REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

REGION – IX
ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA
DATU PANAS, BUUG, ZAMBOANGA SIBUGAY
MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY – BUUG CAMPUS

BLOOD TYPING AND BLOOD SMEARING

LABORATORY REPORT

BLOOD TYPING

Blood typing is a test that determines a person’s blood type. The test is essential if
you need a blood transfusion or are planning to donate blood. Not all blood types are
compatible, so it’s important to know your blood group. Receiving blood that’s incompatible
with your blood type could trigger a dangerous immune response.

Objectives

The main objectives of this experimental activity are:

 To observe antigen and antibody agglutination from my client’s blood, and
 To determine the blood type of my client.

Materials

The materials used throughout the activity includes the following:

 Monoclonal Antibodies (Anti -A, B, and D)

 Blood Lancet
 Tooth picks
 Clean glass slide
 70%ethyl alcohol
 Cotton balls
 Tissue Paper
  Distilled Water (200 mL)
 Additional water for cleaning
 Powdered detergent soap or dishwashing liquid for cleaning
 Surgical gloves
 Laboratory gown

PROCEDURE

The following are the procedures and methods applied during blood typing activity.

1. Set the table with all the materials required.

2. Open an Alcohol swab, and rub it at the area from where the blood will be sampled
(fingertip). (Discard the swab)
3. Open the Lancet cover, put pressure at the tip of the finger from where blood will be
sampled (maintain it). Prick the fingertip with the opened Lancet. (Discard the
Lancet)
4. As blood starts oozing out, make 1 drop fall on the three depressions of the glass
slide. (In clinical setup, there will be a fourth well used as a control).
5. Place cotton ball at the site where it was pricked. Using the thumb, put pressure on the
area to stop blood flow.
6. Take the Anti-A (blue) bottle, resuspend the content and use the dropper to place a
drop of the monoclonal antibodies in the 1st spot. Place the bottle back in the table.
7. Take the Anti-B (yellow) bottle, resuspend the content and use the dropper to place a
drop of the monoclonal antibodies in the 2nd spot. Place the bottle back in the table.
8. Take the Anti-D (colourless) bottle, resuspend the content and used the dropper to
place a drop of the monoclonal antibodies in the 3 rd spot. Place the bottle back in the
table.
9. Take a toothpick and mix the content in each glass slide well. Discard the toothpick
after using in one well. (Take a new one for the next slide).
10. After mixing, wait for a while to observe the result.
 RESULTS AND DOCUMENTATION

Figure 2 - Obtaining sample through piercing client's skin with lancet. Figure 1 -Application of samples to the glass slides.

Figure 3 - Complete set-up for the activity.

FIRST SET – UP WITH ANTIGEN A

 Figure 4 -Antigen A with client's blood.

SECOND SET – UP WITH ANTIGEN B

Figure 5 - Antigen B with client's blood.

THRID SET – UP WITH Rh FACTOR

Figure 6 - Client's blood with Rh factor solution.

DISCUSSION

Blood; this is the life of humans and animals; blood carries a lot of important
substances the primary substance blood is “used” for is to transport oxygen and nutrition’s to
all the bodies vital organs. Blood also is a vital heat provider in the body keeping those needed
areas warm and filters toxic substances that are not needed in the body.
Blood typing is the procedure where your blood is withdrawn and tested to determine
what blood type you have, this test is to see what types of proteins the blood consists of or
antigens. There are four groups or types of blood you get, they are categorized as type A, B,
AB and O. the reason for testing the blood type is to prepare when necessary, a transfusion or
transplant and having the blood type to be compatible with another.
Our blood types are determined by what kind of antigens our red blood cells have on the
surface. Antigens are substances differentiate between its own cells and foreign, potentially
dangerous ones. If our body thinks a cell is foreign, it will set out to destroy it. The ABO
blood typing system groups are blood into one of four categories:

 Type A has the A antigen.

 Type B has the B antigen.
 Type AB has both A and B antigens.
 Type O has neither A nor B antigens.

If blood with antigens that you don’t have enters your system, your body will create
antibodies against it. However, some people can still safely receive blood that isn’t their
blood type.

As long as the blood they receive doesn’t have any antigens that mark it as foreign, their
bodies won’t attack it.

