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COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

LESSON PLAN IN SCIENCE 10

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I. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:
a. Understand how fossil records, comparative anatomy, and genetic
information provide evidence of evolution;
b. Predict the age and era of a fossils based on its organisms;
c. Give the importance of understanding the origin of life.

II. SUBJECT MATTER

A. TOPIC: Evidences of Evolution
B. REFERENCE: Science in Everyday Living 10, pages 242-252
C. MATERIALS: Laptop, television, ppt, speaker and paper
D. Valuing Process: Appreciate the evidences of evolution and importance of origin
of life

III.PROCEDURE
Teacher’s Activity Student's Activity

A. Preparatory Activities

1. Prayer

Everybody stand up and let us give our gratitude

to our lord for bringing us all here again that will
be lead by _______.
Let’s now bow our head and pray…
(Student's Prayer)
(Greetings)

Good morning!

How are you doing today?

Good morning Ma’am!
Great!
We are all doing good.

2. Fixing of the classroom

Before you have your seat, kindly pick up any

piece of paper under your chair and arrange
your chairs properly.
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(The students will pick up pieces of paper
and will arrange chairs
You may now be seated. properly.)

3. Checking of Attendance

Is everyone present today?

Very good everyone! Yes ma’am!!!

Let’s give yourself a round of applause.

4. Checking of assignment
(Students will clap their hands)
Last meeting, you were asked to draw the
Darwin’s finches. Please pass your assignment
forward.

(Students will pass their papers forward)

5. Review

Let us have a short recap from our previous

lesson. Last meeting, ma’am Delos Reyes
doscussed with you about the theory of
evolution.

Who proposed the Lamarckism also

called as the theory of transformation?
Yes_______. Jean-Baptist Lamarck

________ is commonly referred to a

“survival of the fittest.” Natural selection
Yes_____.

Who established the most substantive

evolutionary theories ? Charles Darwin
May I hear from you ___?

What are the two most substantive

evolutionary theories?
Yes ______. Theory of common ancestry and theory of
natural selection
Very good everyone! Now, for you to be active
and will surely listen to our class discussion , let
us have an activity first!!

B. Motivation

I have here an activity entitled “ Pictoword.” Are

you familiar with this activity? No, ma’am.

Alright so in this activity, all you have to do is to

read the pictures to form a word. For example,
the first picture is ear and second picture is ring.
The word that we can form is …. Earrings ma’am!
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Evolution
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Fossils

Relative Dating

Biogeography

Genetic Variation

Evidences

Bravo! You got all the correct answers.

Let us give yourself a bongga clap!
(Students will do bongga clap)

C. Presentation of the Lesson

The words from our activity will be encountered
in our class discussion. But before we proceed,
let us first know what are the objectives. Kindly
read our objectives _______.

OBJECTIVES :

At the end of the lesson the students

should be able to:

a. Understand how fossil records,

comparative anatomy, and genetic
information provide evidence of
evolution;
b. Learn to predict the age and era of a
fossils with the two kinds of fossil
dating;
c. Give the importance of understanding
the origin of life.
Alright! Thank you! So at the end of our lesson,
you are expected to have these three.
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D. Discussion

What can you say about this picture?

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I think, it is from many years ago because
it looks old.

Okay, thank you! How about you ____? What is

your observation?
It is a shark
Very good! All your answers are correct.
Our topic today is about evidences of evolution
and let’s start with Fossil records, the first
evidence. When you hear the word Fossil
records, what comes into your mind? Fossil records provide evidences

Very good! Fossils provide important evidence

for evolution and the adaptation of plants and
animals to their environments. Fossil evidence
provides a record of how creatures evolved and
how this process can be represented by a 'tree
of life', showing that all species are related to
each other

