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    1. The document provides an overview of chain surveying, which involves measuring distances between survey stations using a measuring chain or tape. Key elements of chain surveying discussed include ranging rods, arrows, and cross staffs used to lay out lines and take measurements. 2. Well-conditioned and equilateral triangles are preferred for chain surveying as they minimize errors from measurement and plotting. Common operations in chain surveying are ranging to locate points along a line and chaining to measure distances between stations. 3. Units of measurement discussed include the metric chain of 20 or 30 meters in length used for linear measurements, as well as units for area such as acres and hectares.

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    Surveying in civil engineering pdf

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    1. The document provides an overview of chain surveying, which involves measuring distances between survey stations using a measuring chain or tape. Key elements of chain surveying discussed include ranging rods, arrows, and cross staffs used to lay out lines and take measurements. 2. Well-conditioned and equilateral triangles are preferred for chain surveying as they minimize errors from measurement and plotting. Common operations in chain surveying are ranging to locate points along a line and chaining to measure distances between stations. 3. Units of measurement discussed include the metric chain of 20 or 30 meters in length used for linear measurements, as well as units for area such as acres and hectares.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    27 views47 pages

    Surveying

    Uploaded by

    Ahammed Najah
    1. The document provides an overview of chain surveying, which involves measuring distances between survey stations using a measuring chain or tape. Key elements of chain surveying discussed include ranging rods, arrows, and cross staffs used to lay out lines and take measurements. 2. Well-conditioned and equilateral triangles are preferred for chain surveying as they minimize errors from measurement and plotting. Common operations in chain surveying are ranging to locate points along a line and chaining to measure distances between stations. 3. Units of measurement discussed include the metric chain of 20 or 30 meters in length used for linear measurements, as well as units for area such as acres and hectares.

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    of 47

    Surveying - I

    SYLLABUS
    Module 1 - Introduction to surveying

    Concept of surveying – principles of surveying - purpose of surveying - Plane


    surveying and geodetic surveying. Classification of surveys – based on
    instruments, based on nature of field – reconnaissance survey .Units of
    measurements – linear and angular measurements Chain Surveying-purpose and
    principle of chain survey-equipments used .Different types of chain and tape-
    selection of stations – base line – check line – tie line. Different operations in
    chain Surveying- Ranging – different methods-, Chaining and taking offsets,
    setting out right angles. chaining on sloping grounds. Errors in ordinary chaining
    (Brief description only).Obstacles in chaining – methods to overcome obstacles,
    scaling, Plotting, conventional signs. Plane table survey - Purpose and principles
    of plane table survey accessories of plane table – description and use-setting up
    the plane table -radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection
    1 - Introduction to surveying

    Geo-informatics

    Geo +information +matics

    On/ above/ measurements


    below earth
    surface Distance
    Height
    Direction
    DEFINITION OF SURVEYING
    Art/Science of determining the relative positions
    of points on, above or below earth’s surface by
    means of direct or indirect measurement of
    distances, elevations (heights) or directions
    (angles).
    Primary objects of surveying
    Primary objects of surveying

    1 Preparation of plans / maps


    2 To find horizontal distances b/w
    points
    3 To find elevation (height) b/w points

    4 To find relative and absolute


    directions
    (Angles)
    6
    Kerala
    Primary divisions of surveying

    7. Survey conducted by Survey conducted by Survey of


    PWD, Railway, etc India
    10
    Principles of surveying

    1 Working from whole to part

    2 Locating a point with


    reference to two fixed points
    • To prevent accumulation of errors
    • To control and localize minor errors
    Locating a point with reference
    to two fixed points
    Classification of survey
    BASED ON NATURE OF FIELD
    1. Land survey
    2. Astronomical survey
    3. Marine (Hydrographic) survey
    (i) Land survey; Land surveys are done for objects on the surface of the
    earth. It can be subdivided into:
    (a) Topographic survey: This is for depicting the (hills, valleys, mountains,
    rivers, etc) and manmade features (roads, houses, settlements on the surface
    of the earth.
    (b) Cadastral survey/Revenue survey is used to determining property
    boundaries including those of fields, houses, plots of land, etc.
    (c) Engineering survey is used to acquire the required data for the
    planning, design and Execution of engineering projects like roads, bridges,
    canals, dams, railways, buildings, etc
    (d) City surveys: The surveys involving the construction and development
    of towns including roads, drainage, water supply, sewage street network, etc,
    are generally referred to as city survey.
    (ii) Marine or Hydrographic Survey: Those are surveys of
    large water bodies for navigation, tidal monitoring, the construction of
    harbours etc.

