
available, the products must be consistent and of very good quality kasi ‘yun ‘yung
magiging labanan when it comes to online selling,” she added.

On the other hand, Mr. Gonzales said that quarantine has challenged e-commerce
platforms, restaurants and other online sellers to develop its services since it will
reflect on customers.

“People will always buy if maganda ‘yung feedback na makikita nila. What we’ve
noticed din karamihan ng returning customers namin are referrals so very important
‘yung feedback na nakikita nila online,” he said.

Mr. Uy Chan stated that the new normal has also urged online sellers, e-commerce
platforms and restaurants to refine collaboration methods with its partner channels
to ensure quality service.

“The principle behind online selling is still intact and similar to traditional selling
wherever you go. It’s still just a channel,” he added.
In addition, Mr. Carbonell noted that e-commerce platforms and online sellers would
continue to grow, even in a post-pandemic society.

“In terms of the potential of people reaching success, I would say that the sky is the
limit because we see new millionaire sellers every time that we run a campaign. I’m
not saying that everyone who goes online will be successful, but we see many cases
that the potential is huge,” he said.

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Online selling platforms have witnessed significant growth in customer behavior
during the pandemic. With this, it’s up to business sectors to improve its services to
ensure loyalty among its target market.

What I Have Learned

Let us set into Philippine context the power of citizen journalism. Gather three different news
items posted by Filipino citizen journalists from social media platforms that went viral and
were broadcast in any of the major Philippine networks. If possible, include a screenshot as
an evidence. Follow this format:

Who contributed?
Patrick Mariano

When was it published?

October 16, 2020

Where did it happen?

Nangka, Marikina

What happened?
Truck drivers bought all the ice candies of
the sidewalk vendor who endured the rains
just to earn a living.

What I Can Do

Tourism.com

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Another field that benefits from the
empowerment through social media
is tourism. Perhaps you would
agree that oftentimes, your choice
of a travel destination highly
depends on the posts that you see
in social media, and the more
“Instagrammable” or photogenic
the place is, the more you would be
enticed to go there. Take for
instance the case of Apo Whang-
Od, the popular indigenous tattoo
"File:Whang-od tattooing.jpg" by Mawg64 is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0
artist from the Cordilleras. Because
of the social media posts about the traditional hand-tapped, charcoal-inked tattoo
art procedure practiced by the famed centenarian Apo Whang-od, many were
enticed to be tattooed by the old lady herself,
even if it meant having to travel for hours to her village in Buscalan, Kalinga.
Thanks to media, Whang-od’s presence became viral, and more and more people
came to see her. Currently, she cannot work hand-on on all her increasing clients,
but she has trained some younger relatives to tattoo. If before, Whang-Od dictates
the tattoo design she would bestow on her clients, today, visitors can check out the
catalogued design to be followed by the younger tattooists. However, this indigenous
artist still gives her “personal touch” to the design by tattooing her three-dot
signature.

Now, here’s your task:

What do you consider as your hometown? Promote your hometown as a tourist

attraction. Use the best picture you can access (either from your personal collection
or from other online sources) and explain why this deserves to be visited. Here is a
sample format.

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 Calamba may be known for its hot
spring resorts, but sometimes, going
back to the basics is much more
overwhelming. Isn’t it that the best
things in life are free?

Along the shores of Laguna de Bay in

Barangay Sucol are small natural hot
spring ponds that offer a relaxing
experience with only the sky above you
and the rustic view as your backdrop.
These little ponds are called Malakokok,
and they surface only during the
summer season when the lake water
level is dry.

So if you want an inexpensive way to

commune with nature, far from the
sounds of modern living, you ought to
try this place.

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 Assessment

Vloggers are powerful media and information advocates. The content that they share
can influence public opinion, mobilize netizens to make a stand, and command a
choice. Below are short narratives of online content created by YouTube vloggers.
Based on these narratives, identify whether the vlogger is a:

A. watchdog
B. tourism promoter
C. commerce influencer

Write only the letter of your corresponding choice.