In 1666, Nicolas Steno, a Danish anatomist

who worked in Florence, Italy, when he
dissected the shark, he was amazed at how
much the triangular rocks known as "tongue
stones" resembled the shark's teeth. With this
observation, he claimed that the rocks were not
merely odd-shaped stones but were indeed the
fossilized teeth of ancient shark species from
which the dissected shark may have
descended. Steno’s observation became a
groundbreaking scientific discovery which
helped to establish the study of paleontology.
Fossils include bones , teeth, casts, shells,
footprints, and leaf prints from plants that have
been preserved in rock.
He suggested that all minerals and rocks were
once fluid. Back when they were floating on the
surface of the earth, fresh layers formed on top
of previous ones as they gradually emerged
from the ocean. Sometimes, molten rock
peaked through the top layer and spread out
into a brand-new layer of its own. Animal
remnants that were trapped by the forming
rocks were preserved deep within their layers as
fossils. Unless other processes changed this
arrangement, those horizontal strata form a
temporal sequence with the oldest layers at the
bottom and the youngest at the top. This
distinct ordering of the rock layers is known as
Steno’s Law of Superstition. Note that
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decomposition occurs only in the presence of
oxygen. The fossils’ entrapment within the
sedimentary layers blocked the flow of oxygen
into the rocks and thus, preserved the bodies of
organisms.

Again, what do we call to the sediment layers

that are deposited in sequence, with the oldest
layers on the bottom and newest layers on top?

Now, let us proceed with the types of fossils. It is called Steno’s Law of Superstition
______ please read what are the types of
fossils.

Types of Fossils:

1.Bones, Shells, and Teeth

2.Molds and Casts
3.Imprints
4.Trace Fossils
5.Preserved Fossils
Thank you! First is, we have bones, shells and
teeth. Are you familiar with this things?
Yes ma’am!
Of course ! Since that we have bones and
teeth. We are also seeing shells in the sea and
in our surroundings. Am I right?
Yes ma’am!
Nice! So these refer to the hard skeletal
structure of ancient organisms that have been
uncovered and excavated. Next, we have molds
and casts. How about this casts and molds, are
you familiar with it?
Yes ma’am!
What are these casts and molds?
Molds can be mud or soft soil and casts is
a fossil formed when an animal, plant, or
Very good! these are replicas of organism’s other organism dies.
skeletal parts imprinted on the surface of rocks.
Casts and molds are formed when the tissues of
the organism’s carcass dries up, leaving behind
the bones which serves as a mold for soil and
minerals that fill their activities.

How about the third one?

Do you have an idea about imprints? It is a mark from an organism.

Alright, thank you! Imprints are cast fossils that

show a two dimensional impression of an
organism’s body structure.
Ma’am it about chromosomes
For our 4th type of fossil which is trace fossils.
Theses are markings that an organism has left
while moving across soft or molten surfaces.
Lastly, we have preserved fossils. These refer
to fossilized creatures whose body structures
did not decay but were preserved within
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substances like amber, ice, peat (pile of organic
material) and tar pits. It is about human traits

Fossil records of various species are evidences

that different organisms lived throughout
different periods of earth’s history. These
indicate that while some species have gone
extinct, others have evolved in terms of their
body structure, size, adaptability, abilities and
functions. One of its example is fossil records of
horses.

What can you observe in this picture? These are the evolution of horses

Very good!! Do you know that horses before

resembled like a dog? No ma’am!

With an arched back, a short neck, a short

snout, short legs, and a long tail, it resembled a
dog. It probably had deer habits and nibbled on
berries and sensitive leaves. (shy, fleeting, etc.).
Eohippus, or "Dawn Horse," was the previous
name of this well-known miniature horse. By the
way, this picture shows that the current equus
species have increased their bone length and
thickness throughout history.

Now, let’s find out how scientist know or predict

the time of fossils.

How do you think does scientist predicting the

age of the fossils? Through their colors

Alright, any other answer?

