Material 1
Material 1
Student number(s): 2 2 1 0 1 9 7 5 8
Surname and initials: MONAKALALI. T
Practical/Assignment number: 3
Group number:
Due date: 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 5
Lecturer: N NHLAPO
EVALUATION:
Description Marks Student Mark
1. List of contents 2
2. Aim of the experiment 2
3. Sketch and describe the apparatus 4
4. Experimental procedure 3
5. A short summary of the theory 10
6. Experimental data 2
7. Calculations and Tabulation of stress and strain results 15
8. Stress -Strain Graph (labelled) 10
9. Determination of properties 20
10. Discussions (Comparison of theoretical and practical results) 10
11. Conclusion 10
12. References (use Harvard referencing) 10
13. Neatness and overall impression 2
14. Overall Total 100
1
Contents
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT..................................................................................................3
APPARATUS......................................................................................................................... 3
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE............................................................................................3
THEORY................................................................................................................................ 4
EXPERIMENTAL DATA........................................................................................................4
CALCULATIONS...................................................................................................................5
DETERMINATION OF PROPERTIES....................................................................................8
CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................... 8
BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................................................8
2
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
To determine if a certain material has elastic and non-elastic properties, and to determine if
the material is ductile and brittle.
APPARATUS
(JAMES.D, 2021)
Figure 2 variation of the machine
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The operating officer needs to wear protective clothing. The workplace needs to be
regulated. Metal specimen needs to be prepared. The apparatus is control with a computer
operator. The material is held at the two closures by a mechanical assembly, which
gradually pulls the long way on the piece until it breaks. The pulling power is known as a
load, which is plotted against the material length change, or dislodging. The load is changed
over to a pressure esteem and the relocation is changed over to a strain value. (Chen, 2020)
3
THEORY
f
σ=
A
2
πⅆ
A=
4
Δl
ℇ=
l
E= strain / l = length in m
EXPERIMENTAL DATA
Origina Original
l Diameter
102,8 9,6
Length (mm)
(mm)
Final Final
length 115,3 Diameter 6,9
(mm) (mm)
Force Deformation
(kN) (mm)
0,000 0,000
4,529 0,032
4,595 0,032
8,892 0,061
10,795 0,077
12,771 0,092
14,693 0,115
21,765 0,164
26,576 0,255
24,726 0,353
28,289 0,581
29,904 0,981
4
31,642 1,351
32,857 1,982
30,120 2,633
25,968 2,873
CALCULATIONS
2
πⅆ
6.1) A=
4
A= 7,539822369×10−5 m2
f
σ=
A
4,529× 10−3 N
σ=
7,539822369×10−5 m2
2
σ =60,068 kN /m
Δl
ℇ=
l
0,032 ×10−3
ℇ=
102,8 ×10−3
ℇ=0,032
5
Table of stress and strain
6.2)
Graph
Stress vs strain
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
6
6.2.1) 0,0040
6.3)
σ
6.3.1) Ε=
ℇ
435,779−60,068
= 0,0256−0,0007
=15088,765 Pa
6.3.3) σ n= f
A
f
400 =
7,539822369×10−5
F = 0,03
A O− A F
6.3.4) %A =
AO
= 0,50 %
115,3−102,8
6.3.5) %ELONGATION =
115,3
= 0,11%
7
DETERMINATION OF PROPERTIES
The metal specimen shows to have the properties of a ductile material. Ductility is the ability
to be stretched without breaking. After the elastic region there is a strange deformation
called the neck forming at the middle of the metal specimen. Permanent deformation occurs
in this plastic region. Ductile material tends to take a lot of load or stress to break. Ductile
material is very strong n can bend easily. A lot of deformation takes place before the
CONCLUSION
The metal specimen seems to have a higher tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. As
the curve of the graph remains linear the metal is still in the elastic form meaning that it can
still retain it shape and length if the load is removed from the metal. Where the graph takes a
curve the metal is now partially plastic which mean the metal does not return to its original
shape and length once it passes that stage. From there on it reaches the ultimate tensile
strength where the metal can no longer take any load applied to it therefore forming the neck
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chen, F., 2020. Michigan Tech. [Online]
[Accessed 19 october 2021].
JAMES.D, 2021. WIKIPEDIA. [Online]
[Accessed 16 OCTOBER 2021].