In other words, donations work as follows:

 O: Type O individuals can donate blood to anyone, because their blood has no
antigens. However, they can only receive blood from other type O individuals
(because blood with any antigens is seen as foreign).
  A: Type A individuals can donate to other type A individuals and type AB
individuals. Type A individuals can receive blood only from other type A
individuals and type O individuals.
 B: Type B individuals can donate blood to other B individuals and AB individuals.
Type B individuals can receive blood only from type B individuals and type O
individuals.
 AB: Type AB individuals can give blood only to other AB individuals, but can
receive blood of any type.

Blood types are further organized by Rh factor:

 Rh-positive: People with Rh-positive blood have Rh antigens on the surface of

their red blood cells. People with Rh-positive blood can receive Rh-positive or
Rh-negative blood.
 Rh-negative: People with Rh-negative blood don’t have Rh antigens. People
with Rh-negative blood can receive only blood that is also Rh-negative.

Together, the ABO and Rh grouping systems yield your complete blood type. There are eight
possible types:

 O-positive
 O-negative
 A-positive
 B-positive
 B-negative
 AB-positive
 AB-negative

Just like how we determined our blood type or our classmates blood type, we studied how the
blood reacts to the monoclonal antibody’s solution. If your blood cells clump together when
mixed with antibodies against type A blood, for example, you have type A blood. Your blood
sample will then be mixed with an anti-Rh serum. If your blood cells clump together in
response to the anti-Rh serum, it means that you have Rh-positive blood. Once we know our
blood type, we can donate blood and receive transfusions from donors in the compatible
blood groups.

Provided all these factors, as I performed this activity on March 28, 2023, Tuesday, at
exactly 3:30 pm in the afternoon. With my donor Jannah Marie A. Oberez a close colleague
of mine which entrusted me to determine the type of blood she have. The first thing I did of
course was to gather and set all the materials that will be utilize for this procedure. I then
started by pricking her left ring finger in order to obtain the samples (blood) that I needed.
After placing the samples in each individual slides, I mixed them with the two antigens
(antigen A and antigen B) and one Rh factor.

As the result of the first slide which had my donor’s blood mixed with the antigen A.
There was no agglutination observed meaning she does not a blood type of A, leaving is now
with the blood type B and O. Result can be found on figure 4.

Subsequently, in the next second slide, that had a drop of my donor’s blood and a
drop of antigen B. There was also no agglutination observed. Leaving me into a conclusion
that, my donor’s blood is certainly a blood type O. Result can be found on figure 5.

Lastly, in the third slide which contained blood from my donor and a drop of Rh
solution. I have observed that there was an occurrence of agglutination. Indicating that my
donor’s blood is a blood type O positive. Result can be found on figure 6.

All things considered it should be noted that, not all blood types are compatible, so
it’s important to know your blood group. Receiving blood that’s incompatible with your
blood type could trigger a dangerous immune response. If you’re given incompatible blood, it
can lead to blood clumping, or agglutination, which can be fatal. Hence, as a result of this
activity, I have come to analyze and determine my donor’s blood type which is an o positive.
 BLOOD SMEARING

A blood smear is a test for detecting problems in red blood cells, white blood cells, or
platelets. It's sometimes called a peripheral smear for morphology. The test has a wide range
of uses. It can be used to tell whether an infection is viral or bacterial. It can also detect
anemia, find causes of jaundice, and diagnose malaria.

Objectives
The main objective of this activity is:
 To observe sample (blood) from the donor under the microscope, and
 To descried the cells observed, in terms of the following;
a) Size,
b) Color, and
c) shape

Materials

The materials used throughout the activity includes the following:

 two glass slides

 Blood sample
 Microscope

PROCEDURE

The following are the procedures and methods applied during blood smearing activity.

1. On one slide (the sample slide) place a small drop of well-mixed blood.
2. Use the second slide as a spreader slide.
3. Place the end of the spreader slide on the sample slide so that the short-sided edge of
the spreader is below the drop of blood.
4. Hold the spreader slide at an angle of 30-45° (relative to the sample slide) and bring
the spreader slide back against the drop of blood so that the blood spreads in a thin
line via capillary action.
5. Rapidly but gently drag the spreader slide along the entire length of the sample slide
in one fluid motion.
 6. If the technique was performed correctly, the smear should end before the end of the
sample slide in a “feathered edge”.
7. Air-dry the sample slide. Fix and stain the slide.
8. Lastly, study the blood smear under the microscope.