Through their layers in sediment
Okay, thank you! Let’s us know from beginning
with defining what is fossil dating. Please read
what is fossil dating ______.
Fossil dating refers to the process of
determining the age of discovered fossils.
In 1799, an English geologist and engineer
William Smith recognized that fossils embedded
within layers of sediment appeared in a
particular sequence based on the order of the
rock layers. Since the sedimentary rocks build
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over time, the most recent than ones at the
bottom and the lower layers are older than the
ones at the top. This layers of sediment are
called sediment. So, fossil dating refers to how
paleontologist determining the age of fossils.
There are two kids of fossil dating. First, we
have relative dating. Please read ____. Relative dating estimates the age of the
fossil according to its position within the
rock layers.

Thank you! A relative dating helps the

paleontologist to estimate how old is the fossil
through their position in the rock layers. The age
of the fossil through this dating is only an
approximation and not its actual age.

Absolute dating techniques take

Next is, Radiometric, or Absolute Dating. measurements of an object's physical
characteristics and utilize the results to
determine its age. Radiocarbon dating is
one of the best absolute dating techniques
for archaeologists.

In this method of fossil dating, scientists

determine the age of the fossil by using the
process of radioactive decay, in which
radioactive elements present within a fossil
sample give off radiation. Radioactive elements
that can be found within fossils include carbon-
14, potassium-14, and uranium-238. Absolute
dating provides a more precise age of fossils
than relative dating.
Relative dating and radiometric or absolute
Again, what are the types of fossil dating ____? dating ma’am.

Very good! Now, let us go on with Comparative

Anatomy.

What do you mean by anatomy? It is body structure and description ma’am

Very good!!! field in the biological sciences

concerned with the identification and description
of the body structures of living things.
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Alright, ___ please read what is comparative Comparative anatomy is comparison
anatomy? among body parts of organism.

Are your body structure different from your Yes ma’am

classmates?
They are tall and I’m a little shorter than
How? In what way? Yes ____! them

Our skin and hair colors are same

How about the similarities?

Alright! Just like you, the anatomy of various

species contain similarities and differences that
provide clues about their evolution. A
comparative anatomy refers to the comparison
among body parts of organism. Each organism’s
anatomical structures may vary in shapes and
functions. Comparative structure suggest the
idea that some species are related and have
descended from common ancestor, but evolved
differently as a result of certain factors.
Comparative anatomy is divided into two
classifications such as homologous structures Homologous structure refer to the body of
and analogous structures. different organisms with generally similar
structure and composition but have varied
functions for each species in comparison.
Similar physical characteristics found in species
with a shared origin are known as homologous
structures, although these characteristics have
entirely different biological purposes. The limbs
of humans, cats, whales, and bats are examples
of homologous structures.

Analogous structure refer to anatomical

Next is we have analogous structures. parts that perform the same function but
structurally dissimilar in different species.
In contrast to homologous structures, analogous
structures are characteristics of different species
that have evolved in response to a similar
environmental challenge and are similar in
function but not necessarily in structure.
As you can see in this picture, penguins are
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classified as flightless birds, sharks as fishes,
and dolphins as mammals. Nonetheless,
through the course of their evolution, these
species have developed appendages that
enable them to survive in aquatic habitats.
Structurally, the skeletal components of each
limb are distinct from each other. Despite the
differences, all these body parts propel the
animal forward and guide them toward different
directions as they swim through water.

Next, we have comparative embryology.

How about this? Do you have any idea about
the word embryo? Yes ma’am!

That’s right! it is also about every organism’s

development . It is about human development

So what do you think is comparative embryology

is? I think it is about the differences and
similarities of embryos

You got it right!

The study of the similarities and differences
between the embryos of various animals is
known as comparative embryology. Similarities
between embryos are probably proof of shared
ancestry. For instance, all vertebrate embryos
have tails and gill openings. By adulthood, all of
the embryos in the image except for fish, lose
their gill slits adulthood and some of them also
lose their tail. The tail in humans consists just of
the tail bone. Therefore, by adulthood,
similarities that creatures have as embryos
might no longer exist. This is why comparing
organisms at different stages of development is
useful. In the cases of fishes and some
amphibians, the gill slits evolve into gills into
gills and the tails grow longer, making their
anatomy suitable for aquatic environments. The
notable similarities in the embryos support the
idea of common ancestry among different
organisms, while the developmental differences
show the connection between evolution and
diversity.

