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Module 4 - Water For Food Production-30-01-2023
Module 4 - Water For Food Production-30-01-2023
consumes 60.0
40.0
Total sector
83.3 89.6
water in the
Total Water Ground water
country 100 100
Available
Water
Fertilizer Pesticide
Thirsty Crop
Ec=100(Wf/Wr)
Where,
Ec= Water conveyance efficiency (%),
Wf = Water delivered to the farm or
irrigation plot,
Wr= Water supplied or diverted from
the river or reservoir.
Water Application Efficiency
The water application efficiency is the ratio of the quantity
of water stored into the root zone of the crops to the
quantity of water delivered to the field. This focuses the
attention of the suitability of the method of application of
water to the crops. It is determined from the following
expression
Ea=100(Ws/Wf)
Where,
Ea= Water application efficiency
Ws= Water stored in the root zone during
the irrigation
Wf = Water delivered to the farm (m3).
Water Use Efficiency
Where,
Es= Water storage efficiency
Ws= Water stored in the root zone during irrigation.
Wn= Water needed in the root zone prior to irrigation.
Water Distribution Efficiency
• It evaluates the degree to which water is uniformly distributed throughout
the root zone. Uneven distribution has many undesirable results. The more
uniformly the water is distributed, the better will be the crop response.
• It is mathematically expressed as:
Where,
• Ed= Water distribution efficiency
• Υ= Average numerical deviation in depth of water stored from average
depth stored during irrigation
• d = Average depth of water stored during irrigation.
Consumptive use Efficiency
• It is given by
Where,
Ecu= Consumptive use efficiency
Wcu= normal consumptive use of water.
Wd= net amount of water depleted from root zone of soil.
Surface Irrigation
• Surface irrigation method is most widely practiced.
• In this method water is conveyed to the point of infiltration directly the
soil surface in channels that vary in shape, size and hydraulic
characteristics.
• The channels may vary from corrugation to long narrow strips or large
fields where water is impounded.
• On the basis of their conveyance size and shape, surface irrigation may be
of following types.
Pollution :
• Excessive nutrient inputs into a water body induce biological, chemical and
physical changes in aquatic plant and animal communities, often leading to
oxygen depletion, especially in deeper waters.
• The worst affected areas can become completely anoxic. In the absence of
oxygen, decomposition can release toxic hydrogen sulphide, poisoning
organisms and making the sea-bed lifeless.
• There are many reasons why governments and authorities
throughout the world are deeply concerned about the effects
of agricultural pollution.
• Not least is the danger to
1) Public health. In drinking water, high concentrations of
nitrate can cause methemoglobinemia, a potentially fatal
disease in infants also known as blue baby syndrome.
2) Fish stocks and marine biodiversity. Eutrophication destroys
habitats for other marine life.
3) The tourist industry. Poisonous and/or unsightly and
odorous coastal waters discourage tourists!
Agricultural impacts on water quality
Impacts
Surface water Groundwater
Sediment/turbidity: sediments
carry phosphorus and pesticides
adsorbed to sediment particles;
siltation of river beds and loss
of habitat, spawning ground, etc.
Autumn ploughing in Sweden
Agricultural activity 2. Fertilizing
Impacts
Surface water Groundwater
Impacts
Surface water Groundwater
Impacts
Surface water Groundwater
Impacts
Surface water Groundwater
Impacts
Surface water Groundwater
Impacts
Surface water Groundwater
Interval 1 2 3 4 5