Chapter 1 Reviewer- Human Organism

(ANAPHY)
Anatomical Imaging
Anatomy:
- using technologies
- Investigates body structure
E.g.
- Means “to dissect”
x-rays, ultrasound, MRI
Physiology:
ANATOMICAL IMAGING
- Investigates process & functions
X-RAY
- Human Physiology
-extremely shortwave
- Studies “Human Organism”
electromagnetic radiation, exposing
2 TYPES OF PHYSIOLOGY plate to form a radiograph.
- Bones & radiopaque dyes
Systemic Physiology absorb the rays and create
- Studies “body organ system” underexposed areas that appear white
on the photographic film
Cellular Physiology
ULTRASOUND
- Studies “body cells”
- second oldest imaging technique,
IMPORTANCE OF ANATOMY & first developed early 1950’s;
PHYSIOLOGY extension of WWII sonar
Understands how the body: technology.
- Uses high frequency sound
- Responds to stimuli waves, emitted from a
- Environmental changes transmitter-receiver placed on the
- Environmental cues skin over the area to be scanned.
- Diseases - Visualized as a sonogram
- Injury image.
TYPES OF ANATOMY - Commonly used to evaluate the
condition of a fetus during
Systemic pregnancy.
- body organ systems COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)
Regional - “CT scans”, developed in 1972 &
- body regions (med schools) originally called “computerized
axial tomographic (CAT) scans”
Surface - Computer analyzed x-ray images.
- external features
E.g.
bone projections
DYNAMIC SUBSTRACTION
ANGIOGRAPHY (DSA)
- one step beyond CT scanning
- 3-D radiographic image of an
organ, such as brain, made &
stored in a computer.
- These dynamic computer images
are used to guide a catheter into
a carotid artery during
angioplasty; a procedure which a
tiny balloon compresses the
material clogging the artery.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
(MRI)
- Directs radiowaves at a person
lying inside a large
electromagnetic field.
- Detecting some forms of cancer
far more readily than can a CT
scan
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
(PET)
- Identify metabolic states of
various tissues
- Technique useful in analyzing the
brain
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL 6. Organism
ORGANIZATION
- All organ system working
6 LEVELS FROM CHEMICAL TO together
ORGANISM - Associated microorganism such
as intestinal bacteria are included
1. Chemical
- smallest level
- atoms, molecules, chemical
bonds
2. Cellular
- cells, basic unit of life
- compartments and organelles
- E.g.
Mitochondria, nucleus
3. Tissues
- Group of cells with similar
structures and functions plus
extracellular substances they
release
- 4 broad types:
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
4. Organs
- 2 or more tissue types acting
together to perform functions
E.g.
-stomach, heart, liver,
ovary, bladder, kidney.
5. Organ System
- Group of organs contributing to
some functions
E.g.
- digestive system,
reproductive system
MAJOR ORGANS OF THE BODY materials (Organs: Heart,
Arteries, Veins, Capillaries)

ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY

 Lymphatic - Immunity, Fluid

Balance (Organs: Lymph
Nodes, Lymphatic Vessels,
Spleen, Thymus, Tonsils)
 Respiratory - Gas Exchange,
Acid-base Balance (Organs:
Lungs, Bronchial Tree,
Trachea, Larynx, Nasal
Cavity)
 Digestive - Breakdown and
absorption of nutrients,
Elimination of waste (Organs:
Stomach, Intestine, Esophagus,
Liver, Mouth, Pancreas)
ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY  Urinary - Excretion of waste, Fluid
and Electrolyte Balance, Acid-
 Integumentary - Protection, base Balance (Organs: Kidneys,
Temperature Regulation, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra)
Sensation (Organ: Skin)  Male Reproductive -
 Skeletal - Support, Protection, Continuation of Genes,
Movement, Mineral/Fat Storage, Reproduction (Organs: Testes,
Blood Production (Organs: Vas Deferens, Prostate, Seminal
Bones, Ligaments) Vesicles, Penis)
 Muscular - Movement, Posture,  Female Reproductive -
Heat Production (Organs: Reproduction, Nurturing of
Skeletal Muscle, Tendons) offspring (Ovaries, Uterine Tubes,
 Nervous - Uterus,Vagina)
Control/Regulation/Coordination
of other systems, Sensation,
Memory (Organs: Brain, Spinal
Cord, Nerves, Sensory Organs)
 Endocrine - Control/Regulation
of other systems (Organs:
Pituitary Gland, Adrenals,
Pancreas, Thyroid, Parathyroids,
Other Glands) • Cardiovascular -
Exchange and transport of
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE HOMEOSTASIS

