Distribution board

A distribution board (also known as panelboard, breaker panel, electric panel, DB board or DB box)
is a component of an electricity supply system that divides an electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits
while providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit in a common enclosure. Normally, a
main switch, and in recent boards, one or more residual-current devices (RCDs) or residual current breakers
with overcurrent protection (RCBOs) are also incorporated.

In the United Kingdom, a distribution board designed for domestic installations is known as a consumer
unit.[1]

Contents
North America
Breaker arrangement
Interior
Fuse boxes
United Kingdom
Consumer units
Legacy fuseboxes
Manufacturer differences
Location and designation
Theatre lighting
See also
References

North America
North American distribution boards are generally housed in sheet metal enclosures, with the circuit breakers
positioned in two columns operable from the front. Some panelboards are provided with a door covering
the breaker switch handles, but all are constructed with a dead front; that is to say the front of the enclosure
(whether it has a door or not) prevents the operator of the circuit breakers from contacting live electrical
parts within. Busbars carry the current from incoming line (hot) conductors to the breakers, which are
secured to the bus with either a bolt-on connection (using a threaded screw) or a plug-in connection using a
retaining clip. Panelboards are more common in commercial and industrial applications and employ bolt-on
breakers. Residential and light commercial panels are generally referred to as load centers and employ
plug-in breakers. The neutral conductors are secured to a neutral bus using screw terminals. The branch
circuit bonding conductors are secured to a terminal block attached directly to the panelboard enclosure,
which is itself grounded.

During servicing of the distribution board, when the cover has been removed and the cables are visible,
American panelboards commonly have some live parts exposed. In Canadian service entrance panelboards
the main switch or circuit breaker is located in a service box, a section of the enclosure separated from the
rest of the panelboard, so that when the main switch or breaker is
switched off no live parts are exposed when servicing the branch
circuits.[2]

Breaker arrangement

Breakers are usually arranged in two columns. In a U.S.-style

board, breaker positions are numbered left-to-right, along each row
from top to bottom. This numbering system is universal with
numerous competitive manufacturers of breaker panels.

Each row is fed from a different phase (A, B, and C below), to

allow 2- or 3-pole common-trip breakers to have one pole on each
phase. In North America, it is common to wire large permanently
installed equipment line-to-line. This takes two slots in the panel
(two-pole) and gives a voltage of 240  V for split-phase electric
power, or 208 V for three-phase power.

North American breaker numbering

Split-phase 3-phase Breakers An American circuit breaker panel

A A 1 2 featuring interchangeable circuit
breakers
B B 3 4

A C 5 6

B A 7 8

A B 9 10

B C 11 12

⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮

Interior

The photograph to the right

shows the interior of a
residential service
panelboard manufactured Illustration of breaker numbering in a
by General Electric. The North American type panelboard.
three service conductors— Some labels are missing, and some
two 'hot' lines and one are additional. The numbers on the
neutral—can be seen toggles indicate the rated ampereage
coming in at the top. The before tripping. The top right breaker
neutral wire is connected to (Rated at 100 A) feeds a sub panel.
the neutral busbar to the left
with all the white wires,
and the two hot wires are attached to the main breaker. Below the
main breaker are the two bus bars carrying the current between the
main breaker and the two columns of branch circuit breakers, with
Electrical panel and subpanel with each respective circuit's red and black hot wires leading off. Three
cover removed from subpanel wires (hot black, neutral white, and bare ground) can be seen
exiting the left side of the enclosure running directly to a NEMA 5-
15 electrical receptacle with a power cord plugged into it. The
incoming bare, stranded ground wire can be seen near the bottom
of the neutral bus bar.

The photograph on the left shows a dual panel configuration: a

main panel on the right (with front cover in place) and a subpanel
on the left (with cover removed). The subpanel is fed by two large
hot wires and a neutral wire running through the angled conduit
near the top of the panels. This configuration appears to display
two violations of the current U.S. National Electric Code: the main
panel does not have a grounding conductor (here it is fed through
the subpanel instead) and the subpanel neutral bar is bonded to the
ground bar (these should be separate bars after the first service disconnect, which in this case is the main
panel).