____________ 1 Will Dasovich, a Filipino-American vlogger, narrates his

experience of living in America during the pandemic.
____________ 2 Letisha Velasco from Pangasinan promotes affordable
cosmetic line in her make-over vlogs.
____________ 3 Andi Eigenmann and Philmar Alipayo vlog about their simple
life in Siargao through their channel “Happy Islanders.”
____________ 4 Kiko Rustia posts content on where to buy the most
reasonably priced products in the Philippines.
____________ 5 Social media influencer Mimiyuuuh vlogs about a trip while
mentioning the clothes she brought from Lazada.
____________ 6 Betina Carlos shares her recipe for red velvet cakes together
with its production cost.
____________ 7 Basel Manadil (The Hungry Syrian Wanderer)posts positive
reviews about the Philippines and aid victims of natural
disasters.
____________ 8 Nuseir Yassin (Nas Daily) from Israel explains in one of his
vlogs that the Philippines is his favorite country to visit.
____________ 9 American YouTube celebrity Carson Moody, a.k.a. Bisayang
Hilaw posted about a beautiful blue man-made lagoon in
Negros island.
____________ 10 DJ and vlogger Gandang Kara posted her kidnap prank with
Papa Jackson showcasing 88 Hot Spring Resort in Pansol,
Calamba, Laguna last October 26, 2020.

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 Additional Activities

Reflection
"Spiderman over the Lima, Peru cityscape" by T.78UopXx is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0

One of the most memorable quotes for 1.

me comes from the movie Spiderman:
“With great power comes great 2.
responsibility. Now, put this in the
context of the power of media. List down
at least three ways by which you can 3.
exercise your power responsibly as a
media and information literate
individual.

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Media and Information
Literacy
Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Current and Future Trends in
Media and Information

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 What I Know

Multiple Choice: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is NOT an example of modern wearable technology?

a. Smart Watches c. Smartphones
b. Fitness Trackers d. Headsets

2. Technology that takes advantage of the user’s sense of touch using

computer applications
a. Contextual awareness c. VR Technology
b. Haptics d. Wearable Technology

3. It refers to the model for delivering content online to any person who wants
to take a course with no limit to attendance.
a. Education Model
b. Model of Online Learning
c. Massive Open Online Course
d. Electronic Learning Model

4. Refers to a type of learning that happens anytime, anywhere and with

anyone.
a. Global Learning c. Ubiquitous Learning
b. Online Learning d. Virtual Learning

5. A technology that provides a big picture of learning outcomes through

available data such as test results.
a. Analytics c. Online exams
b. Learning trackers d. All of the above

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 Lesson Current and Future
1 Trends in Media and
Information
Every time we browse the internet for leisure, we would most likely look into one
common item: trend. For sure, getting updated is the first thing we will care to do as
global citizens of the world wide web, because in this age where information can be
accessed in just a tap of a finger, we will never want to be left behind.

What is trending right now as I write these words may not be the trend anymore
tomorrow. And so, more than just settling on what is “in” today, we always try to look
beyond and imagine what the future will hold. We better get back to learning; the
future may be just a click away.

What’s In

If you have access to YouTube currently, visit the link below and watch the video
“Watch your Day in 2020”.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJUQENC-SVQ

Here are the answer guide questions:

1. According to the video, what information will you be able to see in the
bathroom mirror?
2. What will be the features of the appliances in the kitchen and bedroom?
3. Do you think these features can make the world better, as the video states?
4. This video was uploaded five years ago. Do you think that these predictions
about technology back in 2015 were realized today?

If you do not have access to internet, look at this picture created in the 1900s and
answer the questions on its left.

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 1. What “futuristic drawing” can you
see in the picture?
2. This picture was drawn in 1905, two
years after Wilbur and Orville Wright
invented the first successful airplane.
Based on your knowledge in science,
do you think that this airplane model
would materialize? Why or why not?
3. What do you think is the next major
innovation in transportation
technology?

"Harry Grant Dart: Aerostatic cabriolet of tomorrow, ca.

1905" by trialsanderrors is licensed under CC BY 2.0

What’s New

The 10 New Paradigms of Communication in the Digital Age

We began our discussion of MIL with a look into the models of communication. I
hope you can still recall the concepts they represented. However, these are traditional
models that were conceptualized in the 20th century. Now that we are in the Digital
Age (which some experts consider as the Connected Age as you will learn later), our
outlook on communication changes too. Orihuela (2017) proposes 10 new paradigms
or concepts that characterize communication now:

PARADIGM 1: FROM AUDIENCE TO USER

The communication process in the actual scenario is user centered: users

have the control to choose, to decide, to search, to define and configure,
to subscribe or unsubscribe, to comment and, most important: to write,
talk and film.

