ABSTRACT

This Project presents the overall design of Home Automation System (HAS) with
low cost and wireless remote control. This system is designed to assist and provide
support in order to fulfill the needs of elderly and disabled in home. Also, the smart
home concept in the system improves the standard living at home. The main
control system implements wireless Bluetooth technology to provide remote access
from PC/laptop or smart phone. The design remains the existing electrical switches
and provides more safety control on the switches with low voltage activating
method. The switches status is synchronized in all the control system whereby
every user interface indicates the real time existing switches status. The system
intended to control electrical appliances and devices in house with relatively low
cost design, user friendly interface and ease of installation. Due to the
advancement of wireless technology, there are several different of connections are
introduced such as GSM, WIFI, ZIGBEE, and Bluetooth. Each of the connection
has their own unique specifications and applications. Among the four popular
wireless connections that often implemented in HAS project, Bluetooth is being
chosen with its suitable capability. Bluetooth with globally available frequencies of
2400Hz is able to provide connectivity up to 100 meters at speed of up to 3Mbps
depending on the Bluetooth device class.
Bluetooth wireless connection enabled the system communicates with graphical
user interface (GUI) on PC/laptop or smart phone without cable. The target home
appliances are controlled by the system Main Control Board. In order improve the
standard living in home, this system provides three different types of physical
control methods to the Main Control Board. The first physical control method is by
pressing on the modified Low Voltage Activating Switches. The conventional high
voltages switches will be replaced by the modified 5 Volt push buttons as the
activating switches. The low voltage switch eliminates the risk of dangerous
electrical shock by wet hand. The second and third control methods are performed
as wireless remote control to the appliances. The second control method is by
clicking on Window GUI on PC/laptop by using mouse or touch pad. The system
is directly installed beside the conventional electrical switches on the wall. The
Bluetooth wireless connection enabled the system communicates with graphical
user interface (GUI) on PC/laptop or smart phone without cable. The target home
appliances are controlled by the system Main Control Board. In order improve the
standard living in home, this system provides three different types of physical
control methods to the Main Control Board. The first physical control method is by
pressing on the modified Low Voltage Activating Switches. The conventional high
voltages switches will be replaced by the modified 5 Volt push buttons as the
activating switches. The low voltage switch eliminates the risk of dangerous
electrical shock by wet hand. The second and third control methods are performed
as wireless remote control to the appliances. The second control method is by
clicking on Window GUI on PC/laptop by using mouse or touch pad. This method
provides facility to the computer user to control the home appliances without walk
to the switches on the wall. Third control method is done by Android GUI installed
in Smart Phone. The user can easily touch on the screen of the phone to control the
home appliances. This portable method is able to assist the disabled people who
have problem with locomotion difficulty.
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Due to the advancement of wireless technology, there are several different of
connections are introduced such as GSM, WIFI, ZIGBEE, and Bluetooth. Each of
the connection has their own unique specifications and applications. Among the
four popular wireless connections that often implemented in HAS project,
Bluetooth is being chosen with its suitable capability. Bluetooth with globally
available frequencies of 2400Hz is able to provide connectivity up to 100 meters at
speed of up to 3Mbps depending on the Bluetooth device class.
The system is directly installed beside the conventional electrical switches on the
wall. The Bluetooth wireless connection enabled the system communicates with
graphical user interface (GUI) on PC/laptop or smart phone without cable. The
target home appliances are controlled by the system Main Control Board. In order
improve the standard living in home, this system provides three different types of
physical control methods to the Main Control Board. The first physical control
method is by pressing on the modified Low Voltage Activating Switches. The
conventional high voltages switches will be replaced by the modified 5 Volt push
buttons as the activating switches. The low voltage switch eliminates the risk of
dangerous electrical shock by wet hand. The second and third control methods are
performed as wireless remote control to the appliances. The second control method
is by clicking on Window GUI on PC/laptop by using mouse or touch pad.
This method provides facility to the computer user to control the home appliances
without walk to the switches on the wall. Third control method is done by Android
GUI installed in Smart Phone. The user can easily touch on the screen of the phone
to control the home appliances. This portable method is able to assist the disabled
people who have problem with locomotion difficulty.
Advantages of Bluetooth based Home Automation
1. The user can control his/her appliances without physical
interface.
2. It can be easily interfaced with other embedded micro
chips like RF module, GSM module, PC because it is
designed with a micro chip (AT89S52).
3. It is reprogrammable.
4. It makes the size of the system to be small.

