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    Hunting and gathering societies like the Bushmen lived nomadic lifestyles, following animals as they migrated. They identified with groups like the Ju/’hoansi and !Kung. Other nomadic groups included Inuit in the Arctic who hunted whales, seals, and caribou. Nomads in Central Asia like the Kazakhs were herders who lived in yurts and followed their livestock. Domestication of animals like cows, pigs, goats, and sheep provided sources of food, fiber, labor and fertilizer for agricultural societies. Ecology influenced whether groups were nomadic or sedentary, which impacted factors like community size, child-rearing practices, and levels of strat

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    Hunting and gathering societies like the Bushmen lived nomadic lifestyles, following animals as they migrated. They identified with groups like the Ju/’hoansi and !Kung. Other nomadic groups included Inuit in the Arctic who hunted whales, seals, and caribou. Nomads in Central Asia like the Kazakhs were herders who lived in yurts and followed their livestock. Domestication of animals like cows, pigs, goats, and sheep provided sources of food, fiber, labor and fertilizer for agricultural societies. Ecology influenced whether groups were nomadic or sedentary, which impacted factors like community size, child-rearing practices, and levels of strat

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    41 views65 pages

    4.1 Hunting and Gather Societies and Domestication PDF

    Uploaded by

    Cư Nguyễn
    Hunting and gathering societies like the Bushmen lived nomadic lifestyles, following animals as they migrated. They identified with groups like the Ju/’hoansi and !Kung. Other nomadic groups included Inuit in the Arctic who hunted whales, seals, and caribou. Nomads in Central Asia like the Kazakhs were herders who lived in yurts and followed their livestock. Domestication of animals like cows, pigs, goats, and sheep provided sources of food, fiber, labor and fertilizer for agricultural societies. Ecology influenced whether groups were nomadic or sedentary, which impacted factors like community size, child-rearing practices, and levels of strat

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    of 65

    WEEK 4

    Subsistence economy and


    traditional cultures
    Unit 1: Hunting and gather societies
    and domestication
    Hunting and gathering societies
     A hunter-gatherer society represent nomadic
    tribes or groups that live by hunting and
    gathering fruits and vegetables, along migrating
    with domesticated animals.
     Our ancestors, the Bushmen, live in Kalahari
    dessert, South Africa, neighboring Botswana
    and Namibia.
    Hunting and gathering societies
     They are a loose group of hunter and gathers, and
    although they do not have a formal tribal names,
    they have a unique language with clicks in their
    consonants.
     They identify themselves with such names as
    Ju/’hoansi and !Kung, with the mark ! representing
    the clicking sound.
     They have lived in southern Africa from around
    80,000 years.
    Bushmen
    Bushmen and children
    Kalahari Khoi San, Namibia
    Animal hunted
    Waterbuck
    Springbok
    Zebra
    Pygmy, Congo rainforests:
    Height below 1.5 meters
    Pygmy house in Congo
    Inuit
     Anthropologists class the Inuit as members of
    the Mongoloid race, along with as the Chinese,
    Korean and Japanese.
     The Inuit are the descendants of the Thule
    culture, a nomadic people who emerged from
    western Alaska around 10,000 BC and spread
    eastwards across the Arctic, displacing the
    Tuniit.
    Inuits
    Inuits
     Tuniit were described as "giants,“ who were
    taller and stronger, but who were easily scared
    off.
     The Inuit were traditionally hunters and
    fishermen, living off of Arctic animal life, such
    as whales, walruses, caribou and seals, although
    polar bears, musk oxen, and birds.
     The Arctic has very little edible vegetation,
    and they supplement their diet with seaweed.
    Inuits
    Hunting and Igloo
    Saami
    The Sami people (also
    Sámi, Saami, Lapps and
    Laplanders) are an
    indigenous people of
    northern Sweden,
    Norway, Finland and
    Russia, covering a total
    area in the Nordic
    countries.
    Saami land
    Ecology
    A Saami family, 1900
    Native Indians

    Native Indian tribes


    Native Indian tribe
    Native Indian: Totem pole
    Nomads of Central Asia
    Kazakh nomads
    Kazakh nomads
    Pastoral Nomads of Tibet
    Mongols: The horse-riding people
    Mongol women
    Mongolian yurt
    Mongolian empire
    The Roma people in Europe:
    Gypsies 8-10 million