Next, we have vestigial structures. Yes please

Vestigial structure refers to a small
____.
anatomical part or a particular behavior of
an organism that no longer serves a
specific purpose.

Structures that have lost their use through

evolution are called vestigial structures. They
provide evidence for evolution because they
suggest that an organism changed from using
the structure to not using the structure, or using
it for a different purpose. As species evolved
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through natural selection, theses vestiges have
lost their significance within the structures of the
species’ much more evolved descendants and
now serve as remnants of the past.

In humans, some vestiges include the tailbone

called coccyx, the third molars (wisdom teeth),
and the appendix in the digestive system. The
coccyx or tailbone at the bottom of the spine is a
shortened form of the human tail. On the other
hand, the growth of wisdom teeth or third set of
molars may indicate that human ancestors had
bigger jaws or more teeth. Another common
vestigial body part is the human appendix
hanging below the small intestine.

In animals, some example, of vestigial

structures include the pelvic bone found in
current whales and tiny leg bones found in
some snakes. The vestigial pelvis of whales
proves that they have been terrestrial animals
that transitioned into large marine creatures and
tiny legs of snakes proves that their descendent
from lizard species.
Biogeography is the study of the
Next is biogeography. geographic distribution of organisms.

Biogeography is the study of how organisms are

distributed geographically, sheds light on when
and how possible species may have evolved. In
1835, Darwin visited Galapagos in Ecuador and
he found out that there were variety of species
of finches located in different islands. He
realized that finches located in separate islands
had differences and resemblances, yet each
type was unique to a specific island and could
not be found in other parts of the world.

On the other hand, Alfred Wallace, another

British naturalist, echoed these ideas
independent of Darwin. Wallace found that
mountain ranges, rivers and other bodies of
water served as major boundaries for several
species ranges. He realized that groups of
species became divided not only through
migration of some members but also through
the ongoing tectonic activity that reshaped
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natural habitats over time.

Next is, we have genetic variation.

Variations in the species’ inheritable

characteristics are evident indicators of the
evolutionary life on Earth. The differences and
resemblances among individual members of a
species, as well as among the wide variety of
organisms, a result from three main sources of

genetic variation such as mutation, gene flow

and genetic shuffling.
It is an alteration in the DNA sequence of a
In our previous topic, we discussed about particular organism.
mutation. Again what is a mutation?
(Students will clap their hands)
Very good! Let us give her/him “ang galing
clap”!

Alright! So mutation is the changes happens in

the DNA sequence of an organism which can
result in variation of genetic characteristics
passed on from one generation of next species
just like the dwarfism. Significant evolutionary
changes in species often result from an
accumulation of several gene mutation. Gene
flow occurs when a members
of a particular population of
species introduce a genetic
characteristics to a different
population ,often as a result of
migration just like what
happens when a bee transfers
pollen from one population of flowers to another.
Just like also in humans, when genetic shuffling
happens, two different traits from each parent
combine into a new trait that manifest in the
offspring.
Molecular evolution is the process of
change in the sequence composition of
Lastly, we have molecular genetic. cellular molecules such as DNA, RNA, and
proteins across generations. 

The process of change in the amino acid

sequence of biological components including
DNA, RNA, and proteins across successive
generations is known as molecular evolution.
Principles from population genetics and
evolutionary biology are used by the study of
molecular evolution to understand patterns in
these changes.
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A study comparing the genetic makeup of
humans and primates is one instance. Scientists
have found that the amino acid sequence in
hemoglobin, or the blood protein, of
chimpanzees and humans is the same, proving
that the two species are genetically connected.
The ancestry of an organism is seen to be
similar if their DNA and protein sequences are
similar. Humans and chimpanzees share similar
ape ancestors that lived between 6 and 8 million
years ago, according to Smithsonian Institution,
a consortium of research sites in the USA. As
time went on, various populations of this ape
species underwent divergent evolutionary
processes, giving rise to a large number of
primate species.