Disadvantages of Bluetooth based Home Automation

1. It is very expensive to buy or design.
2. It requires programming which means not everybody can do
the work.
3. It has a particular distance that it can go.

BACKGROUND OF STUDIES
The present study relates to a Bluetooth based Home Automation device
and pertains particularly to an improved the stress of starting and
stopping your home appliances.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
Bluetooth based Home Automation is a device good for banking hall,
shopping mall, food joint, beer pallor, schools, hospital and many
other places like that for controlling the appliances at those places.
In the past, many types of equipment have been proposed but
they have not functioned properly because of the
deficiencies such as in ability to send information to far
distance, how large the system maybe, non-reliability of
the system and the cost of buying it.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The major objective of the project is to show the importance of a
Bluetooth based Home Automation to every other type of automation
system and solving the problems which other type of automation
system may have caused to the users because of its en-efficiencies.
There are many organizations that may have been looking for one
way or the other to control their environment from a bit far
distance So, our main aim in this project is to design a Bluetooth
based Home Automation system.

SCOPE OF THE WORK

The scope of this project is based on good production and design,
of a quality Bluetooth based Home Automation, Therefore, we covered
everything necessary about the construction/implementation of a
good, reliable and effective Bluetooth based Home Automation.
Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
The aim of this chapter is to give the overview information about type of wireless
technology nowadays. The best type of wireless is choose and suitable towards the
problem identification. The comparison between all the types of wireless is done.
Moreover, in this chapter, the explanations will focus more on radio frequency
(RF). Nevertheless the review also discuss about the method to prevent frequency
disturbance. Combination of reference from various sources such as journal,
previous thesis and references book, the literature review has been carried out to
collect information related to this project. Home automation or smart homes (also
known as domotic) can be described as introduction of technology within the home
environment to provide convenience, comfort, security and energy efficiency to its
occupants [3]. With the introduction of the Internet of Things, the research and
implementation of home automation are getting more popular [4]. Various wireless
technologies that can support some form of remote data transfer, sensing and
control such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, RFID, and cellular networks have been utilized
to embed various levels of intelligence in the home [5]. The studies in [2, 6] have
presented Bluetooth based home automation systems using Android Smart phones
without the Internet controllability. The devices are physically connected to a
Bluetooth sub-controller which is then accessed and controlled by the Smart phone
using built-in Bluetooth connectivity. Researchers have also attempted to provide
network interoperability and remote access to control devices and appliances at
home using home gateways. [7] proposed mobile IP based architecture and its
potential applications in Smart homes security and automation without any actual
deployment and testing. Lately few researchers have also presented use of Web
services, simple object access protocol (SOAP) and representational state transfer
(REST) as an interoperable application layer to remotely access home automation
systems. [8] Introduced a smart home management scheme over the Ethernet
network based on XML SOAP standards. The drawback of using SOAP based
Web a service is that it is complex and adds overhead to the client and server when
parsing the message, resulting in slower operation and higher bandwidth.

Ultrasonic
Adler, et al, (1982), explains about how to make an Ultrasonic Remote Control for
Home Receivers. Electromagnetic signaling systems can be designed to bridge the
short distance involved, but their signals do not remain confined between the walls
of buildings or apartments. Because the distance between receivers in adjacent
apartments may easily be less than the viewing distance in a single large home,
individual receivers must operate on different frequencies this is inconvenient in
manufacture and installation.

Infrared
Maureen Kaine-Krolak, et al, (1995), studies about infrared to make an
Introduction to Infrared Technology, Applications in the Home, Classroom,
Workplaces and Beyond. Infrared technology increasingly present in mainstream
applications, but there is several disadvantage by using the method, receiver and
transmitter must be almost directly aligned. Main problem is the signal will lose if
blocked by common material, people wall, plant and etc.

Xbee
Gill, K, et al, (2009), created about a Zigbee-Based Home Automation System. A
ZigBee based home automation system and Wi-Fi network are integrated through a
common home gateway as shown in Figure 2.1 . The home gateway provides
network interoperability, a simple and flexible user interface and remote access to
the system. This system demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the
proposed system. The ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) is a new technology that permits
the implementation of Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN). It is very
suitable for wireless sensor networks due to the very low power consumption.
System allows home owners to monitor and control connected devices in the home,
through a variety of controls, including a ZigBee based remote control, and any
Wi-Fi enabled device which supports by Java. Lili, Y, Y.Shuang-Hua et al, (2006),
research about the Safety and Security of Remote Monitoring and Control of
intelligent Home Environments in Systems, Man and Cybernetics. Safety and
security are two most important issues in the remote monitoring and control of
intelligent home environments. The outdoor part is a mobile phone (or a PDA)
equipped with a specially designed GUI (Graphic User Interface). The indoor part
includes a broadband modem, a home portal (or called home server), and a
wireless home network. The broadband modem maintains a permanent internet
connection.
 METHODOLOGY BLOCK DIAGRAM
The block diagram of the circuit shows principle of operation to achieve a desired
output. The block diagram could also be said to be the circuit in a simplified form.
It can also be explain as, the function of the circuit and shows component
relationship with each other.

