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    The document summarizes information about the respiratory system, specifically focusing on pneumonia. It defines pneumonia as an acute infection of the lung that can be caused by various microorganisms. It lists risk factors such as age, chronic diseases, smoking, and weakened immunity. Signs and symptoms include cough, sputum production, chest pain, fever, and shortness of breath. Diagnostic tests include blood tests, chest x-rays, and sputum tests. Nursing interventions are aimed at administering antibiotics, controlling fever, monitoring vital signs and respiratory status, encouraging fluid intake, and performing chest physiotherapy. Treatments include antibiotics, cough medicine, fever reducers, and thoracentesis for excessive fluid in the lungs. The pathophys

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    The document summarizes information about the respiratory system, specifically focusing on pneumonia. It defines pneumonia as an acute infection of the lung that can be caused by various microorganisms. It lists risk factors such as age, chronic diseases, smoking, and weakened immunity. Signs and symptoms include cough, sputum production, chest pain, fever, and shortness of breath. Diagnostic tests include blood tests, chest x-rays, and sputum tests. Nursing interventions are aimed at administering antibiotics, controlling fever, monitoring vital signs and respiratory status, encouraging fluid intake, and performing chest physiotherapy. Treatments include antibiotics, cough medicine, fever reducers, and thoracentesis for excessive fluid in the lungs. The pathophys

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    29 views8 pages

    SEM Output

    Uploaded by

    Jireh Vien Atienza
    The document summarizes information about the respiratory system, specifically focusing on pneumonia. It defines pneumonia as an acute infection of the lung that can be caused by various microorganisms. It lists risk factors such as age, chronic diseases, smoking, and weakened immunity. Signs and symptoms include cough, sputum production, chest pain, fever, and shortness of breath. Diagnostic tests include blood tests, chest x-rays, and sputum tests. Nursing interventions are aimed at administering antibiotics, controlling fever, monitoring vital signs and respiratory status, encouraging fluid intake, and performing chest physiotherapy. Treatments include antibiotics, cough medicine, fever reducers, and thoracentesis for excessive fluid in the lungs. The pathophys

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    of 8

    Asia Pacific College of Advanced Studies

    College of Nursing

    SEMESTRAL OUTPUT
    ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
    (PRELIM)

    Respiratory System

    Cardiovascular System

    Lymphatic System

    Submitted By: Kerby Ann Echaluse

    Submitted To: Kerby Ann E. Merza, RN


    Instructor
    RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

    1
    BRONCHIAL TREE

    2
    PNEUMONIA
    ➔ Acute infection of the lung varying in severity and causing fluid accumulation.
    ➔ Can be classified based on its microbiologic etiology – it can be viral, bacterial,
    fungal, protozoan, mycobacterial, mycoplasmal, or rickettsial.
    ➔ Consolidation:It is a pathological process in which the alveoli are filled with a
    mixture of inflammatory exudate ,bacteria and WBC’s that on chest X-ray appear
    as an opaque shadow in the normally clear lungs

    3
    RISK FACTORS

    ◆ Children who are 2 years old or younger


    ◆ People who are age 65 or older
    ◆ Being hospitalized. You're at greater risk of pneumonia if you're in a
    hospital intensive care unit, especially if you're on a machine that helps
    you breathe (a ventilator)
    ◆ Chronic disease (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    or heart disease
    ◆ Smoking
    ◆ Weakened or suppressed immune system

    SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

    ◆ Coughing
    ◆ Sputum production
    ◆ Pleuritic chest pain
    ◆ Shaking chills
    ◆ Rapid shallow breathing
    ◆ Fever
    ◆ Shortness of breath
    ◆ If left untreated, pneumonia could complicate hypoxemia, respiratory
    failure, pleural effusion, empyema, lung abscess, and bacteremia.

    NURSING DIAGNOSIS

    ➔ Ineffective Airway Clearance


    ➔ Impaired Gas Exchange

    4
    DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

    ◆ Blood tests - used to confirm an infection and to try to identify the


    type of organism causing the infection.
    ◆ Chest X-ray - helps diagnose pneumonia and determine the extent
    and location of the infection.
    ◆ Pulse oximetry - measures the oxygen level in your blood.
    ◆ Sputum test - sample of fluid from your lungs (sputum) is taken
    after a deep cough and analyzed to help pinpoint the cause of the
    infection.

    NURSING INTERVENTIONS
    1. Administer antibiotics specific for the causative organism, as prescribed and
    confirmed by culture and sensitivity.
    2. Control fever with acetaminophen as ordered.
    3. Assess vital signs, monitor respiratory status.
    4. Monitor pulse oximetry.
    6. Monitor breath sounds note changes in sputum production.
    7. Encourage adequate fluid intake.
    9. Perform chest physiotherapy (CPT) as indicated.
    10. Administer O2 therapy as ordered.
    11. Attempt to prevent pneumonia in susceptible hosts.
    12. Frequent positioning, deep breathing and coughing exercises in the post-op
    patient.

    TREATMENTS
    ● Antibiotics - are used to treat bacterial pneumonia.
    ● Cough medicine - used to calm cough.
    ● Fever reducers/pain relievers which include drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen
    (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and acetaminophen (Tylenol, others).
    ● Severe cases; If there is excessive fluid accumulation in the lungs,
    treatment would be THORACENTESIS.

    5
    PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
    PNEUMONIA

    Organism enters the respiratory tract through inspiration/aspiration

    6
    PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

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