PDF 34

Ver.
2020
Animal Nutrition
Ch10: Energy
NCHU AS
HI Chiang
Metabolism
5th Edition
江信毅
中興大學動物科學系
Office: Room 5E
Email: [email protected]
1
Ver. 2020
Subdivided Net Energy

• NEm: NE of maintenance
• NEp: NE of production
• NEl: NE for lactation (subdivided from NEp)
NCHU AS
• As shown in Fig. 10.1HI Chiang
• Heat produced in maintenance

= NEm
= Heat production (HP)
Book page 147 / 152 2

Ver. 2020
• Heat Production =
+ heat of activity
+ heat of waste product formation and
excretion
+ heat of thermal regulation
NCHU AS
HI Chiang
(+ heat of digestion and absorption* (HI))

(+ heat of fermentation* (HF)))
*Note: In some text books, HI and HF are included in the

heat production.
Book Page supp 3

Ver. 2020
NCHU AS
HI Chiang
Book page 4
Ver. 2020
Measuring Heat Production:

Carbon-Nitrogen Balance
NCHU AS
HI Chiang
Book Page supp

5
Ver. 2020
Metabolic weight (Metabolic size)

• 產熱(熱生成)與body surface有關, body
surface = BW 0.67 ~ BW 0.75
• Brody and Kleiber顯示interspecies之間以
BW0.75 較適當, 且被引用. NCHU AS
HI Chiang
• When heat production is expressed on the

basis of surface area, the heat production/kg
of BW0.75 is much more uniform (Table 10.3).
Book Page 155 6

Ver. 2020
Max. Min.
Max.
NCHU AS
HI Chiang
Min.
Min. Max.
Heat production
Body weight Metabolic
normalized by
weight
Book page 155 7
Ver. 2020
Basal metabolism
• Defined as the condition in which a minimal amount of
energy is expended to sustain the body in the fasting
and resting state.
• This energy is used to maintain essential cellular activity.
NCHU AS
respiration, blood circulation = as fasting heat production
HI Chiang
(FHP).
• To estimate basal metabolism, the animal should be in a
thermo-neutral environment, fasting state, and is quiet,
sexual repose, under resting.
Book Page 155 8

Ver. 2020
Factors affecting basal metabolism (BM)

• Age: BM declines in older animals.
• Neuroendocrine factors:
– BM is different in the two sexes (male is higher in human).
– Castration (去勢) in animal decrease BM.
NCHU AS
– Nervous hyperactive animals have higher BM.
HI Chiang
• Species and breed difference:

– Bos inducs breed cattle (adapted in hot weather) have 10% less
BM than Bos torus breed cattle (adapted in cold weather).
• Miscellaneous factors
– Adaptation to fasting, muscular training.
Book Page 157 9

Ver. 2020
Maintenance
• Definition:
– A condition in which a nonproductive animal
neither gains nor loses body energy reserves.
NCHU AS
HI Chiang
• Energy for maintenance is used to carry

out tissues and organs function, metabolic
process (nutrients conversion), physical
activities.
Book Page 157 10

Ver. 2020
Factors affecting maintenance

energy expenditure
1. Age: curvilinear decrease with age.
2. Body size: mean 70Kcal／W 0.75, sheep 63Kcal／ BW0.75, cattle
77Kcal／BW0.75.
3. Breed: Bos indicus required 10% less than breed of Bos taurus
cattle dairy purpose requireNCHU
20%ASmore than beef breed.
4. Sex: male greater than female about 15%.
HI Chiang
5. Physiological state: pregnancy, lactating require 20% higher

maintenance energy.
6. Season: summer(higher maintenance requirement), winter(lower
maintenance).
7. Temperature.
8. Previous nutrition: Low level need less maintenance than high
level nutrition.
9. Grazing: expend more energy than penned to be 10-20%.
10. Production: High production → High maintenance.
Book Page 157 11
Ver. 2020
NCHU AS
HI Chiang
Book page 157 12

Ver. 2020
Basal metabolism and

Maintenance requirement
• Assumption: maintenance requirement under

normal conditions are appreciably higher than
basal or fasting metabolism
NCHU AS
HI Chiang
(rate).
• Maintenance = BM x 2
or
= Fasting metabolism x (1.25 ~1.35)
Book page 158 13

Ver. 2020
Energy expenditure and the

environment
• Heat production arises from “tissue metabolism” and
“fermentation in GI”
• Animal dissipate heat by “evaporation”(蒸散), “radiation”(輻
射), “convection” (對流) and NCHU“conduction”
AS (傳導).
HI Chiang
• Heat production vs heat dissipate - regulated by
homeotherms to maintain constant body temperature.
• 環境溫度與動物之恆溫調整 Fig 10.6.