Results and Documentations

Figure 7- Spreading the blood using the second slide. Figure 8- The dry and well spread sample, ready to be put under
the microscope for viewing.

Figure 10 - Sample under x10 magnification lenses Figure 9 - Sample under x40 magnification lenses.
Discussion

Blood, the transport connective tissue plays a major role as diagnostic role. It’s a
common procedure in medical field to prepare blood samples in diagnosis of certain diseases
and abnormalities. Using the blood samples information regarding different white blood cells,
their structure and count can be obtained. So that they can be implied in identifying and treating
many conditions. “The present methods of preparing blood samples, commonly called blood
smears, involves depositing a drop of blood on a glass plate and then wiping the drop to spread
it over the surface, producing a thin layer or smear of blood,” in a nutshell blood smear is a thin
film of blood which is used as a diagnostic tool. In depth, its purpose is to examine a blood
smear is to check the size, shape, and number of three types of blood cells:

 Red blood cells, which carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body
 White blood cells, which fight infection
 Platelets, which help your blood to clot

Blood smear results usually describe the appearance and number of your red blood cells,
white blood cells, and platelets. Hence, your results are essential since it will describe and
identify if there’s anything unusual about your blood that might, endanger the person
receiving your blood.

Normal results in a blood smear:

Red blood cells (RBCs) normally are the same size and color and are a lighter color in
the center. The blood smear is considered normal if there is normal appearance of cells

Abnormal findings in a blood smear:

Abnormal results mean the size, shape, color, or coating of the RBCs is not normal.
Some abnormalities may be graded on a 4-point scale:
 1+ means one quarter of cells are affected
 2+ means one half of cells are affected
 3+ means three quarters of cells are affected
 4+ means all of the cells are affected

Presence of cells called target cells may be due to:

 Abnormal hemoglobin, the protein in RBCs that carries oxygen
(hemoglobinopathies)
 Deficiency of an enzyme called lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase
  Iron deficiency
 Liver disease
 Spleen removal
Presence of sphere-shaped cells may be due to:
 Low number of RBCs due to the body destroying them (immune hemolytic anemia)
 Low number of RBCs due to some RBCs shaped like spheres (hereditary
spherocytosis)
 Increased breakdown of RBCs
Presence of RBCs with an oval shape may be a sign of hereditary elliptocytosis or hereditary
ovalocytosis. These are conditions in which RBCs are abnormally shaped.
Presence of fragmented cells (also called schistocytes) may be due to:

 Artificial heart valve

 Blood disorder that causes blood clots to form in small blood vessels around the
body and leads to a low platelet count (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura)
 Disorder in which the proteins that control blood clotting become overactive
(disseminated intravascular coagulation)
 Infection in the digestive system producing toxic substances that destroy RBCs,
causing kidney injury (hemolytic uremic syndrome)
Presence of a type of immature RBCs called normoblasts may be due to:

 Blood disorder called erythroblastosis fetalis that affects a fetus or newborn

 Cancer that has spread to bone marrow
 Disorder in which there is excessive breakdown of hemoglobin (thalassemia)
 Disorder of the bone marrow in which the marrow is replaced by fibrous scar
tissue (myelofibrosis)
 Removal of spleen
 Severe breakdown of RBCs (hemolysis)
 Tuberculosis that has spread from the lungs to other parts of the body through the
blood (miliary tuberculosis)
The presence of cells called burr cells may indicate:

 Abnormally high level of nitrogen waste products in the blood (uremia)

The presence of cells called spur cells may indicate:

 Inability to fully absorb dietary fats through the intestines (abetalipoproteinemia)

 Severe liver disease
The presence of teardrop-shaped cells may indicate:
 Anemia caused by bone marrow not producing normal blood cells due to toxins or
tumor cells (myelophthisic process)
 Cancer in the bone marrow
 Myelofibrosis
 Severe iron deficiency
 Thalassemia major
The presence of Howell-Jolly bodies (a type of granule inside the red blood cells) may
indicate:

 Bone marrow does not produce enough healthy blood cells (myelodysplasia)
 Sickle cell anemia
 Spleen has been removed
The presence of Heinz bodies (bits of altered hemoglobin) may indicate:

 Alpha thalassemia
 Congenital hemolytic anemia
 Disorder in which RBCs break down when the body is exposed to certain
medicines or is stressed because of infection (G6PD deficiency)
 Unstable form of hemoglobin
The presence of slightly immature RBCs may indicate:

 Anemia with bone marrow recovery

 Hemolytic anemia
 Hemorrhage
The presence of basophilic stippling (a spotted appearance) may indicate:

 Disorder of the bone marrow in which the marrow is replaced by fibrous scar
tissue (myelofibrosis)
 Lead poisoning
The presence of sickle cells may indicate sickle cell anemia.

After putting my donor’s blood under the microscope, I have observed that the donors
red blood cells we’re normal, since:

 Her blood cell shape was consistent all throughout my viewing of the sample, there
we’re no smaller size or bigger size red blood cell. There sizes were identical.
 Donors blood cell in terms of colors were also normal, since the RBCs that appear
disc shaped and having an area of central pallor that occupies approximately one-third
of the cell’s diameter (containing normal amount of hemoglobin) are considered as
normochromic RBCs. That’s why its center is a bit lighter compared to its overall
surface.
 Lastly, the shape of the donors RBCs were Normal, mature RBCs are biconcave, disc-
shaped, anuclear cells measuring approximately 7-8 microns in diameter on a
peripheral blood smear with an internal volume of 80-100 femtoliters (fL).

With the drop of blood, I got from the donor’s blood, I can state that based on my
observations under the microscope I have not encountered any abnormalities in terms of the
structure, color, and size of the red blood cells.
 Taking everything into account, a blood smear is a test that allows a healthcare
provider to take a close look at a blood sample under a microscope. Up close, the smear
shows how many of each type of blood cell is present. The sizes, shapes, and colours of the
cells can be seen, along with any parasites or fragments in the blood.

BLOOD DENSITY

Density is defined as mass per unit volume. The classical technique to measure the
density of fluids consists of a determination of mass and volume. Blood density is
proportional to hematocrit or, more exactly, to the total protein concentration of blood; only
to a minor extent is blood density influenced by other plasma solutes. 

Objectives
The main objective of this activity is:

 To discuss observation towards the activity.

Materials

The materials used throughout the activity includes the following:

 50 ml. beaker
 Blood sample

PROCEDURE

The following are the procedures and methods applied during blood smearing activity.

1. Set the table with all the materials required.

2. Open an Alcohol swab, and rub it at the area from where the blood will be sampled
(fingertip). (Discard the swab)
3. Open the Lancet cover, put pressure at the tip of the finger from where blood will be
sampled (maintain it). Prick the fingertip with the opened Lancet. (Discard the
Lancet)
4. As blood starts oozing out, make 1 drop fall on the 50ml. beaker.
5. Place cotton ball at the site where it was pricked. Using the thumb, put pressure on the
area to stop blood flow.
RESULTS AND DOCUMENTATION

Discussion:

This simple yet meaningful activity, is not only mesmerizing to watch but is also one
the ways that can be source of information when assessing the donors’ blood for any
abnormalities.
As the result of this procedure, when I dropped the blood of the donor towards the
water, donors’ blood then sank and settled to the bottom. I have also observed that all of my
classmates had the same result to my donor, which is the blood spreading and settling in the
bottom. Furthermore, this is a sign of healthy blood since, the human blood in naturally
denser and viscous than water. Which, explains why the blood settled at the bottom and why I
concluded it to be normal.
Putting everything into account, it is safe to say that our blood can be one of the most
effective and efficient way to determine one’s health condition which amazed me in various
ways. Hence, I truly acknowledge our Professor Jether Sumpo, for giving us the opportunity
to be able to perform activities like this, which are very much helpful and informative
considering our course.

De Villa, Elah Abigail J.

author

REFERENCES

https://www.healthline.com/health/blood-typing
Importance Of Blood Typing - 984 Words | Internet Public Library (ipl.org)
Blood Grouping Experiment (Procedure) : Immunology Virtual Lab I : Biotechnology and
Biomedical Engineering : Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Virtual Lab

Blood Typing: Purpose, Procedure, and Risks (healthline.com)

Blood Smear: MedlinePlus Medical Test

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2658951