    Turkey 1904 Greece


    Nomads of Iran
    Nomadic tribe, Iran
    Nomadic tribe, Iran
    Women, Iran
    Child rearing, nomadic tribe, Iran
    Marriage, nomadic tribe, Iran

    From Kim , Aasen and Ebadi (2003)


    Women, nomadic tribe, Iran

    From Kim , Aasen and Ebadi (2003)


    Mosque, Iran
    Qom, Iran

    From Kim , Aasen and Ebadi (2003)


    Islam
    Domestication
    Reindeer
    Domestication of reindeer 12,000 BC
    Domesticated reindeer herd
    Enemy vs. friend

    Enemy Best friend


    Domestication of dog
    Wild and domesticated
    Domestication of chicken
    Sheep
    Arabia
    Camel
    Goats
    Horses
    Domestication of cow
    Egyptian Empire, 1450 BC
    Domestication
     Livestock provide a direct source of food,
    leather, wool, hides, and fertilizer and labor.
     Some of the earliest domesticated animals
    included reindeer, sheep, goats, cows, and pigs.
     Out of the millions of species of animals only
    fourteen eventually became domesticated for
    agriculture.
    Domestication
    1. Meat
    The production of a useful form of dietary protein
    and energy (cow, chicken, pigs).
    2. Dairy products
    Source of milk, processed into yogurt, cheese,
    butter, ice cream.
    3. Fiber:
    Wool, leather.
    Domestication
    4. Labor
    Cow, horses, donkey ploughing fields,
    transporting goods, and military functions.
    5. Fertilizer
    Manure, fuel.
    6. Land Management
    Control weeds and undergrowth (goats, sheep).
    Animal Domesticated Area Uses
    Alpaca Andes Wool
    th
    Bison Late 19 North America Meat, leather, dairy
    Camel 4,000-1,400 BC Asia Labor, dairy
    Cow 6,000 BC Southwest Asia, Meat, dairy, leather, Labor
    North Africa
    Deer 1970 North America antlers, meat, leather
    Dog 12,000 BC Labor, meat
    Donkey 4,000 BC Egypt Labor, meat, dairy
    Elephant Labor, military, dairy
    Goat 8,000 BC Southwest Asia Dairy, meat, wool
    Guinea pig 5,000 BC South America Meat
    Horse 4,000 BC Ukraine Labor, military, meat, dairy
    Llama 3,500 BC Andes Labor, meat, wool
    Mule Labor
    Pig 8,000 BC Southwest Asia Meat and bacon, leather
    Rabbit AD 400-900 France Meat, wool
    Reindeer 3,000 BC Russia Meat, leather, antlers, dairy
    Sheep 8,000 BC Southwest Asia Wool, dairy, meat
    Water Buffalo 4,000 BC Tibetan Plateau Labor, meat, dairy
    Lifestyle
    Effect of Ecology on Culture and Socialization

    ECOLOGY Sedentary Nomadic


    Mountainous,
    Terrain Rich soil, flat, water
    jungle, dessert
    High food Low food
    Exploitive accumulating accumulating
    Pattern Agricultural, Hunting and
    pastoral gathering
    Settlement
    Sedentary Nomadic
    pattern
    Size of
    Large Small
    community
    Effect of Ecology on Culture and Socialization

    CULTURAL VARIATIONS
    Emphasis Collectivism Individualism
    High, Tight, Low, Loose,
    Stratification
    Hierarchy Egalitarian
    Child-Rearing Strict Tolerant

    Practices Obedience Self-reliance

    Sex Differences High None or little


    Effect of Ecology on Culture and Socialization

    INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS
    Cognitive style Field-dependent Field-independent

    Perceptual-style Global Analytical

    Sociability Sociable Less sociable


    Adaptation and control
    Type Economy
    Nomadic tribes Hunters and gathers
    Herders
    Sedentary Agricultural communities:
    communities Hierarchy, conservatism,
    sex- role differentiation
    Profit motive Mass production:
    Industry, commerce, technology
    Urban centers Political ideology
    Adaptation and control

    Goal Economy
    Quality of life Information age: Civil rights,
    balanced development

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