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PARADIGM 2. FROM MEDIA TO CONTENT

The media convergence has reset media identity. Media brand image
becomes one of the most valuable activities of media companies: a source
of credibility and prestige for digital content.

PARADIGM 3. FROM MONOMEDIA TO MULTIMEDIA

The multimedia identity of the actual environment allows all media

industries to converge online and traditional media (press, broadcast,
movies). Online media are multimedia, and multimedia is a new language.

PARADIGM 4. FROM PERIODICITY TO REAL-TIME

Sharing news and opinions with the ability to interact in real-time are the
seed of cybercommunities. However, opportunities for reflection
diminishes when information comes and goes as quick as time, but today’s
fast-paced information promotes dynamism and new conversational
styles.

PARADIGM 5. FROM SCARCITY TO ABUNDANCE

Space for the print media and time for broadcast media ceased to be the
limit to content and now the time of the user is the new scarce resource.
The overflow of information calls for new skills and tools to manage data,
news, and opinions.

PARADIGM 6. FROM EDITOR-MEDIATED TO NON-MEDIATED

Worldwide publishing without editors, but with a close peer review daily
process and in most cases open to comments from readers is the nature
of social web publishing. Hence, the agenda of relevant current affairs goes
beyond the established media land and now is share with a wide variety
of new sources, most of them not media.

PARADIGM 7. FROM DISTRIBUTION TO ACCESS

The access paradigm is complementary with the user center paradigm and
both explain the strong interactive nature of the new environment. Access
means to seek, search, navigate, surf, decide, an active attitude, a will to
connect and communicate, the contrary of the passive reception of media
content.

PARADIGM 8. FROM ONE WAY TO INTERACTIVITY

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 This has three levels:

First level: the possibility for the user to choose the format of
information display (browser and navigation interface
configuration).

Second level: the possibility for the user to produce input for a
system. This contribution could be co-authoring, writing
comments, answering pools and tests, posting news, and so on.

Third level: the possibility for the user to communicate with other
users of the system in real or delay time.

PARADIGM 9. FROM LINEAR TO HYPERTEXT

Hypertext becomes the grammar of the digital world. The pathways of the
info-spaces are built on links. Creating and activating links online could
be the new name of alphabetization. Reading and writing by linking, this
is, exploring and creating hypertextual environments daily is the most
strategic skill digital natives are achieving.

PARADIGM 10. FROM DATA TO KNOWLEDGE

The extraordinary amount of data these days bring back the role of media
as social managers of knowledge. Today, the strategic mission of media is
the information about the information: information intelligence,
interpretation, filtering and searching combined with the challenge of new
interactive multimedia narratives and delivered by a wide range of
channels.

Keep in mind these ten paradigms as we go over this lesson as well as the
succeeding ones.

What is It

Trends in Digital Technology

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Many of the technological advances we are seeing today will shape our daily lives in
the future – the way we relax, interact, communicate and conduct business. From
virtual worlds, avatar emotions, artificial intelligence, computer generated
storytelling and narrative, interactive 360 holographic images, mixed reality, stress
disorder virtual therapies and so much more. ICT will continue to advance, empower
and transform every aspect of our life. Here are some of these emerging technologies
and trends.

Haptics technology
Is a feedback technology (using
computer applications) that takes
advantage of the user’s sense of
touch by applying force, vibrations
and/or motions to the User. Simple
haptics is used in game controllers,
joysticks and steering wheels and is
becoming more common in
Smartphones. Haptics is gaining
widespread acceptance as a key
part of virtual reality systems (i.e.
computer simulated environments)
- adding the sense of touch to
"Haptic and luminous screen 2" by jeanbaptisteparis is licensed
previously visual only solutions. It under CC BY-SA 2.0
is also used in virtual arts, such as
sound synthesis, graphic design and animation. There are many possibilities for
Haptics to be applied to gaming, movies, manufacturing, medical, and other
industries. Imagine your doctor operating on your local hospital from his computer
in Australia.

Contextual awareness
By combining ‘hard sensor’ information such as where you are and the conditions
around you, combined with ‘soft sensors’ such as your calendar, your social network
and past preferences - future devices will constantly learn about who you are and
how you live, work and play. As your devices learn about your life, they can begin to
anticipate your needs. Imagine your PC advising you to leave home 15 minutes early
or take a different route to avoid a traffic jam on your way to work. Consider a
“context aware” remote control that instantly determines who is holding it and
automatically selects the Smart TV preferences for that person.