AC INPUT AND FILTERATION REGULATION

RECTIFICATION
MICRO
CONTROLLER
UNIT LOAD 1

LOAD 2

BLUETOOTH LOAD 3
MODULE

AC INPUT AND RECTIFICATION

It is important that you choose the right transformer for your power supply. The
transformer’s secondary voltage should not be much larger than the voltage of the
diode; otherwise, energy will be wasted because the diode will be forced to
dissipate heat. However, at the same time, the secondary voltage must not drop
below the required minimum input voltage of the diode (typically 2 to 3 V above
its output voltage) and in this project we used 220v to 12v and 500mA transformer.
The rectification stage is usually preceded by a transformer, which is equipment
that steps down phase voltage down to safer and lower levels that are more suitable
for rectifier diode to handle. The transformer is composed of three important
elements; a primary winding, a secondary winding, and a core structure. When the
transformer has stepped down the voltage to the required level, the rectifier diodes
are then used to convert the alternating current to dc voltage. There are half wave
rectification and full wave rectification. In this work full wave rectification is
employed.

FILTRATION
After rectification, the dc obtained is usually filled with ripples which are very
harmful to the electronic devices that will use it especially the microcontroller.
This calls for the filtration of the rectified output to produce a smooth voltage. The
smoother the voltage the more lasting is the ICs. When a full wave or bridge
rectifier is connected to a capacitor, the peak to peak ripple is cut in half. When a
full wave voltage is applied to the RC circuit, the capacitor discharges half a cycle.
Therefore, the peak-to-peak ripple is half the size it would be with a half rectifier.
The peak –to- peak ripples voltage;
VR = I, fC I = dc load current, f - frequency, C - capacitance
To get a good filtration, it is advisable to use a capacitor of voltage about twice the
value of the expanded input voltage. In this work, a capacitor of 50V at 3300 µf
was used.

REGULATION

After the stepping down the voltage using transformer, rectification by the rectifier
and filtration by the capacitor, the voltage is ready to be used though the
faithfulness of the voltage cannot be predicted. In order to make the voltage
constant, a regulator is needed. A zener diode could be used for this purpose
however, but in this work 7805 IC regulator was used.
MICROCONTROLLER UNIT

The microcontroller unit is made up of the crystal oscillator that is connected to the
X1 and X2 which is pin18 and 19 of MCU, The Bluetooth module communicates
with the 8051 using serial communication. Tx pin of the Bluetooth module is
connected to Rx pin of the microcontroller (pin10) and Rx pin of the Bluetooth
module is connected to Tx pin of the microcontroller. Output pin of the Bluetooth
is connected to P3.0 and P3.1 of the microcontroller and the microcontroller is
monitoring for low voltage that is zero at the pin and whenever an intruder crosses
the sensor the pin will be low. The baud rate used for serial communication in this
project is 9600. So the crystal needs to be exactly 11.0592 MHz for getting this
baud rate. Port 2.0, Port 2.1, Port 2.2 and Port 2.3 of the microcontroller is used for
controlling the loads.

Bluetooth Module (HC-05)

For the communication between mobile phone and microcontroller Bluetooth

module (HC-05) is used. HC-05 is low power 1.8V operation and is easy to use
with Bluetooth SPP (serial port protocol). Serial port Bluetooth module have a
Bluetooth 2.0 +EDR (enhanced data rate), 3Mbps modulation with complete
2.4GHZ radio transceiver and base band. Using Bluetooth profile and android
platform architecture different type of Bluetooth applications can be developed.

Relay
Relay is basically an electromagnetic switch which can be turn on and off by an
applying the voltage across its contacts. In this project used a 12V 3-channel relay.
THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THE BLUETOOTH BASED HOME
APPLIANCE CONTROLLER

DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

The components used in the construction of this power failure alarm

system are as follows.

The table shows the component.

