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  • Ca5305.Lecture 4 Levels of Iot Based Systems: Instructor: Dr. M. Deivamani

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    The document discusses different levels of IoT systems from levels 1 through 6. Level 1 systems have a single device that performs all functions locally. Higher levels introduce distributed elements, with level 6 systems comprising multiple independent devices that send data directly to the cloud for storage and application access. The levels provide templates for designing IoT solutions based on factors like data and processing requirements.

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    The document discusses different levels of IoT systems from levels 1 through 6. Level 1 systems have a single device that performs all functions locally. Higher levels introduce distributed elements, with level 6 systems comprising multiple independent devices that send data directly to the cloud for storage and application access. The levels provide templates for designing IoT solutions based on factors like data and processing requirements.

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    75 views19 pages

    Ca5305.Lecture 4 Levels of Iot Based Systems: Instructor: Dr. M. Deivamani

    Uploaded by

    Harini Iyer
    The document discusses different levels of IoT systems from levels 1 through 6. Level 1 systems have a single device that performs all functions locally. Higher levels introduce distributed elements, with level 6 systems comprising multiple independent devices that send data directly to the cloud for storage and application access. The levels provide templates for designing IoT solutions based on factors like data and processing requirements.

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    of 19

    CA5305.

    Lecture 4
    Levels of IoT based systems

    Instructor : Dr. M. Deivamani


    October 23, 2021

    Readings

    Arshdeep Bahga, Vijay Madisetti, “Internet of Things – A Hands-On Approach”, Universities Press, 2015
    Physical Design of IoT

     The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and can perform
    remote sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities.
     IoT devices can:
     Exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly or indirectly), or
     Collect data from other devices and process the data locally or
     Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application back-ends for processing
    the data, or
     Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT infrastructure, based on
    temporal and space constraints

    2
    Generic block diagram of an IoT Device

     An IoT device may consist


    of several interfaces for
    connections to other
    devices, both wired and
    wireless.
     I/O interfaces for sensors
     Interfaces for Internet
    connectivity
     Memory and storage
    interfaces
     Audio/video interfaces.

    3
    IoT Protocols

     Link Layer
     802.3 – Ethernet
     802.11 – WiFi
     802.16 – WiMax
     802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
     2G/3G/4G
     Network/Internet Layer ▪ Application Layer
     IPv4 ▪ HTTP
     IPv6 ▪ CoAP
    ▪ WebSocket
     6LoWPAN
    ▪ MQTT
     Transport Layer
    ▪ XMPP
     TCP
    ▪ DDS 4
     UDP
    ▪ AMQP
    Logical Design of IoT

     Logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract representation of the entities and
    processes without going into the low-level specifics of the implementation.
     An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide the system the
    capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation, communication, and management.

    5
    Request-Response communication model

     Request-Response is a communication model in which the client sends requests to the server and the
    server responds to the requests.
     When the server receives a request, it decides how to respond, fetches the data, retrieves resource
    representations, prepares the response, and then sends the response to the client.

    6
    Publish-Subscribe communication model

     Publish-Subscribe is a
    communication model that
    involves publishers, brokers
    and consumers.
     Publishers are the source of
    data. Publishers send the
    data to the topics which are
    managed by the broker.
    Publishers are not aware of
    the consumers.
     Consumers subscribe to the
    topics which are managed
    by the broker.
     When the broker receives
    data for a topic from the
    publisher, it sends the data
    to all the subscribed
    consumers.
    7
    Push-Pull communication model

     Push-Pull is a communication model in which the data producers push the data to queues
    and the consumers pull the data from the queues. Producers do not need to be aware of the
    consumers.
     Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producers and consumers.
     Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations when there is a mismatch between the
    rate at which the producers push data and the rate at which the consumers pull data.

    8
    Exclusive Pair communication model

     Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional, fully


    duplex communication model that
    uses a persistent connection between
    the client and server.
     Once the connection is setup it
    remains open until the client sends a
    request to close the connection.
     Client and server can send messages
    to each other after connection setup.