    (iii) Astronomical Survey: Astronomical survey uses the


    observations of the heavenly bodies (sun, moon, stars etc) to fix the
    absolute locations of places on the surface of the earth
    BASED ON THE OBJECT OF SURVEY

    1. Geological survey
    2. Military survey
    3. Archeological survey
    4. Mine survey
    BASED ON THE INSTRUMENTS USED

    1. Chain survey
    2. Compass survey
    3. Theodolite survey
    4. Plane table survey
    5. Tacheometric survey
    6. Photographic survey
    7. Total station
    i. Chain/Tape Survey: This is the simple method of taking the linear
    measurement using a chain or tape with no angular measurements
    made.
    ii. Compass Survey: Here horizontal angular measurements are made
    using magnetic compass with the linear measurements made using
    the chain or tape.
    iii. Plane table survey: This is a quick survey carried out in the field with
    the measurements and drawings made at the same time using a
    plane table.
    iv. Theodolite Survey: Theodolite survey takes vertical and horizontal
    angles in order to establish controls points
    v. Tacheometric survey: Tacheometry is a branch of angular
    surveying in which the horizontal and vertical distances are
    obtained by optical means .
    CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE METHOD USED

    1. Triangulation
    2. Traversing
    Reconnaissance
    Before starting the actual survey, surveyor
    walks around the area to prepare a
    reference sketch of the ground to fix best
    positions of survey lines and stations.
    • To note down obstacles
    • To decide station points
    • To mark boundary lines
    • To identify nature of ground
    Index sketch/Key plan and Reference sketch

    Index sketch Reference sketch


    Neat hand sketch of the It is a rough sketch
    area which is prepared showing location/reference
    during reconnaissance of a survey station
    survey
    All lines, stations, minimum two distances are
    topographical features are shown w.r.t. permanent
    shown approximately object like building
    Useful for proper selection Used for locating a station
    of stations correctly

    22
    Units of measurements

    1. Linear measurements
    • Direct method
    • Using some instrument
    • Indirect method
    • Using some other
    observations
    2. Angular measurements

    23
    Units
    Length m
    1 yard = 91.44 cm
    1 foot = 12 inches = 30.48 cm
    3 feet = 1 yard
    6080 feet = 1 Nautical mile
    1 nautical mile = 1852 m

    Area m2
    1 cent = 40.47 m2
    1 acre = 4046.85 m2
    1 are= 100 m2
    1 hectare = 2.47 acre = 104 m2
    Volume m3
    Angle Degree, Radians

    24
    Survey station/points
    Beginning or end point of a chain line.
    1. Main station- Main station is a prominent point on the chain line and can be
    either at the beginning of the chain line or at the end or along the boundary
    2. Subsidiary stations - The stations located on the main survey lines are known
    as Subsidiary stations.
    3. Tie station - These are also subsidiary stations taken on the main survey lines to
    locate the details of the object.
    Survey lines
    The line joining the station points
    Base line

    Biggest line that divides the total area almost into two parts. It joins the
    two main stations.

    Check line

    Lines drawn to check accuracy of survey. The length of the check line measured
    in the field must agree with the length in the plan
    Tie line

    Lines drawn to collect more details of object. Tie line is a line which joints subsidiary
    stations or tie stations on the main line
    Chain survey
    Chain survey
    Type of surveying in which only linear measurements
    are made in the field.

    The principle used in chain survey is


    TRIANGULATION.