1. Transformer
2. Capacitor
3. AT89S52
4. Transistor
 5. Bridge rectifier
6. Resistor
7. Bluetooth Module
8. Crystal oscillator
9. Buzzer
10. Lm7805

11. LED

TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a static device or machine that transfers electric

power from one circuit to the other. It changes the size of alternating
voltage by process of mutual induction between the two coils or
windings, in accordance with Faradays law of electromagnetic
induction. Its two coils or windings are separated electrically but
magnetically they are linked together. A transformer plays a major
role in electric power engineering and is a necessary part of the
electric power distribution network.

The transformer is of two basic types, step-up transformer and

step-down transformer; it has two coils namely the primary and the
secondary coils. If the number of turns in secondary coil is greater
than the primary it is a step-up transformer and if the secondary coil
is less than the primary is known as a step-down transformer.
 We made use of step-down transformer in this project to step
down from 220v to 12v, The diagram of a transformer is as shown
below.

Capacitor

A capacitor is capable of storing electrical charges. It has the ability to

block direct current (D.C) while passing alternating current (A.C), that
is, it can be used as a filter. All capacitors consist of two metal plates
separated by an insulator. Capacitors are important components in
the electronics and telecommunications industries. They are essential,
for example, in radio and T.V receivers and in transmitter circuits.
The earliest capacitor was invented -almost accidentally- by van
musschen, in about 1746, and became known as a Leyden jar.
(Nelkon and Parker, 1990.)

Further, it is an electronic component that stores electrical

energy or charge. The capacitor is constructed with two electrode
plate facing each other but separated by an insulating substance
called the dielectric. It store energy by separating +ve and -ve electrical
charges. The capacitance of a capacitor is given by charge/voltage
C = Q/V.
And it is measured basically in farad ( f). But most practical
capacitors is rated in micro farads (uf) or pico farad (pf). The
capacitance of a capacitor is generally very small, so unit ranges
from microfarad (10A- 9 F) and Pico farad (10A-12 F) are used. There are
different types of capacitor, which includes:

The table below shows the types of capacitor.

1. Variable
2. Electrolytic
3. Fixed capacitor
4. Trimmer
5. Polarized
6. Non polarized

Capacitor can be of fixed value, a dielectric or a variable capacitor,

which has a making vane with dielectric as solid as air. The capacitors
used in this project are electrolytic and capacitor is shown below.

Variable capacitor Non variable capacitor

Microcontroller
A microcontroller (also MCU or µC) is a computer-on-a-chip. A
microcontroller (also microcontroller unit, MCU or µC) is a small computer on
a single integrated circuit consisting of a relatively simple CPU combined with
support functions such as a crystal oscillator, timers, watchdog timer, serial and
analog I/O etc. It is a type of microprocessor emphasizing self-sufficiency and
cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a general-purpose microprocessor (the kind
used in a PC). In addition to all arithmetic and logic elements of a general
purpose microprocessor, the microcontroller usually also integrates additional
elements such as read-only and read-write memory and input/output interfaces.
Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices,
such as automobile engine control systems, remote controls, office machines,
appliances, power tools and toys. Microcontrollers are complete computer
systems on a chip, typically combining an arithmetic logic unit (ALU),
memory, timer/counters, serial port, input/output ports (I/O) and a clock
oscillator.

Microcontroller Advantages
• Highly integrated and powerful – thousands of transistors on a single chip. •
Can be used to replace a handful of discreet logic chips.

• Relatively easy to learn and implement.

• Easier to integrate into a design than discrete logic chips.

• Very low hardware cost possible

• Many types and manufacturers available.

• Architectures and programming languages vary somewhat, but not

completely, so what we learn about one microcontroller (µC) is good
knowledge to apply to another one.

• Many different IC packages available (DIP8, SOIC-16 etc.)

Microcontroller Disadvantages

• Microcontrollers are IC chips and need to be put on to a custom-designed PC

board. This takes time and money, which may not suit all applications.

Contrast this with an industrial automation PLC, which is a computer-in-a-box

that contains simple screw terminals to connect power, communication and I/O.

• Programming microcontrollers requires a certain amount of skill and training.

• The programming and debugging software can be quite costly.

TRANSISTOR

The transistors were invented in 1947. The invention of transistors

was a great improvement over the vacuum tube in computers
because they are smaller, take less power to operate, usually cost
less and are more rugged than the vacuum tube. Transistor are
three-lead semi-conductor devices produced in variety of shape and
size to accommodate such design in parameter as poor heat
dissipation, break down voltage and cost some power transistors
have an oval shape body with two mounted roles on either side.

