Conjunction

11.
CONJUNCTION, INTERJECTION, PUNCTUATION
1. CONJUNCTION
Conjunction (Connecting Words) are words to connect words, phrases or sentences and
so on, and not for any other purpose. Conjunction (connection/couplers/connectors) are not (like
preposition) it connected with objects. Conjunctions do not (like adverb) describe words.
Conjunction only connect words or sentences and et cetera. Therefore, the same word can be a
preposition in one part, an adverb in another, or a conjunction in another. For example :
 Preposition as : He was a chosen as a chairman

 Adverb as : Do as I say
 Conjunction as : I left just as he entered
 Preposition before : He arrived long before the time

 Adverb before : I have heard this before
 Conjunction before : Please sign this letter before you go
Conjuction are further divided into two groups, which are :
1. Co-ordinating Conjunction
2. Subordinating Conjunction
1. CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Co-ordinating conjunction connect equal sentences, namely one sentence that does not
depend on other sentences. Equivalent sentences can be combined by four different ways, and
this gives rise to four different types of Co-ordinative Conjunctions as well.
1. Cumulative, indicates addition. With these conjunctions, one statement or fact is

added to another
 AND : He didn’t write, and I didn’t feel at rest

 BOTH…AND : He was both degraded and expelled
 ALSO : He is honest, and you also
 AS WELL AS : He as well as you is guilty
 NO LESS THAN : He no less than you is guilty
 FURTHER : If you need further information, feel free to ask me
 BESIDES : Besides cake, I like eating fruit
 MOREOVER : Moreover, he is not trustsworthy
 SECONDLY : Secondly, I do not want to marry him
Note: Two singular nouns/pronouns connected with as well as or no less than, the verb to be
must also be im the singular.
 NOT ONLY…BUT : Not only I, but he declare that the going to make it
 NOW : Now that I am older, I understand better
2. Alternative, indicates a choice (between two). With this conjunction an alternative or

choice in submissions are given between one statement and another.
 EITHER…OR : Either that boy sinned or his parents

 NEITHER…NOR : He was neither an opium-smoker nor a drunkard
 OR : Do not approach a step nearer, or you will be killed
 ELSE : Run, else you will be late
 OTHERWISE : You must study, otherwise you’ll fail your exam
3. Adversative, shows contrast. With this conjunction one statement or fact has the
opposite meaning to another.
 BUT : He is poor, but honest

 STILL : She is very rich, still she is not contented
 YET : She is very rich, yet she is not contenced
 NEVERTHELESS : He is a clever man, nevertheless naughty
 HOWEVER : I’d like to go however, I have not the time
 WHEREAS : Wise man love truth, whereas fools shun it
 WHILE : Mahogany is a hard wood, while pine is soft
 ONLY : The book is interesting, only too long
4. Illative, indicates a conclusion (Lative conjunctions or concluding conjunctions).

With this conjunction, one statement or fact is inferred or proven from another.
 THEREFORE : He was out of health, therefore he go to hospital

 SO : It is time to go, so let us start
 SO THEN : So then, I will go first
 THEN : If you wrong, then you must admit it
 FOR : It is going to rain for the barometer is falling
2. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Subordinating conjunctions connect the main sentence with the subordinate

clause. These conjunction are for example because, since, if and so on. The clause begins
with a subordinating conjunction, and cannot stand alone. Which means it depends on the
main sentences. While the main sentences (Principal Sentence or Main Clause or
Independent Clause) can stand alone. Which means it does not depend on other clauses (a
group of words that contain a subject and predicate).
Principal sentence Conjunction Dependent sentence
 I will go out if I am better

Tomorrow
1. Subordinating conjunction show cause and effect
The subordinating conjunction that is simplest to explain is because. Because is a

conjunction with just one purpose: to show a cause-and-effect relationship between a
subordinate clause and a main clause. On its own, a clause beginning with because is
incomplete.
Example : Because he wouldn’t wear a seat belt.
Let’s add an independent clause so this statement has something to lean on.
Example : Robin wasn’t allowed in the Batmobile any longer.
Now we will combine the two in a complex sentence.
Example : Robin wasn’t allowed in the Batmobile any longer

because he woudn’t wear a seat belt.
In this sentence, “Robin wasn’t allowed in the Batmobile any longer” is an

independent clause. It could stand on its own as a complete sentence. A clause that shows
a causal relationship, such as “because he wouldn’t wear a seat belt” (answering the
question “Why?” or “For what purpose?”), is often referred to as a clause of purpose.
Other subordinating conjunctions that can show cause-and-effect relationships

and function in the same way are for, as, since, though, due to, provided that, because
of,unless, and so/so that.
Example : Batman required strict compliance with seat belt

rules, hence Robin was not allowed to ride in the
Batmobile.
Example : Since Robin refused to wear his seat belt, Batman

has banned him from the Batmobile.
2. Subordinating conjunctions signaling relationship of time of place.
Another function of subordinating conjunctions is to show a relationship between

two clauses involving a transition of time or place. Some examples of such
subordinating conjunctions are once, while, when, whenever, where, wherever,
before, and after.
Example : Once Batman learned that Robin had not been

wearing his seat belt, he took away his keys to the
Batmobile.
3. Comma Placement and Subordinating conjunction
Subordinating conjunctions that fall in the middle of a sentence are generally not
preceded by a comma. This is the opposite of what is done with coordinating
conjunctions, or words that join two independent clauses (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and
sometimes so).
When a subordinate clause begins a sentence, however, the whole clause (but not
the subordinating conjunction itself) is followed by a comma.
Example : Whenever Batman was away, Robin drove the

Batmobile.
List of Subordinating Conjunction
 after.
 although.
 as.
 as if.
 as long as.
 as much as.
 as soon as.
 as though

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11.

CONJUNCTION, INTERJECTION, PUNCTUATION

 Preposition as : He was a chosen as a chairman

 Preposition before : He arrived long before the time

Conjuction are further divided into two groups, which are :

1. Cumulative, indicates addition. With these conjunctions, one statement or fact is

 AND : He didn’t write, and I didn’t feel at rest

2. Alternative, indicates a choice (between two). With this conjunction an alternative or

 EITHER…OR : Either that boy sinned or his parents

 BUT : He is poor, but honest

4. Illative, indicates a conclusion (Lative conjunctions or concluding conjunctions).

 THEREFORE : He was out of health, therefore he go to hospital

Subordinating conjunctions connect the main sentence with the subordinate

Principal sentence Conjunction Dependent sentence

 I will go out if I am better

The subordinating conjunction that is simplest to explain is because. Because is a

Example : Because he wouldn’t wear a seat belt.

Example : Robin wasn’t allowed in the Batmobile any longer.

Now we will combine the two in a complex sentence.

Example : Robin wasn’t allowed in the Batmobile any longer

In this sentence, “Robin wasn’t allowed in the Batmobile any longer” is an

Other subordinating conjunctions that can show cause-and-effect relationships

Example : Batman required strict compliance with seat belt

Example : Since Robin refused to wear his seat belt, Batman

Another function of subordinating conjunctions is to show a relationship between

Example : Once Batman learned that Robin had not been

3. Comma Placement and Subordinating conjunction

Example : Whenever Batman was away, Robin drove the

List of Subordinating Conjunction

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