1

1 Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form water and oxygen. This reaction is catalysed by
manganese(IV)oxide.

2H2O2(aq) →2H2O(l) + O2(g)

The rate of this reaction can be investigated using the following apparatus.

oxygen gas

aqueous hydrogen peroxide

and manganese(IV) oxide

40 cm
3
of aqueous hydrogen peroxide was put in the flask and 0.1 g of small lumps of
manganese(IV) oxide was added.
The volume of oxygen collected was measured every 30 seconds. The results
were plotted to give the graph shown below.

volume of
oxygen

0
0 t1 t2
t3

time
(a) (i) How do the rates at times t1, t2 and t3 differ?

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]
 2

(ii) Explain the trend in reaction rate that you described in (a)(i).

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) The experiment was repeated using 0.1 g of finely powdered manganese(IV) oxide. All the
other variables were kept the same.

(i) On the axes, sketch the graph that would be expected. [2]

(ii) Explain the shape of this graph.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) Describe how you could show that the catalyst, manganese(IV) oxide, was not used up in the
reaction. Manganese(IV) oxide is insoluble in water.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [4]

(d) In
3
the first experiment, the maximum volume of oxygen produced was 96 cm
measured at
3
measured at
r.t.p. Calculate the concentration of the aqueous hydrogen peroxide in mol / dm
3
.

2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

(i) number of moles of O2 formed =................................................................. [1]

3
(ii) number of moles of H2O2 in 40 cm of solution
=..................................... [1]

(iii) concentration of the aqueous hydrogen peroxide in mol / dm

3
=........................... [1]

[Total: 15]

2 Sulfur dioxide, SO2, is used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid.

 3

(a) In the first stage of the process, sulfur dioxide is obtained from sulfur-containing ores.

Name one of these ores.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The next stage of the process is a reaction which can reach equilibrium.

The equation for this stage is shown.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)

(i) Describe two features of an equilibrium.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) Name the catalyst used in this stage.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Why is a catalyst used?

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iv) Explain, in terms of particles, why a high temperature increases the rate of this reaction.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [3]

(v) In this stage, only a moderate temperature of 450 °C is used.

What does this suggest about the forward reaction?

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(vi) Calculate the percentage by mass of sulfur in sulfur trioxide, SO3.

percentage = ............................ [2]

[Total: 11]

3 Ammonia, NH3, is used to produce nitric acid, HNO3. This happens in a three-stage process.
 4

Stage 1 is a redox reaction.

4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O

(a) Identify what is oxidised in stage 1.

Give a reason for your answer.

substance oxidised .........................................................................................................

reason .............................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) In this reaction the predicted yield of NO is 512 g. The actual yield is 384 g.

Calculate the percentage yield of NO in this reaction.

percentage yield of NO = .................................. [1]

(c) The equation for the reaction in stage 2 is shown.

2NO + O2 → 2NO2

Which major environmental problem does NO2 cause if it is released into the atmosphere?

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 5

(d) The equation for the reaction in stage 3 is shown.

4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 → 4HNO3

Calculate the volume of O2 gas, at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.), needed to produce
1260 g of HNO3.
Use the following steps.

• Calculate the number of moles of HNO3.

moles of HNO3 = ...................................

• Deduce the number of moles of O2 that reacted.

moles of O2 = ........................................

• Calculate the volume of O2 gas that reacts at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).

volume of O2 gas = .................................... dm

3
[4]
 6

(e) The reaction in stage 3 is exothermic.

4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 → 4HNO3

Complete the energy level diagram for this reaction. Include an arrow that clearly shows the
energy change during the reaction.

4NO
2 + 2H2O + O2
energy

progress of reaction

[3]

[Total: 11]

4 Chalcopyrite, FeCuS2, is used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid in the Contact process.

(a) In the first stage of the process, chalcopyrite reacts with oxygen in the air to produce sulfur
dioxide, SO2, iron(III) oxide and copper(II) oxide.

Complete the chemical equation for the reaction of FeCuS2 with oxygen.

4FeCuS2 + 13O2→ ................. + ................. + ................. [2]

(b) Sulfur dioxide is then converted to sulfur trioxide.

2SO2 + O2⇌ 2SO3

The reaction is exothermic. It is also an equilibrium.

(i) State two features of an equilibrium.

1 ............................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................ [2]
 7

(ii) State the temperature and pressure used in this reaction.

Include units.

temperature ...........................................................................................................

pressure................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) Name the catalyst used.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iv) Explain why a catalyst is used.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(v) Describe and explain, in terms of equilibrium, what happens when the temperature
isincreased.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 10]

5 A student sets up the following electrolysis experiment.

bulb

wire

+ –
graphite electrodes

dilute aqueous
sodium chloride

(a) Define the term electrolysis.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) The student observes bubbles of colourless gas forming at each electrode.

(i) Name the main gas produced at the positive electrode (anode).

................................................................................................................................ [1]
 8

(ii) Describe a test for the gas produced in (b)(i).

test .........................................................................................................................

result ...................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Write the ionic half-equation for the reaction taking place at the negative electrode
(cathode).

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(c) Charge is transferred during electrolysis.

Name the type of particle responsible for the transfer of charge in:

the wires ...........................................................................................................................

the electrolyte. .................................................................................................................. [2]

(d) The student replaces the dilute aqueous sodium chloride with concentrated aqueous
sodium chloride.

Suggest two differences that the student observes.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 10]

6 Some of the ammonia made by the Haber process is converted into nitric acid.

The first stage of this process is the oxidation of ammonia to make nitrogen monoxide.

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) ⇌ 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)

The process is carried out at 900 °C and a pressure of 5 atmospheres using an alloy of platinum
and rhodium as a catalyst.

The forward reaction is exothermic.