Generally there are 2 types of transistors.

1. Negative Positive Negative ( NPN )

2. Positive Negative Positive ( PNP )

Concentrating on the bipolar transistor since it was employed in

the circuit. The bipolar transistor is used in 3 broad areas of
electronics.

1. As a generator
2. As a linear amplified to boast an electrical signal.
3. As automatic switches devices

This semiconductor device is back-to front connection of P-N

junction or front-to-front connection of P-N junction. The three
terminal of the transistor include, the Emitter, Base and Collector.

The types of a bipolar transistor that exist are the PNP and the
NPN where N denotes negative and P denotes positive. See the
diagram below.
Bridge Diode

The diode is a two terminal that has anode and cathode region. On
a diode, one can easily differentiate a positive terminal (anode) by
the dark part of the diode while the side with white color is the
cathode. The diode from the rectifier, form a junction between a
sample of P-type and one of the N-type semiconductors. This
combination possesses the property of a rectifier.

This semiconductor material allows the flow of current in one

direction.

Crystal Oscillator
This crystal is an electrical device which when energy is applied, emits pulses at a
fixed frequency. One can find crystals of virtually any frequency depending on the
application requirements. The more common crystal frequencies are 12 MHZ and
11.059 MHz with 11.059 MHZ the most common and that was the one used in this
project. The crystal oscillator is unstable and has 11.095 MHz for clocking the
microcontroller for 11.095 million times per second.

RESISTOR

Figure 3.11 shows circuit symbol of a resistor.

A resistor is a two way terminal passive element, which provides

voltage drop and help dissipate electrical energy and also provide a
current limit in a circuit. They are made of resistive materials
such as magnesium, nichrome, Constantia, etc and enclose in a plastic
case to prevent moisture Ralph, (1992). Resistors are unquestionably
the most commonly used circuit components. They are designed to
resist the flow of electrical current. The resistance values are
measured in ohms, the values maybe indicate on the resistor. If the
resistance is not indicated, the value of the resistor can be determined
by observing the resistor color code table. The different types of
resistors are; fixed and variable resistors. The value of resistor ranges
from zero to infinity.

The knowledge of resistor (especially, fixed resistor) is very

important in electronics designs.

The table shows the resistor colour code

Colour 1st band 1st 2nd band 2nd 3rd band 4th band
figure figure multiplier tolerance

Black 0 0 None

Brown 1 1 0 1%

Red 2 2 00 2%

Orange 3 3 000

Yellow 4 4 000 -

Green 5 5 00000

Blue 6 6 000000

Violet 7 7 0000000

Grey 8 8 0000000

White 9 9 00000000

Gold - - 5%

Silver - - 10%
No colour - - 20%

There are various shapes, sizes and voltages (0.25W and 0.5W) of
resistors but the most employed type is the 0.25W.

DIODE/LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)

A diode is a device, which is made from semiconductor material that allows

current to flow in one direction; it blocks the current that tries to travel against the
flow in a wire. These devices are often used in several electronic circuits that
convert AC to DC. An LED is the alternative of the diode, once a current is applied
to an LED; it emits light at a specific frequency. LEDs are utilized in varied
applications like keyboards, hard disks, TV remote controls, and these devices are
largely helpful as standing indicators in computers also as battery-operated
electronics Transistor.

VOLTAGE REGULATOR

Voltage regulator is an

electrical device which

maintains the voltage of a

power source within

acceptable limits. To keep voltages within the recommended range, the voltage

regulator is needed and it can be tolerated by the electrical equipment using that

voltage. The image below shows the picture and circuit symbol of a voltage

regulator.

ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND COST FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF

THIS PROJECT IS STATED BELOW.
S7N COMPONENT QUANTITY UNIT COST COST

1 RESISTOR 1 10 20

2 CAPACITOR 1 50 80

3 TRANSISTOR 1 40 60

4 DIODE 1 50 40

5 TRANSFORMER 1 1200 1200

6 REGULATOR (Lm 7805) 1 50 50

7 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR 1 150 150

8 VERO BOARD 1 200 200

9 JUMPER WIRE 2 yards 200 200

10 SOLDERING LEAD 3 yards 100 300

1100 AT89S52 (micro chip) 1 800 800 . .

12 CASING 2 400 800

13 TRANSPORT 1000 1000

14 TWO PIN PLUG 1 100 100

15 BLUETOOTH MODULE 1 3000 3000

TOTAL 3720
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