– 適溫帶下, HE之產生不受溫度影響, 而受metabolism, feed intake,
efficiency of energy use.
– 適溫帶上, 體溫受heat dissipation之調控.
Book Page 159 14

Ver. 2020
• 當溫度高於適溫帶時 (TUC):
– 蒸發散熱↑, 藉流汗, 喘氣.
– 攝食量↓.
– 因dissipating heat增加, 代謝速率↑, 體溫↑.
• 當溫度低於適溫帶時 (TIC):
– 因正常之metabolism fermentation 產生之HE不足以維持體溫, 增加
代謝, 產生熱 (稱之cold thermogenesis).
NCHU AS
HI Chiang
TUC與TIC之間溫度 (適溫帶)範圍受下列二因素而改變:
1. Rate of heat production (因feed intake, body condition,
physiological state的影響).
2. Animal ability to or conserve heat.
Book Page 159 15

Ver. 2020
NCHU AS
HI Chiang
Book Page 158

16
Ver. 2020
Animal acclimatization (氣候適應)

• Definition:
– Adaptive changes (behavioral and/or physiological) in response to
changing climatic conditions.
• Physiological adaptions:
– basal metabolism NCHU AS
– respiration rate HI Chiang
– distribution of blood flow to skin lungs

– feed, water intake
– digesta passage rate
– hair coat
– body composition or distribution of fat.
– shivering and sweating
• Animal have greater potential to protect themselves
from cold than from hot temperatures.
Book Page 159 17
Ver. 2020
Efficiency of energy utilization

• Commonly expressed as
Unit of production* / Unit of feed required
(*production: weight gain, eggs or milk)
NCHU AS
HI Chiang
• Caloric efficiency (High -> Low)
Maintenance > Milk production > Growth and Fattening.
Book page 160 18

Ver. 2020
Efficiency of energy utilization

• Higher efficiency in maintenance: HI and HF can
help maintain body temperature.
• Lower efficiency in productivity:

NCHU AS
HI Chiang Only energy
above maintenance could be used for
production, but higher feed intake causes
declined digestibility.
• Energy cost of protein deposition is greater than

that for fat deposition.
Book page 160 19
Ver. 2020
High feed intake decreases

energy utilization
△DE = (L - 1)(0.107 - 0.113 x DE)
△DE: 能量可消化率(%)之變化.
L ：Feeding level 採食量 (以1X維持採食量之倍數表示).
指採食量為1倍維持量時，由食物中可獲
DE ：Digestible energy (%)NCHU AS
得之可消化能比例(%) (= “能量可消化率”)
HI Chiang
例: 1倍維持量之採食量時, 為DE = 70% (0.7), 而提高至兩倍維持量之採食量

時, 其消化率變化為
△DE = (2－1)〔0.107－0.113(0.7)〕= 0.038
所以2倍維持量之採食量, 其消化率為 0.7-0.038 = 0.672 = 67.2%
同理，5 倍維持量之採食量, 其能量之消化率降為 55.8%
*消化率越低者, 採食量越高, 其消化率受影響之程度越明顯.
Book Page 160 20

Ver. 2020
Gross efficiency vs. Net efficiency

• Gross (energy) efficiency:
Caloric value of product / caloric intake
Increasing feed intake => maintenance requirements represents
a smaller percentage => gross efficiency increased. It is
NCHU
economically feasible toHIfeed ASfor maximum intake and rate
Chiang
of production.
• Net (energy) efficiency:

Caloric value of product / caloric intake above maintenance
Less affected by feed intake and more by genetic capability of

animal.
Book page 160 21

Ver. 2020
Energy termination used in ration

formulation and feeding standards
• GE (only for evaluating feed stuff)

• DE, TDN: swine, horse NCHU AS
HI Chiang
• ME: poultry
• DE, TDN, ME: sheep, goat
• NE: cattle
Book Page 161 22

Ver. 2020
Energy termination used in ration

formulation and feeding standards
• Beef cattle
– NEm: 77Kcal× BW 0.75 (pregnancy, milking have
similar energy efficiency as maintenance in beef
cattle, all can be expressed
NCHU AS
in NEm)
HI Chiang
– NEm + NEg (If live weight gain is involved, two

values should be calculated separately)
• Dairy cattle
– NEl (all requirements have similar efficiency and can
be calculated in NEl)
Book Page 161 23

Ver. 2020 2001 Dairy NRC (version 7)
NCHU AS
HI Chiang
24

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Ver.

Subdivided Net Energy

• Heat produced in maintenance

Book page 147 / 152 2

(+ heat of digestion and absorption* (HI))

*Note: In some text books, HI and HF are included in the

Book Page supp 3

Measuring Heat Production:

Book Page supp

Metabolic weight (Metabolic size)

• When heat production is expressed on the

Book Page 155 6

Book Page 155 8

Factors affecting basal metabolism (BM)

• Species and breed difference:

Book Page 157 9

• Energy for maintenance is used to carry

Book Page 157 10

Factors affecting maintenance

5. Physiological state: pregnancy, lactating require 20% higher

Book page 157 12

Basal metabolism and

• Assumption: maintenance requirement under

Book page 158 13

Energy expenditure and the

• 環境溫度與動物之恆溫調整 Fig 10.6.

Book Page 159 14

Book Page 159 15

Book Page 158

Animal acclimatization (氣候適應)

– distribution of blood flow to skin lungs

Efficiency of energy utilization

Book page 160 18

Efficiency of energy utilization

• Lower efficiency in productivity:

• Energy cost of protein deposition is greater than

High feed intake decreases

例: 1倍維持量之採食量時, 為DE = 70% (0.7), 而提高至兩倍維持量之採食量

*消化率越低者, 採食量越高, 其消化率受影響之程度越明顯.

Book Page 160 20

Gross efficiency vs. Net efficiency

• Net (energy) efficiency:

Less affected by feed intake and more by genetic capability of

Book page 160 21

Energy termination used in ration

• GE (only for evaluating feed stuff)

Book Page 161 22

Energy termination used in ration

– NEm + NEg (If live weight gain is involved, two

Book Page 161 23

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