Again, what is fossil record? Fossils provide important evidence for

evolution and the adaptation of plants and
animals to their environments.

Bones, shells, and teeth

Very good! Molds and casts
Imprints
What are types of fossils? Trace fossils
Preserved fossils

It is being estimated according to its

position within the rock layer.s
In relative dating, how does paleontologists
estimates the age of fossils?
By means of using radioactive decay
ma’am.

How about in the radiometric or absolute

dating?

E. Application

Since that all of you have no question and

understand our lesson well, let us have an
activity entitled “ pass the microphone.”

Mechanics:

At first, I will choose a lucky number and Yes we are!

the one I will choose a lucky number and
whoever matches the number will choose
and answer the question in the box about Comparative anatomy refers to the study
our lesson. Are you ready? of the similarities and differences in the
anatomy of two species
Questions:
Law of Superposition
1. What is a comparative anatomy?
 2. What do you call to a geologic principle
Relative dating andCOLLEGE
AbsoluteOF
dating
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used to determine the relative ages of Charle’s Darwin
rock layers?

3. What are the two kinds of fossil dating?

Fossil records, comparative anatomy and
4. Who visited the Galapagos in Ecuador? genetic variations

5. What are the evidences for the

continuous evolution of life on Earth?
Give atleast three

You got it right!

F. GENERALIZATION We learned about fossil records,

comparative anatomy and genetic
Before we proceed to a short evaluation, who variations ma’am. Paleontologists can
can summarize or tell me anything about what estimate the age of fossils through relative
he/she learned from our discussion and dating and absolute dating. And I also
activities? learned that horses nowadays increased
bone length and thickness throughout the
history.

I learned the functions of some body

structures of some organisms and about
the different evidences about evolution.
Excellent answer!
How about you _____?

Very good!

G. Valuing

Before we end to our discussion, let me show

you this quotation. It is significant in our lives because we are
part of the history. Learning the evolution
makes us appreciate the importance of life
and every history.

What do you think is the significance of learning

the evidences of evolution?

Very good!. Learning history means a lot to us.

It explains how every organism’s life came to be
on earth and how various species are related to No ma’am!
one another. The connections between
evolutionary processes support both diversity of
life and solutions to biological problems.
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That’s all for the evidences of evolution. Do you
have any clarification?

Okay! It is my pleasure to hear and know that all

of you understand our lesson for today.

IV. Evaluation

Direction: Chooses the letter of the correct

answer.

1. What is true about evolution?

a. Evolution most often takes a very
long time
b. A theory is like an educated guess
c. Humans continue to evolve but other
animals stopped early

2. Which of the following is the collection of

life remains found in sedimentary rock?
a. Fossil Records
b. Homologous structure
c. Analogous structure

3. Similar structures with different purposes

found in different species are know as
____.

a. DNA
b. Homologous structures
c. Vestigial structures

4. This study of organisms at their earliest

stage of life.
a. Vestigial structures
b. DNA
c. Embryology

5. Why do we need to study evidences of

evolution?
a. To have good grades
b. To understand the origin of life
c. To be guided in our history

II. Enumerate the following.

6-8. Three sources of evidences
9-10. types of structures from comparative
anatomy.

Assignment/Agreement

“ FOSSILAGE”

In a short bond paper, make a photo collage of

fossils showing their characteristics and
information including what era or period they
belong. You may browse from the books and
internet.
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In making this collage , you will be guided by a
rubrics.
Rubrics for Collage
Criteria Description Points Obtained
Organization The concept
was clearly
and clearly
conveyed
Content Pictures are
correct and
appropriate
Visual IIdea was
Presentation clearly
presented
based on the
pictures &
words used.