5.introduction To Euclid - S Geometry

Class 9 Introduction to Euclid’s geometry Mathematics
Section - A
1. Define a line segment
2. Say true or false and give reasons- Only one line can pass through a single point
3. In how many points can two distinct lines at most intersect?
4. Name the line segments determined by three collinear points a, b and c
5. Define intersecting lines
Section - B
1. Give a definition for each of the following terms
a)perpendicular lines
b)radius of a circle
2. Fill in the blanks

a)A line separates a plane into___________ parts namely the ______ and
the____ itself
b)Two distinct ______ in a plane cannot have more than one point in common
3. In the following figure, if AC = BD, then prove that AB = CD.
4. Say whether the following statements are true of false

a)The ray PQ is same as ray QP
b) Two lines are coincident if they have one point in common
5. Define a) concurrent lines b) transversal
Section - C
1. In the below figure. Name the following:

a)Five line segments

b) five rays
c)Two pairs of non intersecting line segments
2. If a point C lies between two points A and B such that AC = BC, then prove that
1
AC= AB
2
3. How would you rewrite Euclid’s fifth postulate so that it would be easier to
understand?
4. Which of this statement are axioms, postulates, definition, Theorem?

a)If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal
b)The edges of a surface are lines
c)All right angles are equal to one another
d)If first thing is greater than the second and the second is greater than the third,
then first is greater than third
e)The whole is greater than the part
f)Two distinct lines cannot have more than one point in common
g)For every line l and for every point P not lying on the line l, there exists a
unique line m passing through P and Parallel to l
5. Say whether the given statement is True or False statement

a)The statements that are proved are called postulates
b) The whole is greater than the part is a postulate
c) If the area of square X equals to the area of rectangle Y and the area of
rectangle Y is equal to area of circle Z,then area of square X equals to area of
circle Z
Section D
1. Fill in the blanks

a)Boundaries of the solid are called_________
b)The number of line segments determined by the three non collinear points
is______
c) Ram salary is equal to Mohan salary, Due to recession, the salaries of ram
and Mohan are made half. The final salary of Ram will still be equal to Mohan.
This followsEuclid’s __________ d)Euclid belongs to______ country
2. Does Euclid’s fifth postulate imply the existence of parallel lines? Explain
3. Consider the two ‘postulates’ given below

a)Given any two distinct points A and B, there exists a third point C, which is
betweenA and B.
b) There exists at least three points that are not on the same line.
Do these postulates contain any undefined terms? Are these postulates

consistent? Do they follow from Euclid’s postulates? Explain.
4. Prove that every line segment has one and only one midpoint.
5. Write the truth value (T/F) of each of the following statements:

a)Two lines may intersect in two points
b)A segment has no length
c)A ray has one end-point only.
d)A segment has one end-point only.
Solutions:
Section - A
1. A line segment has two endpoints. It contains these endpoints and all the points
of the line between them. The length of a segment can be measured , but not of
a line.
Here AB is the line segment
2. False: as the reason is Infinite many lines can pass through a single point.
3. Only one
4. The line segments determined by three collinear points a, b and c are ab bc and
ca
5. In a pair of lines, line segments or rays are called intersecting lines if they have
a common point. This common point is their point of intersection
Here l and m are intersecting lines and P is the point of intersection
Section - B
1. a)Two lines are said to be perpendicular lines, when the angle between these
two lines is 90𝆩
b)The distance of any point lying on the boundary of a circle from the center of
the circle is called the radius of a circle.
2. a)Three ,half plane and the line

b)lines
3. We are given that AC = BD.

We need to prove that AB = CD using the figure given below.
From the figure, we can conclude that

AC = AB + BC, an dBD = CD + BC.
and Euclid’s axiom states that “Things which are equal to the same thing are
equal to one another.”
4. a) false
b) false
5. a)A set of lines or curves are said to be concurrent if they all intersect. at the
same point. In the figure below, the three lines are concurrent because they all
intersect at a single point P.
b) Transversal:In geometry, a transversal is a line that passes through two lines

in the same plane at two distinct points. Transversals play a role in establishing
whether two other lines in the Euclidean plane are parallel.
Section - C
1. a)Five line segments are AB, CD, AC, PQ and DS
b) are the five rays

c)Two pairs of non--intersecting line segments are AB and CD, AB and LS.
2. We are given that a point C lies between two points B and C, such that
1
AC = BC.We need to prove that AC= AB.Let us consider the given below figure.
2
We are given that AC = BC …(i)

An axiom of Euclid says that “If equals are added to equals, the wholes are
equal.”
Let us add AC to both sides of equation (i).
AC + AC = BC + AC.
An axiom of Euclid says that “Things which coincide with one another are equal
to one another.”We can conclude that BC + AC coincide with AB, or
AB = BC + AC …(ii)
An axiom of Euclid says that “Things which are equal to the same thing are equal
to one another.”
From equations (i) and (ii), we can conclude that
AC + AC = AB, or 2AC = AB.
An axiom of Euclid says that “Things which are halves of the same things are
equal to one another.”

