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    Lab Manual 09

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    ahmad raza
    This lab manual discusses strings in C++. It covers C strings (character arrays), common string manipulation functions like strcpy and strlen, and the C++ string class. The objectives are to learn about strings, C strings, common string functions, and the C++ string class. The lab then provides 5 questions to practice string operations in C++.

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    Lab Manual 09

    Uploaded by

    ahmad raza
    71 views5 pages
    This lab manual discusses strings in C++. It covers C strings (character arrays), common string manipulation functions like strcpy and strlen, and the C++ string class. The objectives are to learn about strings, C strings, common string functions, and the C++ string class. The lab then provides 5 questions to practice string operations in C++.

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    This lab manual discusses strings in C++. It covers C strings (character arrays), common string manipulation functions like strcpy and strlen, and the C++ string class. The objectives are to learn about strings, C strings, common string functions, and the C++ string class. The lab then provides 5 questions to practice string operations in C++.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    71 views5 pages

    Lab Manual 09

    Uploaded by

    ahmad raza
    This lab manual discusses strings in C++. It covers C strings (character arrays), common string manipulation functions like strcpy and strlen, and the C++ string class. The objectives are to learn about strings, C strings, common string functions, and the C++ string class. The lab then provides 5 questions to practice string operations in C++.

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    1

    LAB MANUAL 09

    STRINGS
    Lab Objectives:

    At the end of this lab students will know about

    Strings

    By now, you have learned how to declare a char variable to hold characters. ; You might also
    have learned that a string (like a person's first or last name) in C++ can simply be represented by
    a null terminated sequence of characters stored in a char array. These days you can use the string
    type for strings. In the bad old days, before circa 1994, you had to use character arrays, because
    there was no native string type in C++ most implementations. There is still no string type in C. A
    string, represented as a character array, is called a "C string". Here's a quick little review of
    declaring and initializing C strings.

    To declare a character array:

    char s1[8];

    To assign a value to an array when you declare it:

    char s1[8] = "one";

    Actually, if you are assigning a value at the same time as you are declaring the char array, you
    don't need to specify an array size.

    char s1[] = "one";

    Assigning a value either way results in a character array of finite length, established at compile
    time.

    Note: You cannot assign the value of a C string after the declaration as you do with other simple
    variable assignments.

    i.e. s1 = "one"; <- WRONG

    To assign a value after the declaration, you need to use a C String function such as strcpy. We'll
    look at that next.

    Class/Semester: BCS/2 Lab Instructor: Rabbia Mahum


    2

    C++ supports a wide range of C string manipulation functions. Following are some of them:

    1.1 strcpy

    Use this function if you would like to copy one string to another string.

    #include <string.h>

    #include <iostream>

    using namespace std;

    int main()

    char Original[30] = "I am the original!";

    char Copy[30] = "I am the copy!";

    cout << "Before strcpy(): " << endl;

    cout << "Original = " << Original << endl;

    cout << "Copy = " << Copy << endl;

    strcpy(Copy, Original);

    cout << "After strcpy(): " << endl;

    cout << "Original = " << Original << endl;

    cout << "Copy = " << Copy << endl;

    return 0;

    Here is the running result of the above program:

    Before strcpy():

    Original = I am the original!

    Copy = I am the copy!

    After strcpy():

    Original = I am the original!

    Copy = I am the original!

    Class/Semester: BCS/2 Lab Instructor: Rabbia Mahum


    3

    1.2 strlen:

    Use this function if you would like to know the length of a string.

    #include <string.h>

    #include <iostream>

    using namespace std;

    int main()

    char String1[30]= "I am the string!";

    cout << "Here is string:" << String << endl;

    cout << "Its length is: " << strlen(String) << " characters\n";

    return 0;

    Here is the running result of the above program:

    Here is string:I am the string!

    Its length is: 16 characters

    String Class:

    C String is one of the two ways that you can manipulate strings in C++. The other way is through
    the string class. This allows strings to be represented as objects in C++. The string class gives
    you strings of unbounded length because the string space is allocated at run-time. Compare this
    to C Strings where the finite string length of char array variables is defined at compile time.

    Moreover, assignment, comparison, and concatenation of strings using the string class is
    arguably easier than using C Strings. However, you'll still see C String code around in older
    programs so it's best to know both. Why, you may ask, do we need the string class when we
    already have C string? Here is why: null terminated strings (C strings) cannot be manipulated by
    any of the standard C++ operators. Nor can they take part in normal C++ expressions. For
    example, consider this fragment:

    char s1[80], s2[80], s3[80];

    s1 = "one"; // error

    s2 = "two"; // error

    Class/Semester: BCS/2 Lab Instructor: Rabbia Mahum


    4

    s3 = "three"; //error

    As the comments show, in C++, it not possible to use the assignment operator to give a character
    array a new value. To do this, you need to use the strcpy function that was discussed above:

    strcpy(s1, "one");

    strcpy(s2, "two");

    strcpy(s3, "three");

    There are also other reasons for using strings. For example, the null-terminated C String does not
    check if the array is out of bound and that contributes to many string problems encountered by C++
    programmers, experienced and inexperienced alike. Following is an example showing you how to
    use the string class to manipulate strings. The example gives you a feeling of how string objects
    work, which means you do not need to remember how it really works.

    // Purpose: Demonstrates the use of the string class

    #include <iostream>

    #include <string>

    using namespace std;

    int main()

    string str1("This is a test");

    string str2("ABCDEFG");

    cout << "Initial strings: \n";

    cout << "str1: " << str1 << endl;

    cout << "str2: " << str2 << "\n\n";

    // demonstrate length()

    cout << "Length of str1 is: " << str1.length() << endl;

    return 0;

    Here is how it runs:

    Class/Semester: BCS/2 Lab Instructor: Rabbia Mahum


    5

    Initial strings:

    str1: This is a test

    str2: ABCDEFG

    Length of str1 is: 14

    Lab Tasks

    Question # 1

    Write a C++ code to count the number of a’s in a string

    Question # 2

    Write a program in C++ to read a sentence and replace lowercase characters by uppercase and

    vice-versa.

    Question # 3

    Write a C++ program to remove characters in String except Alphabets.

    Question # 4

    Write a C++ program to concatenate one string after the other without using any library function.

    Question # 5

    Write a C++ program which stores names of five cities and print the names of only those cities

    which start from K.

    Class/Semester: BCS/2 Lab Instructor: Rabbia Mahum

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