Organization Homeostasis
- functional interrelationships - maintenance of constant internal
between parts environment despite fluctuations
in external & internal environment
Metabolism
Variables
- sum of all chemical & physical
changes sustaining an organism - measures of body properties that
- ability to acquire and use energy may change in value
in support of these changes
E.g.
Responsiveness
Body temperature
- ability to sense and respond to heart rate
environmental changes blood pressure
- both internal & external blood glucose levels
environments blood cell counts
Growth Normal Range
- increase in size - normal extent of increase or
- size of cells, group of cells, decrease around a set point
extracellular materials
Set point
Development
- normal, or average value of
- changes in form & size variable
- changes in cell structure & - Over time, body temperature
function from generalized to fluctuates around a set point
specialized (differentiation) - Set points for some variables can
be temporarily adjusted
Reproduction
depending on body activities, as
- formation of new cells or new needed:
organism
E.g. Cause of change
- generation of new individuals
- tissue repair Body temperature fever
heart rate, bp exercise
HOMEOSTASIS ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY
The anatomist uses maps, figures, and
Negative feedback photos to explore the body and its
parts.
- main mechanism used
homeostatic regulation Orienteering – use of maps and other
- response involves: aids to find a geographical position;
detection: deviation away from useful analogy to human anatomical
set point study.
correction: reversal of deviation
toward set point and normal
range TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY
PLAN
Components of feedback:
Anatomical position
1. Receptor
- Detects changes in variables - person standing erect facing the
2. Control center viewer, hands held down along
- Receives receptor signals the side of the trunk with face and
- Establishes set point palms forward
- Sends signal to effector
3. Effector Directional Terms
- Directly causes change in - locate structures within a body
variable
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Positive feedback
Superior- above
- mechanisms occur when the Inferior- below
initial stimulus further stimulates Anterior- front (ventral)
the response Posterior- back (dorsal)
Stimuli- detectable change in the
internal or external environment NOTE: 4-legged animal terms ventral
- system response causes (belly) & dorsal (back) corresponds to
progressive deviation away from anterior and posterior in humans
set-point, outside of normal range Medial- close to midline
- not directly used for homeostasis
- some positive feedbacks occur Lateral- away from midline
under normal conditions Proximal- close to point of attachment
e.g.,
childbirth Distal – far from point of attachment
- associated with injury, disease Superficial- structure close to the
- negative feedback mechanisms surface
unable to maintain homeostasis
Deep- structure toward the interior of the
body
Longitudinal section
BODY PLANES
- cut made lengthwise
Sagittal plane
- separates the body into right & SURFACE REGIONS
left parts
- hundreds of terms that describe
Median plane specific locations on the surface
on the human body
- sagittal plane along the midline
- useful for identifying not only the
that divides body into equal left &
surface features but also
right halves
underlying muscles, bones,
Transverse plane (HORIZONTAL) nerves, and blood vessels
- horizontal plane that separates BODY REGIONS
the body into SUPERIOR &
Upper limbs
INFERIOR
- upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand
Frontal plane (CORONAL)
Lower limbs
- a vertical plane that separates the
body into anterior & posterior - thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot
parts
Central region
- head, neck, trunk
PLANES OF SECTION THROUGH AN
ORGAN
- useful to show a figure of a HEAD
sectioned human body or organ
F- Frontal (forehead)
Section O- Orbital (eye)
N- Nasal (nose)
- refers to a part cut in a plane
O- Oral (mouth)
Plane
O- Otic (ear)
- geometrical concept referring to B- Buccal (cheek)
an imagined flat surface M- Mental (chin)
Transverse section & Cross section NECK
- cut cross wise C- Cervical
Oblique section
- like transverse section but cut at
a diagonal angle
TRUNK
Thoracic (thorax)
P- Pectoral (chest)
S- Sternal (breastbone)
M- Mammary (breast)
Abdomen
A- Abdominal (abdomen)
U- Umbilical (navel)
Pelvis
P-Pelvic (pelvis)
I- Inguinal (groin)
P- Pubic (genital)
UPPER LIMB
C-Clavicular (collarbone)
A- Axillary (armpit)
B- Brachial (arm)
A- Antecubital (