1
Therefore, we can conclude that AC= AB
2
3. We know that Euclid’s fifth postulate states that “No intersection of lines will take
place when the sum of the measures of the interior angles on the same side of
the falling line is exactly 180𝆩.We know that Playfair’s axiom states that “For
every line l and for every point P not lying on l, there exists a unique line m
passing through P and parallel to l”.The above mentioned Playfair’s axiom is
easier to understand in comparison to the Euclid’sfifth postulate.
Let us consider a line l that passes through a point p and another line m. Let
these lines be at a same plane.
Let us consider the perpendicular CD on l and FE on m.
From the above figure, we can conclude that CD = EF.

Therefore, we can conclude that the perpendicular distance between lines m and
l will be constant throughout, and the lines m and l will never meet each other or
in other words, we can say that the lines m and l are equidistant from each other.
4. Axioms: (a), (d), (e), (g)

Postulates: (c)
Definition: (b)
Theorem: (f)
5. a)False
b)False
c)True
Section D
1. a) surface
b)three
c)7th axiom
d) Greece
2. The answer to the asked statement is Yes.

Let us consider two lines m and l.
In the figure given below, we can conclude that the lines m and l will intersect
further
From the figure, we can conclude that ∠1+∠2< 180𝆩 and∠3+∠4>180𝆩.We know that
Euclid’s fifth postulate states that “No intersection of lines will take place when the sum
of the measures of the interior angles on the same side of the falling line is 180𝆩
exactly.Let us consider lines l and m.
From the above figure, we can conclude that lines l and m will never intersect from either
side.Therefore, we can conclude that the lines l and m are parallel
3. a)Given any two distinct points A and B, there exists a third point C, which is
between A and B
b)There exists at least three points that are not on the same line.
The undefined terms in the given postulates are point and line.
The two given postulates are consistent, as they do not refer to similar situations
and they refer to two different situations.
We can also conclude that it is impossible to derive at any conclusion or any
statement that contradicts any well known axiom and postulate.
The two given postulates do not follow from the postulates given by Euclid.
The two given postulates can be observed following from the axiom, “Given two
distinct points, there is a unique line that passes through them”.
4. We need to prove that every line segment has one and only one midpoint.
Let us consider the given below line segment AB and assume that C and D are
the mid-points of the line segment AB.
If C is the midpoint of a line segment AB, thenAC = CB.

An axiom of Euclid says that “If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal.”
AC + AC = CB + AC.(i)From the figure, we can conclude that CB + AC will coincide with
AB.An axiom of Euclid says that “Things which coincide with one another are equal to
one another.”AC + AC = AB.(ii)An axiom of Euclid says that “Things which are equal to
the same thing are equal to one another.”
Let us compare equations (i) and (ii), to get AC + AC = AB, or2AC = AB.(iii)
If D is the midpoint of a line segment AB, thenAD = DB.
An axiom of Euclid says that “If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal.”
AD + AD = DB + AD.(iv)
From the figure, we can conclude that DB + AD will coincide with AB.
An axiom of Euclid says that “Things which coincide with one another are equal to one
another.”AD + AD = AB.(v)
An axiom of Euclid says that “Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one
another.”
Let us compare equations (iv) and (v), to get
AD + AD = AB, or
2AD = AB.(vi)
An axiom of Euclid says that “Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one
another.”
Let us compare equations (iii) and (vi), to get 2AC = 2AD.
An axiom of Euclid says that “Things which are halves of the same things are equal to
one another.” AC = AD.
Therefore, we can conclude that the assumption that we made previously is false and a
line segment has one and only one midpoint.
5. a) false
b) false
c)true
d)false

5.introduction To Euclid - S Geometry

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Class 9 Introduction to Euclid’s geometry Mathematics

1. Define a line segment

3. In how many points can two distinct lines at most intersect?

4. Name the line segments determined by three collinear points a, b and c

5. Define intersecting lines

2. Fill in the blanks

3. In the following figure, if AC = BD, then prove that AB = CD.

4. Say whether the following statements are true of false

5. Define a) concurrent lines b) transversal

1. In the below figure. Name the following:

a)Five line segments

4. Which of this statement are axioms, postulates, definition, Theorem?

5. Say whether the given statement is True or False statement

1. Fill in the blanks

3. Consider the two ‘postulates’ given below

Do these postulates contain any undefined terms? Are these postulates

5. Write the truth value (T/F) of each of the following statements:

Here AB is the line segment

Here l and m are intersecting lines and P is the point of intersection

2. a)Three ,half plane and the line

3. We are given that AC = BD.

From the figure, we can conclude that

b) Transversal:In geometry, a transversal is a line that passes through two lines

1. a)Five line segments are AB, CD, AC, PQ and DS

b) are the five rays

We are given that AC = BC …(i)

equal to one another.”

From the above figure, we can conclude that CD = EF.

4. Axioms: (a), (d), (e), (g)

2. The answer to the asked statement is Yes.

If C is the midpoint of a line segment AB, thenAC = CB.

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