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Surveying
Surveying
SYLLABUS
Module 1 - Introduction to surveying
Geo-informatics
1. Geological survey
2. Military survey
3. Archeological survey
4. Mine survey
BASED ON THE INSTRUMENTS USED
1. Chain survey
2. Compass survey
3. Theodolite survey
4. Plane table survey
5. Tacheometric survey
6. Photographic survey
7. Total station
i. Chain/Tape Survey: This is the simple method of taking the linear
measurement using a chain or tape with no angular measurements
made.
ii. Compass Survey: Here horizontal angular measurements are made
using magnetic compass with the linear measurements made using
the chain or tape.
iii. Plane table survey: This is a quick survey carried out in the field with
the measurements and drawings made at the same time using a
plane table.
iv. Theodolite Survey: Theodolite survey takes vertical and horizontal
angles in order to establish controls points
v. Tacheometric survey: Tacheometry is a branch of angular
surveying in which the horizontal and vertical distances are
obtained by optical means .
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE METHOD USED
1. Triangulation
2. Traversing
Reconnaissance
Before starting the actual survey, surveyor
walks around the area to prepare a
reference sketch of the ground to fix best
positions of survey lines and stations.
• To note down obstacles
• To decide station points
• To mark boundary lines
• To identify nature of ground
Index sketch/Key plan and Reference sketch
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Units of measurements
1. Linear measurements
• Direct method
• Using some instrument
• Indirect method
• Using some other
observations
2. Angular measurements
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Units
Length m
1 yard = 91.44 cm
1 foot = 12 inches = 30.48 cm
3 feet = 1 yard
6080 feet = 1 Nautical mile
1 nautical mile = 1852 m
Area m2
1 cent = 40.47 m2
1 acre = 4046.85 m2
1 are= 100 m2
1 hectare = 2.47 acre = 104 m2
Volume m3
Angle Degree, Radians
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Survey station/points
Beginning or end point of a chain line.
1. Main station- Main station is a prominent point on the chain line and can be
either at the beginning of the chain line or at the end or along the boundary
2. Subsidiary stations - The stations located on the main survey lines are known
as Subsidiary stations.
3. Tie station - These are also subsidiary stations taken on the main survey lines to
locate the details of the object.
Survey lines
The line joining the station points
Base line
Biggest line that divides the total area almost into two parts. It joins the
two main stations.
Check line
Lines drawn to check accuracy of survey. The length of the check line measured
in the field must agree with the length in the plan
Tie line
Lines drawn to collect more details of object. Tie line is a line which joints subsidiary
stations or tie stations on the main line
Chain survey
Chain survey
Type of surveying in which only linear measurements
are made in the field.
TRIANGULATION = Dividing plot into no.of triangles and solving its area.
It consists of frame work of triangles. To plot the network of triangles accurately,
the triangles must be nearly equal to equilateral or well-conditioned. The
distortion due to errors in measurement and plotting should be minimum
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Well Conditioned Triangle & Ill Conditioned Triangle
A triangle is said to be well conditioned triangle when no angle in it is
neither less than 30 nor greater than 120. If in a triangle an angle is
less than 30 or greater than 120 is called ill conditioned triangle. An
equilateral triangle having each angle of 60 is an ideal triangle. Well-
conditioned triangles are preferred because their apex points are very
sharp and can be located by a single 'dot'. There are no possibility of
relative displacement of the plotted point.
Chain survey instruments
✓ Chain
✓ Arrows
✓ Ranging rods
✓ Cross staff
✓ Offset rods – similar to ranging
rod
✓ Pegs
✓ Plumb bob
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Chain survey instruments
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• Metric chains are made in lengths 20 m and 30 m.
• Tallies are fixed at every 5 m length
• Brass rings are provided at every one meter length except where
tallies are attached.
• 20 m chain has 100 links and 30 m chain has 150 links. Length
of one link is 20 cm.
10 square chain = 1 acre, 10 Gunter’s chain = 1 furlong , 80 Gunter’s chain = 1 mile
This may be 30m, 50m or 100m long and 13mm wide. It has handles similar to those on
the chain and is wound on a steel cross. It is more accurate but less robust than the
chain. The operating tension and temperature for which it was graduated should be
indicated on the band.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF TAPES
Chain survey instruments
•Indirect method - It is more accurate and rapid when the slopes are long,
regular and gentle
Three types
1. By using clinometer
2. By knowing the difference of level between the points
3. By applying hypotenusal allowance
1. By using clinometer
D = I cos α