Fuse boxes

A common design of fuse box that was featured in homes built

from 1940 through 1965 was the 60-amp fuse box that included
four plug fuses (i.e. the Edison base) for branch circuits and one or
more fuse blocks containing cartridge fuses for purposes such as
major appliance circuits.[3] After 1965, the more substantial 100 A
panel with three-wire (230 V) service became common; a fuse box
could have fuse blocks for the main shut-off and an electric range
circuit plus a number of plug fuses (Edison base or Type S) for
individual circuits.[4]

United Kingdom
This picture shows the
interior of a typical
An older style fuse box of the variety distribution panel in the
used in the United States United Kingdom. The three
incoming phase wires
connect to the busbars via a
main switch in the centre of the panel. On each side of the panel are
two busbars, for neutral and earth. The incoming neutral connects
to the lower busbar on the right side of the panel, which is in turn
connected to the neutral busbar at the top left. The incoming earth
wire connects to the lower busbar on the left side of the panel,
which is in turn connected to the earth busbar at the top right. The
cover has been removed from the lower-right neutral bar; the
neutral bar on the left side has its cover in place.

Down the left side of the phase busbars are two two-pole RCBOs One type of UK distribution board.
and two single-pole breakers, one unused. The two-pole RCBOs in
the picture are not connected across two phases, but have supply-
side neutral connections exiting behind the phase busbars. Down the right side of the busbars are a single-
pole breaker, a two-pole RCBO and a three-pole breaker.
The illustrated panel includes a great deal of unused space; it is likely that the manufacturer produces 18-
and 24-position versions of this panel using the same chassis.

Larger commercial, public, and industrial installations generally use three-phase supplies, with distribution
boards which have twin vertical rows of breakers. Larger installations will often use subsidiary distribution
boards.

In both cases, modern boards handling supplies up to around 100 A (CUs) or 200 A (distribution boards)
use circuit breakers and RCDs on DIN rail mountings. The main distribution board in an installation will
also normally provide a main switch (known as an incomer) which switches the phase and neutral lines for
the whole supply. (n.b., an incomer may be referred to, or sold as, an isolator, but this is problematic, as it
will not necessarily be used as an isolator in the strict sense.)

For each phase, power is fed along a busbar. In split-phase panels, separate busbars are fed directly from
the incomer, which allows RCDs to be used to protect groups of circuits. Alternatively RCBOs may be
used to provide both overcurrent and residual-current protection to single circuits.

Other devices, such as transformers (e.g. for bell circuits) and contactors (relays; e.g. for large motor or
heating loads) may also be used.

New British distribution boards generally have the live parts enclosed to IP2X, even when the cover has
been removed for servicing.

Consumer units

In the United Kingdom, BS 7671 defines a consumer unit as "A particular type of distribution board
comprising a type tested coordinated assembly for the control and distribution of electrical energy,
principally in domestic premises..."[5] These installations usually have single-phase supplies at 230 V
(nominal standard); historically, they were known as fuse boxes, as older consumer units used fuses until
the advent of mini-circuit breakers (MCBs). A normal new domestic CU used as a main panel might have
from 6 to 24 ways for devices (some of which might occupy two ways), and will be split into two or more
sections (e.g. a non-RCD section for alarms etc., an RCD-protected section for socket outlets, and an RCD-
protected section for lighting and other built-in appliances). Secondary CUs used for outbuildings usually
have 1 to 4 ways plus an RCD.

Recent (pre-17th edition wiring regulations) CUs would not normally have RCD protected sections for
anything other than socket outlets, though some older CUs featured RCD incomers. Before 1990, RCDs
(and split busbars) were not standard in CUs.

Old rewirable-fuse boxes

 1950s MEM 1950s MEM 1970s MEM 1970s MEM
rewirable fuse rewirable fuse rewirable fuse rewirable fuse
box (covered) box (open) box (covered) box (open)

Fuse boxes normally use cartridge or rewirable fuses with no other protective device, and basic 4-ways
boxes are very common. Some older boxes are made of brown-black bakelite, sometimes with a wooden
base. Although their design is historic, these were standard equipment for new installs as recently as the
1980s, so they are very common. Fuseholders in these boxes may not provide protection from accidental
contact with live terminals.

The popular 4-way fusebox normally had two lighting and two socket circuits, with heavy or sustained
loads such as immersion heater and oven on a socket circuit. This arrangement is not recommended practice
today, but it is common for existing installations. Larger boxes with more ways will have separate fuses for
large loads such as immersion heater, oven and shower.