    TRIANGULATION = Dividing plot into no.of triangles and solving its area.
    It consists of frame work of triangles. To plot the network of triangles accurately,
    the triangles must be nearly equal to equilateral or well-conditioned. The
    distortion due to errors in measurement and plotting should be minimum

    28
    Well Conditioned Triangle & Ill Conditioned Triangle
    A triangle is said to be well conditioned triangle when no angle in it is
    neither less than 30 nor greater than 120. If in a triangle an angle is
    less than 30 or greater than 120 is called ill conditioned triangle. An
    equilateral triangle having each angle of 60 is an ideal triangle. Well-
    conditioned triangles are preferred because their apex points are very
    sharp and can be located by a single 'dot'. There are no possibility of
    relative displacement of the plotted point.
    Chain survey instruments

    ✓ Chain
    ✓ Arrows
    ✓ Ranging rods
    ✓ Cross staff
    ✓ Offset rods – similar to ranging
    rod
    ✓ Pegs
    ✓ Plumb bob

    30
    Chain survey instruments

    31
    • Metric chains are made in lengths 20 m and 30 m.
    • Tallies are fixed at every 5 m length
    • Brass rings are provided at every one meter length except where
    tallies are attached.
    • 20 m chain has 100 links and 30 m chain has 150 links. Length
    of one link is 20 cm.
    10 square chain = 1 acre, 10 Gunter’s chain = 1 furlong , 80 Gunter’s chain = 1 mile

    STEEL BAND/ BAND CHAIN

    This may be 30m, 50m or 100m long and 13mm wide. It has handles similar to those on
    the chain and is wound on a steel cross. It is more accurate but less robust than the
    chain. The operating tension and temperature for which it was graduated should be
    indicated on the band.
    DIFFERENT TYPES OF TAPES
    Chain survey instruments

    ➢ Inserted in the ground


    after every chain length

    ➢ Usually made of timber and iron


    ➢ 15 cm long and 2.5 to 3 cm square ,
    tapered at the end
    ❑Cross Staff:
    This consists of two pairs of vanes set at right angle to each other with
    a wide and narrow slit in each vane. The instrument is mounted upon
    a pole, so that when it is set up it is at normal eye level. It is also used
    for setting out lines at right angle to the main chain line.
    Optical square
    OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN CHAIN SURVEY
    (i) Ranging: The process of locating intermediate points on a
    straight line between two end points in a straight line.
    (ii) Chaining: The process of measuring the distance with a chain or tape
    (iii) Offsetting: The process of measuring the lateral distance of the object
    from the survey line to the left or right according to their positions.
    Ranging
    Direct And Indirect Ranging
    The process of establishing intermediate points on a
    straight line between the end stations. Intermediate ranging
    rods are placed to maintain correct direction. Ranging is
    divided into two types

    a)Direct ranging- When the starting, ending points and


    intermediate stations are intervisible along a straight line. It
    can be done by eye, line ranger or theodolite
    b)Indirect ranging - If the end stations are not intervisible
    due to hill/other land features. Also known as reciprocal
    ranging
    .
    40
    Direct ranging
    OFFSETS
    An offset is the lateral distance of an object or
    ground feature measured from a survey line. The
    two types of offsets are
    Perpendicular offset - The angle of offset from a point on a chain line is 90 0

    Oblique off set - When the angle of offset is other than 90 0


    CHAINING ON SLOPING GROUNDS

    There are two methods of chaining on sloping grounds,

    •Direct method (Stepping method)- It is more convenient and rapid


    if the slopes are short, steep and of varying degree. The distances
    measured are sufficiently correct if the end points of the chain are
    transferred correctly on to the ground and the sag in the chain due to
    weight of the chain and insufficient pull is avoided.
    CHAINING ON SLOPING GROUNDS

    •Indirect method - It is more accurate and rapid when the slopes are long,
    regular and gentle

    Three types

    1. By using clinometer
    2. By knowing the difference of level between the points
    3. By applying hypotenusal allowance
    1. By using clinometer

    D = I cos α

    2. By knowing the difference of level between the points


    Knowing the sloping distance I and the
    difference in elevation h, the horizontal
    distance, can be found out by the
    relation:
    3. By applying hypotenusal allowance

    Let α = the angle of slope of the ground.


    AD = AB = 1 Chain = 100 links.
    Then AC = 100 sec α links and BC = AC – AB =
    100 (Sec α- 1) links.
    The amount 100 (sec α – 1) is known as
    hypotenusal allowance.

    The correction may be applied in the field


    at every chain length.

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