CIVDES2 Lecture Notes - 1

CIVDES2
Structural Design 2 (Steel)

Analysis and Design of
Steel Structure
Responsibility of the
Structural Designer
 Safety
 Cost (Economy)
 Constructability (Practicality)
Advantages of Steel
 High strength
 Uniformity
 Elasticity
 Permanence
 Ductility
 Toughness
 Easy addition to existing structures
Advantages of Steel …
Others:
 ability to be fastened together
 adaptation to prefabrication
 speed of erection
 ability to be rolled into a wide variety of sizes
and shapes
 possible reuse
 high scrap value
Disadvantages of Steel
 Corrosion
 Fireproofing costs
 Susceptibility to buckling
Iron
 Iron is a chemical element with the symbol

Fe (ferrum) and atomic number 26. Iron is
a group 8 and period 4 element. Iron is a
lustrous, silvery soft metal. It is one of the
few ferromagnetic elements.
Steel
 Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron,
with a carbon content between 0.2% and
2% by weight, depending on grade.
 Carbon is the most cost-effective alloying
material for iron, but various other alloying
elements are used such as manganese,
chromium, vanadium, and tungsten.
About Iron and Steel
 Steel in general is an alloy of iron and
carbon, often with an admixture of other
elements.
 Some alloys that are commercially called
cast irons contain more carbon than
commercial steels (>2%), while wrought
iron is a historical form of iron with a low
carbon content (<0.15%) and containing
much trapped slag, replaced today by low
carbon (mild) steel, which contains
practically no slag.
History
 The exact date at which people first discovered
how to smelt iron ore and produce usable metal
is not known.
 3000 BC: Archaeologists have found early iron
tools that were used in Egypt
 1400 BC: Some of the first steel comes from
East Africa
 1000 BC: (Iron Age) the ancient Greeks are
known to have used heat treatment techniques
to harden their iron weaponry.
 400 BC: Noric steel weapons were used by the
Roman military.
 403 BC - 221 BC: The Chinese of the Warring
States had quenced-hardened steel.
History…
 202 BC-220 AD: Chinese Han Dynasty created steel
by melting together wrought iron with cast iron
 100 AD: Woolz steel was used in Sri Lanka, India,
Damascus
 900 AD: Crucible steel was produced in Merv,
Turkmenistan
 1610: Blister steel was produced by Sir Basil Brooke
at Coalbrookdale (from bar iron). Blister steel
employs cementation process. The cementation
process is an obsolete technique for making steel by
carburization of iron.
 1779: First use of cast iron for sizable structure -
Coalbrookdale Arch Bridge in London
 1819: First structural shapes made in US were angle
irons.
History…
 1855: First large scale production of steel (mild
steel) with the introduction of Henry Bessemer’s
Bessemer process.
 1884: First steel skyscraper was constructed –
10 storey Home Insurance Company Building in
Chicago. Completed in 1890
 1889: Eiffel tower in Paris, 985 ft (300m)
 1896: Standardized Shapes – Association of
American Steel Manufacturer, now this is known
as American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
 1907: Commercial plant using electric arc
furnaces was established in the United States.
History…
 1921: AISC – American Institute of Steel
Construction was founded
 1950: Linz-Donawitz process of basic oxygen
steelmaking. Basic oxygen steelmaking is
superior to previous steelmaking methods
because the oxygen pumped into the furnace
limits impurities.
======================================
 At present, the latest Steel Construction Manual
is in its 14th edition. (released on July 2011 -
based on the 2010 AISC Specification for
Structural Steel Buildings, AISC 360-10).
 The reference of the current NSCP is still the 9th
Edition of AISC’s Steel Construction Manual.
Bessemer Process of Steel Production
Molten iron is poured directly from the blast furnace into the Bessemer converter.
Compressed air is then blown in from the bottom of the converter via the tubular
openings. The air passes through the iron, separating out the excess carbon,
manganese, and silicon as slag, which is poured off. After 12 minutes the steel is
discharged from the converter
Blast Furnace: In order to turn crude iron ore into usable pig iron, its impurities must
be removed. A blast furnace accomplishes this by forcing extremely hot air through a
mixture of ore, coke, and limestone, called the charge. Carts called skips dump the
charge into the top of the furnace, where it filters down through bell-shaped containers
called hoppers. Once in the furnace, the charge is subjected to air blasts that may be
as hot as 870° C (1,600° F). (The furnace must be lined with a layer of firebrick, called
the refractory, in order to sustain these temperatures.)
Steel Shaping: Hot Rolling and Continuous Casting
Continuous casting is a method of working steel that conveys the metal from its molten
state to blooms, ingots, or slabs. The white-hot metal is poured into open-ended moulds
and continues on through rollers cooled by water. A series of guide rollers further shapes
the steel into the desired form. However, hot rolling is still the primary means of milling
steel.
Steel Shapes: W, M, S, HP, C, MC, L
Carbon steels:
1. Low carbon steel: C<0.15%
2. Mild steel: 0.15% - 0.29%
3. Medium-carbon steel: 0.30% - 0.59%
4. High-carbon steel:0.60% - 1.70%
Classification of steels:
1. Carbon steels
2. Alloys steels
3. High-strength low-alloy steels
4. Stainless steel
5. Tool steels

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CIVDES2

Structural Design 2 (Steel)

 Iron is a chemical element with the symbol

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