Legacy fuseboxes

A small number of pre-1950 fuseboxes are still in service. These should be treated with caution because
exposed live parts are common on these boxes. The installations they supply will not meet modern
standards for electrical safety. Another characteristic of very old installations is that there may be two fuses
for each circuit; one on the live and one on the neutral. In rare instances, old ring circuits may be
encountered with no fewer than 4 15 A fuses per ring, one on each of L and N, and this duplicated for each
of the two feeds for the ring.

Manufacturer differences
Most of the time, the panels and the breakers inserted inside them must be by the same manufacturer. Each
manufacturer has one or more "systems", or kinds of breaker panels, that will only accept breakers of that
type. In Europe, this is still the case, despite the adoption of a standard DIN rail for mounting and a
standard cut-out shape, as the positions of the busbar connections are not standardized.

Certain panels use seemingly interchangeable 1-inch-wide (25  mm) breakers. However, a given
manufacturer will specifically mention exactly which devices may be installed in their equipment. These
assemblies have been tested and approved for use by a recognized authority. Replacing or adding
equipment which "just happens to fit" can result in unexpected or even dangerous conditions. Such
installations should not be done without first consulting knowledgeable sources, including manufacturers.

Location and designation

For reasons of aesthetics and security, domestic circuit breaker
panels and consumer units are normally located in out-of-the-way
closets, attics, garages, or basements, but sometimes they are also
featured as part of the aesthetic elements of a building (as an art
installation, for example) or where they can be easily accessible.
However, current U.S. building codes prohibit installation of a
panel in a bathroom (or similar room), in closets intended for
clothing, or where there is insufficient space for an electrician to
gain access to the panel. Specific situations, such as an installation
outdoors, in a hazardous environment, or in other out-of-the- A three-phase service drop enters
ordinary locations might require specialized equipment and more through the side of this main service
stringent installation practices. panel consisting of three 100 ampere
fuses.
Distribution boards may be designated for three phase or single
phase and normal power or emergency power, or designated by use
such as distribution panels for supplying other panels, lighting panels for lights, power panels for equipment
and receptacles and special uses. Panels are located throughout the building in electric closets serving a
section of the building.

Theatre lighting
In a theatre, a specialty panel known as a dimmer rack is used to feed stage lighting instruments. A U.S.
style dimmer rack has a 208Y/120 volt 3-phase feed. Instead of just circuit breakers, the rack has a solid
state electronic dimmer with its own circuit breaker for each stage circuit. This is known as a dimmer-per-
circuit arrangement. The dimmers are equally divided across the three incoming phases. In a 96 dimmer
rack, there are 32 dimmers on phase A, 32 dimmers on phase B, and 32 on phase C to spread out the
lighting load as equally as possible. In addition to the power feed from the supply transformer in the
building, a control cable from the lighting desk carries information to the dimmers in a control protocol such
as DMX-512. The information includes lighting level information for each channel, by which it controls
which dimmer circuits come up and go out during the lighting changes of the show (light cues), and over
what fade time.

Distribution boards may be surface-mounted or flush. The former arrangement provides easier alteration or
addition to wiring at a later date, but the latter arrangement might be neater, particularly for a residential
application. The other problem with recessing a distribution board into a wall is that if the wall is solid, a lot
of brick or block might need to be removed—generally for this reason, recessed boards would only be
installed on new-build projects when the required space can be built into the wall.

See also
Circuit total limitation
Consumer unit
Electric switchboard
Electricity meter
Electrical busbar system
Switchgear

References
1. BS 7671 17th edition definitions
 2. C22.2 No. 29-15 — "Panelboards and enclosed panelboards". Canadian Standards
Association. 2015. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-77139-712-4.
3. The editors of Creative Publishing (2008). Black & Decker The Complete Guide to Wiring (ht
tps://books.google.com/books?id=QtVhK6z7mpQC&pg=PA75) (4th ed.). Cool Springs
Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-1589234130. Retrieved 2014-06-15.
4. George, Daniels (January 1966). "Improving Your Home Wiring" (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=mikDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA160). Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation: 160.
Retrieved 2014-06-15.
5. BS7671 17th Edition

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