Voice and tone recognition

Not only can voice and tone recognition be used to confirm a person’s identity but
tone recognition can be used to detect a person’s health or emotional state. This
technology will open new opportunities in security and healthcare – with mobile
applications.

Intelligent routing to devices

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This future technology will be useful to, for example, local councils. While on the
move, staff will be able to provide the precise description and location of a street-
based issue using Smartphones and mobile devices that can take photos and have
GPS (global positioning system) support. Intelligent routing will then alert the
responsible team to action.

Eye tracking technology

Eye tracking technology measures eye
positions and movements which are
analyzed through computer applications.
Future laptops, smartphones and tablets
could contain thousands of tiny imaging
sensors built into the display screen. Eye
tracking technology could have many
possible applications, including:
 Law enforcement – lie detection
 Airport security – identifying
suspicious behavior, e.g. to catch
terrorists before they strike
 Retail – recording, monitoring and
analyzing consumer behavior to
‘tailor’ marketing to individuals "Google Glass" by jurvetson is licensed under CC BY 2.0

 Safety - alerting and awakening a

drowsy or distracted driver would save many lives
 Health care – assisting people with disabilities or paralysis to communicate
(laptop) and improve mobility (electric wheelchair)
 Human-computer interaction – using screen icons and a blink here or a gaze
there. Say goodbye to the mouse and keyboard.

Internet glasses
Technology that can display images directly onto our retinas while not blocking our
sight is being developed. This technology can be used in eyeglasses and have uses
ranging from e-Gaming to military defense. In the next 10-20 years experts predict
that Internet glasses will replace Smartphones. Imagine these viewing experiences:
 Seeing building schematics and locations of others (especially useful for
security or fire fighters)
 Giving a speech while information is streamed to your eyeglasses in real time
 Receiving turn by turn directions as you walk toward your destination
 Viewing virtual recipes while cooking without losing your rhythm
 Walking down the street, seeing one of your friends show up "on screen" 2
blocks and 1 cafe away

Wearable Technology

Wearable technologies today are smart watches. These watches are worn as a typical
wristwatch but do more than just tell time. Modern smart watches perform the same
functions as smartphones.

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Smart watches as a wearable are developed for convenience, but its inability to
function as an independent gadget puts it at a distinct disadvantage.

Another example is a Fitness

tracker. It is derived from smart
watches in form and physical
design but serves health
applications. Fitness trackers
aim to promote health and
wellness among its enthusiasts,
unfortunately, issues in their
accuracy have been raised in
several reviews.

Virtual Reality (VR) wearable

technology is gradually growing
in popularity among enthusiasts.
Wearable technology takes users to computer generated worlds and let them
experience it as if they were "Wearable Technology" by ForbesOste is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
actually there. However,
concerns were raised about VR
technology’s potential to cause a total disconnection from the physical world.

What’s More

The Massive Open Online Course and its implications

The media and information are in a constant change, and its development is a
continuous process. This development is highly dependent on how connected entities
are. In fact, while some books would refer to this age as the Age of Information,
others would fittingly call this time as the “Connected Age.” Oblinger (2013) provides
explanation to the current ways of the world:

The change started with the network. Moving digital information instantly from one
place to another has reshaped delivery systems, business models, and economics

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and has led to the
globalization of almost every
industry. However, this
"network effect" is about
more than the dissemination
of information. It is about
connections. We are no
longer in the information
age—we are in the connected
age. Everyone and everything
is interconnected. Anyone
who can access the web can
participate. The connections "Perception, Action and the Brain" by brewbooks is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0

magnify the reach and value

of not just information but also our relationships, creating opportunities for learning,
working, and collaborating on an unprecedented scale.

Keep in mind the concept of the spider’s web. A web cannot hang on its own with
just a single strand. For it to spread out, each of its strand must be interconnected,
and a spider’s power to capture its prey depends on how wide its web spreads and
how many connections it has.

With that said the next matter to be considered is on how we as citizens of this age
keep ourselves connected to the worldwide network. It cannot be argued that getting
updated as often as possible is the key to our connectedness. Hence, the educating
aspect of the connected age becomes a prime concern, and with this, MOOC comes
in the frontline.

The Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) is defined as a model for delivering
learning content online to any person who wants to take a course, with no limit on
attendance. It can be characterized by the following:

1. A revolutionary approach to education that moves away from the physical

to the virtual

2. A kind of learning that happens online, breaking the norm of traditional

schools or universities for higher education.

3. Utilizes information technologies like analytics to help instructors gauge

their student’s learning.

4. Emphasis on connectedness.

The Implications

1. By taking learning into virtual space, attendance is no longer a determining

factor in one’s education. This makes MOOC learning a popular alternative for
those whose life situations make them unable to attend regular schools

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 2. Managing MOOC is relatively cheaper than running educational institutions.
By taking out the experiences of Universities – which are passed down to
students in exorbitant fees- MOOC addresses the high cost of education.

3. Analytic provides information about the learning process of students. Through

the use of data collected through analytics, MOOC provides a means to
improve learning.

4. Since it focuses on connectedness as part of the learning process, MOOC

allows education to take place on a global scale, connecting learners and
instructors all over the world to one another to maximize education.

What I Have Learned

Have you watched the film WALL-

E? It is a creative look into the future,
and a terrible interpretation of what
could happen to the world due to
pollution and to mankind if they would
continue sitting in front of computer
monitors. We do not want these to
happen, do we? In the movie WALL-E is
a robot designed to compact trash and
clean up the highly polluted earth. He is
"WALL•E" by Rob Boudon is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0
efficient, cute, and alone, yet he
manages to find proof of new life on earth to signal the human beings’ return to the
planet after centuries of exile in space.

Now, it is time for you to design your own robot, but not the type that kills
alien monsters with a laser sword. This time, its primary function is to safeguard
media and information and promote MOOC. There are already robot designs that
showcase the functions indicated above. (I have seen an actual design that is used
to teach English as a Foreign Language via distance mode.) You way Google about
them as a reference to your personal design. Let’s give it a name: M.I.L.Droid, the
Media and Information Literate Android.

You are given the freedom to decide how M.I.L. Droid would look, but make
sure that you are able to enumerate and explain at least five functions relevant in
promoting MIL and MOOC. Enjoy designing!

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 What I Can Do

Then, Now, and Beyond

It would help if you have an elder answering this with you.

Choose a current media and information technology you currently own or patronize
and create a review about it. Then, ask an elder (parents, aunts or uncles,
grandparents) for their opinion of a similar yet earlier version of the technology you
used for your own review. Lastly, think of how this technology will develop 10 years
from now. You may follow this format in your discussion.

THEN NOW BEYOND

(Describe how the (Identify the technology you (Write your predictions
technology presented in the will review and briefly about how the technology
middle column was describe its features) described in the middle
according to your elder column would be 10 years
source. Indicate also the from now. Remember to
decade when the technology include new features.)
was used.)

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 Assessment

Identify the correct word within the parentheses to complete the sentences.

____________ 1 (Ubiquitous, Online) learning means that education can

happen anytime, every time.
____________ 2 The grammar of the digital world is (hypertext, linear text).
____________ 3 Real time information dissemination promotes (reflective,
dynamic) interaction.
____________ 4 The communication process nowadays must be (audience,
user)- centered.
____________ 5 The influx of online learning opportunities that allows wide
networking is a clear proof that we are in the (digital,
connected) age.
____________ 6 When it comes to management, MOOCs are (cheaper, more
expensive) compared to traditional learning.
____________ 7 (Analytics, Haptics) provides relevant and reliable
information about the learning process of students.
____________ 8 (Group chats, printed modules) are tools for MOOCs
____________ 9 MOOCs are designed for (small, large) classes.
____________ 10 A MOOC program is (restricted, flexible) for the learner.

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 Additional Activities

Reflection: Student version 2020

Due to the current world health crisis, many Filipino students are compelled to
engage in MOOCs in order to continue with their studies, and the concept of
ubiquitous learning (that is, learning anywhere, everywhere, anytime and every time)
has been realized sooner than expected for many.

Whether you are engaged in online, blended or modular learning, reflect on your
current situation as a learner. Write about the challenges you encounter every day,
the funny moments you experienced in distance learning, and personal suggestions
as to how the learning process can be improved.
It may also help if you ask some of your friends who experience much more intensive
online session about their own reflection. In such way, we acknowledge the highs
and lows of the new normal mode of studying and empower ourselves to do better
despite the challenges.

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