Practical Research 1: Quarter 4 - Module 21 Qualitative Research Designs
Practical Research 1: Quarter 4 - Module 21 Qualitative Research Designs
Practical Research 1
Quarter 4 – Module 21
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGNS
Practical Research 1 – Grade 11
Quarter 4 – Module 21: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.
1
Learning from Others and Reviewing the
Literature: Qualitative Research Designs
2
These are the objectives expected to be
Introduction
In building a school, construction team does not just combine parts of a
building by mere personal choice and knowledge. They follow a prescribed design
of a building from architecture. This design is a plan carefully crafted to illustrate the
expected output of a school building. This is equally true in research. The
researchers (like the architectures) follow a plan/design that consists of procedures
and method on how to conduct the study (Edmonds & Kennedy, 2017) and produce
the expected outcome.
There are multiple designs in conducting qualitative research relevant to our
daily lives. It can be narrative research, phenomenological research, grounded
theory, ethnography or case studies (Creswell, 2012). Choosing the appropriate
research design to be used gives a clear direction as to how the hows and whys of
a phenomenon be answered.
3
1. Which among the flowers is usually used as a corsage (a designed flower
pinned on chest) during graduation?
2. You are reading a research study and want to highlight the problem of the
study for you to easily identify it later on as you recheck it. Which among the
pens will you use?
Guide Questions:
4
2. Why do we need to use appropriate elements/parts whenever we
have to do or design something?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Narrative Research
This study deals with an inquiry in humanities. The researcher explores the
lives of individuals (participant/s) by asking them to tell their life stories. The
researcher then retells the story in the discussion of his paper with a combination of
his own life’s accounts (Clandinin & Connelly, 2000, as cited by Creswell, 2012).
This design is appropriately used when a researcher’s purpose seeks to understand
human experiences through narration or telling a life story.
Example Study: A Narrative Research Approach: The Experiences of Social Media
Support in Higher Education (Elçi & Devran, 2014)
5
Phenomenology
This study comes from the inquiry in philosophy and psychology. The
researcher asks the individuals (participants) about their lived experiences on the
phenomenon (ex. being a teenage mother) identified usually through an interview.
According to (Edmonds & Kennedy, 2017), this design is appropriately used when a
researcher’s purpose seeks to:
• Studying people 's experiences
• Studying how people make meaning in their lives
• Studying relationships between what happened and how people have come to
understand these events
• Exploring how people experience the essence of a particular phenomenon
• Examining the commonalities across individuals
Example Study: Demystifying the Causes of Poor Engagement in Oral
Communication among Grade 11 Students (Tañega, 2018)
Grounded Theory
This study stems from the inquiry of sociology. The researcher asks the views
of individuals (participants). Grounded from the responses, the “researcher derives a
general, abstract theory of a process, action, or interaction” (Creswell, 2014, p. 42).
Charmaz, and Corbin and Strauss (2006, 2007 as cited in Creswell, 2014) assert
that this type of qualitative study undergoes multiple stages in the data collection
process and in the analysis of the categories extracted. This design is appropriately
used when a researcher’s purpose seeks to generate a theory. Corbin and Strauss
(as cited in Edmonds & Kennedy, 2017) pointed out criteria of a good grounded
theory:
a. fit the phenomenon;
b. provide understanding;
c. provide generality, in that the theory includes extensive variation and is
abstract enough to be applicable to a wide variety of contexts; and
d. provide control, in the sense of stating the conditions under which the theory
applies and describing a reasonable basis for action.
Example Study: How Youth Get Engaged: Grounded-Theory Research on
Motivational Development in Organized Youth Programs (Dawes
& Larson, 2011).
6
Ethnography
This study comes from the inquiry of anthropology and sociology. Creswell
(2014) claims that the “researcher studies the shared patterns of behaviors,
language, and actions of an intact cultural group in a natural setting over a prolonged
period of time” (p.43). The researcher collects data from observation and interviews
and is expected to be skilful in providing rich and complete details of the observation.
Example Study: Ethnographic Research among Drinking Youth Cultures:
Reflections from Observing Participants (Briggs, Gololobov,
Ventselawes &, 2015)
Case Study
This study can be found in many fields. The researcher establishes “an in-
depth case analysis of a case” (p. 43). Schramm (1971) emphasized that case
studies are “illuminating decision or a set of decisions: why they were taken, how
they were implemented, and with what result” (p. 6). This design is appropriately
used when a researcher’s purpose seeks to gather detailed appreciation of a case,
issue, event or phenomenon of interest.
Example Study: Managing school behavior: A qualitative case study (Dodge,
2011)
7
Choosing Research Design
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Design: __________________________
Design: __________________________
8
Scenario 3: A researcher immerses in Badjao community to study their livelihood
pattern.
Design: __________________________
Design: __________________________
9
Instruction: Review your previous activities in the Let’s Test Ourselves part of
Research Title:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Research Design:
10
Answer Key
1.
2.
11
Choosing My Research Design
Answers vary
References:
Dawes, N. P., & Larson, R. (2011). How youth get engaged: Grounded-
theory research on motivational development in organized youth
programs. Developmental Psychology, 47(1), 259–269.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020729
12
Schramm, W. (1971). Notes on case studies of instructional media
projects. A working paper for Institute for Communication Research,
Stanford University, CA. ERIC, Number: ED092145.
13