    9
    REST-based Communication APIs

     Representational State Transfer


    (REST) is a set of architectural
    principles by which you can
    design web services and web
    APIs that focus on a system’s
    resources and how resource
    states are addressed and
    transferred.
     REST APIs follow the request
    response communication
    model.
     The REST architectural
    constraints apply to the
    components, connectors, and
    data elements, within a
    distributed hypermedia system. 10
    WebSocket-based Communication APIs

     WebSocket APIs allow


    bidirectional, full duplex
    communication between
    clients and servers.
     WebSocket APIs follow the
    exclusive pair
    communication model

    11
    IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

     An IoT system comprises of the following components:


     Device: An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing, actuating and remote
    monitoring capabilities. You learned about various examples of IoT devices in section
     Resource: Resources are software components on the IoT device for accessing,
    processing, and storing sensor information, or controlling actuators connected to the
    device. Resources also include the software components that enable network access for
    the device.
     Controller Service: Controller service is a native service that runs on the device and
    interacts with the web services. Controller service sends data from the device to the web
    service and receives commands from the application (via web services) for controlling the
    device.

    12
    IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

     Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data generated by
    the IoT device.
     Web Service: Web services serve as a link between the IoT device, application, database
    and analysis components. Web service can be either implemented using HTTP and REST
    principles (REST service) or using WebSocket protocol (WebSocket service).
     Analysis Component: The Analysis Component is responsible for analyzing the IoT data
    and generate results in a form which are easy for the user to understand.
     Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the users can use to control and
    monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Applications also allow users to view the
    system status and view the processed data.

    13
    IoT Level-1

     A level-1 IoT system has a single node/device


    that performs sensing and/or actuation, stores
    data, performs analysis and hosts the application
     Level-1 IoT systems are suitable for modeling
    low cost and low-complexity solutions where the
    data involved is not big and the analysis
    requirements are not computationally intensive.

    14
    IoT Level-2

     A level-2 IoT system has a single node that


    performs sensing and/or actuation and local
    analysis.
     Data is stored in the cloud and application is
    usually cloud based.
     Level-2 IoT systems are suitable for solutions
    where the data involved is big, however, the
    primary analysis requirement is not
    computationally intensive and can be done
    locally itself.

    15
    IoT Level-3

     A level-3 IoT system has a single node. Data is


    stored and analyzed in the cloud and application
    is cloud based.
     Level-3 IoT systems are suitable for solutions
    here the data involved is big and the analysis
    requirements are computationally intensive.

    16
    IoT Level-4

     A level-4 IoT system has multiple nodes


    that perform local analysis. Data is
    stored in the cloud and application is
    cloud-based.
     Level-4 contains local and cloud-based
    observer nodes which can subscribe to
    and receive information collected in the
    cloud from IoT devices.
     Level-4 IoT systems are suitable for
    solutions where multiple nodes are
    required, the data involved is big and
    the analysis requirements are
    computationally intensive. 17
    IoT Level-5

     A level-5 IoT system has multiple end


    nodes and one coordinator node.
     The end nodes that perform sensing
    and/or actuation.
     Coordinator node collects data from
    the end nodes and sends to the cloud.
     Data is stored and analyzed in the
    cloud and application is cloud-based.
     Level-5 IoT systems are suitable for
    solutions based on wireless sensor
    networks, in which the data involved
    is big and the analysis requirements
    are computationally intensive. 18
    IoT Level-6

     A level-6 IoT system has multiple


    independent end nodes that
    perform sensing and/or actuation
    and send data to the cloud.
     Data is stored in the cloud and
    application is cloud-based.
     The analytics component analyzes
    the data and stores the results in
    the cloud database.
     The results are visualized with the
    cloud-based application.
     The centralized controller is aware
    of the status of all the end nodes
    and sends control commands to the
    19
    nodes.

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