(a) State the meaning of the term catalyst.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) State the meaning of the term oxidation.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 9

(c) Complete the table using the words increase, decrease or no change.

effect on the rate effect on the equilibrium

of the forward reaction yield of NO(g)

increasing the temperature

increasing the pressure

[4]

(d) Nitrogen monoxide, NO, is converted into nitrogen dioxide, NO2.

2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)

The nitrogen dioxide reacts with oxygen and water to produce nitric acid as the only product.

Write a chemical equation for this reaction.

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

7 Sulfuric acid is made from sulfur in a four-stage process.

stage 1 Sulfur is converted into sulfur dioxide.

stage 2 Sulfur dioxide is converted into sulfur trioxide.

stage 3 Sulfur trioxide is converted into oleum.

stage 4 Oleum is converted into sulfuric acid.

(a) How is sulfur converted into sulfur dioxide in stage 1?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Describe how sulfur dioxide is converted into sulfur trioxide in stage 2.

Your answer should include:

• an equation for the reaction

• the temperature used
• the name of the catalyst used.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]
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(c) The reaction in stage 2 can reach equilibrium.

What is meant by the term equilibrium?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) Sulfur trioxide is converted into oleum, H2S2O7, in stage 3.

What is sulfur trioxide reacted with to convert it into oleum?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) Oleum is converted into sulfuric acid in stage 4.

Write a chemical equation for the conversion of oleum, H2S2O7, into sulfuric acid.

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

8 Dilute sulfuric acid is used to make salts known as sulfates.

A method consisting of three steps is used to make zinc sulfate from zinc carbonate.

step 1 Add an excess of zinc carbonate to 20 cm

3
of 0.4 mol / dm3 dilute sulfuric acid until the
reaction is complete.

step 2 Filter the mixture.

step 3 Heat the filtrate until a saturated solution forms and then allow it to crystallise.

(a) Name
3
a suitable piece of apparatus for measuring 20 cm
of dilute sulfuric acid in step 1.
3
of dilute sulfuric acid in step 1.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State two observations which would show that the reaction is complete in step 1.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) Why is it important to add an excess of zinc carbonate in step 1?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 11

(d) What is meant by the term saturated solution in step 3?

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(e) The equation for the reaction is shown.

ZnCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(......) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Complete the equation by inserting the state symbol for zinc sulfate. [1]

(f) Name another zinc compound which could be used to make zinc sulfate from dilute
sulfuric acid using this method.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(g) Suggest why this method would not work to make barium sulfate from barium carbonate and
dilute sulfuric acid.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 9]

9 The structures of five carbon compounds are shown below.

A B C

H H H H H Br Br

H C C C H C C H C C H

H H H H H H H

D E

H H O
H C H H C C

O H
H H

(a) Answer the following questions about these compounds. Each compound may be used once,
more
than once or not at all.

(i) Which compound, A, B, C, D or E, is ethanoic acid?.............................................. [1]

(ii) Which two compounds are saturated hydrocarbons?................... and................... [1]

(iii) Which compound is the main constituent of natural gas?....................................... [1]

 12

(iv) Which compound reacts with steam to form ethanol?.............................................. [1]

(v) Which compound is causing concern as a greenhouse gas? ................................ [1]

(vi) Which two compounds are in the same homologous series?.............and............. [1]

(b) Deduce the molecular formula for compound C.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Complete the symbol equation for the complete combustion of compound A.

C3H8 + .........O2 → 3CO2 + .........H2O

[2]

[Total: 9]

10 A student used the following apparatus to electrolyse concentrated aqueous sodium chloride using
inert electrodes.

concentrated aqueous
sodium chloride

inert electrodes

+ –

(a) Suggest the name of a metal which could be used as the inert electrodes.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Name the gas formed at the positive electrode.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Write an ionic half-equation for the reaction occurring at the negative electrode.
Include state symbols.

........................................................................................................................................... [3]
 13

(d) How, if at all, does the pH of the solution change during the electrolysis?
Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]

11 Tetrafluoroethene is an unsaturated compound with the formula C2F4.

Tetrafluoroethene is the monomer used to make the polymer poly(tetrafluoroethene).

(a) What is meant by the term unsaturated?

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Describe a test to show that tetrafluoroethene is unsaturated.

test ....................................................................................................................................

observations ..................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Draw the structure of a molecule of tetrafluoroethene. Show all of the atoms and all of the
bonds.

[1]

(d) Tetrafluoroethene can be polymerised to form poly(tetrafluoroethene).

Draw one repeat unit of poly(tetrafluoroethene). Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]
 14

(e) Deduce the empirical formula of:

tetrafluoroethene ..............................................................................................................

poly(tetrafluoroethene) ..................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

12 Dilute sulfuric acid and aqueous potassium hydroxide can be used to make potassium sulfate
crystals using a method that includes titration.

dilute
sulfuric acid

conical flask

25.0 cm3 of aqueous

potassium hydroxide

A student titrated 25.0 cm

3
of 0.0500 mol / dm3 aqueous potassium hydroxide with dilute
sulfuric acid in the presence of an indicator. The volume of dilute sulfuric acid needed to neutralise
the aqueous potassium hydroxide was 20.0 cm
3
.

The equation for the reaction is shown.

H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O

Determine the concentration of the dilute sulfuric acid using the following steps.

(a) Calculate the number of moles of aqueous potassium hydroxide used.

........................... mol [1]

 15

(b) Calculate the number of moles of dilute sulfuric acid needed to neutralise the aqueous
potassium
hydroxide.

........................... mol [1]

(c) Calculate the concentration of the dilute sulfuric acid.

3 [1]
........................... mol / dm

(d) After the titration has been completed, the conical flask contains an aqueous solution of
potassium sulfate and some of the dissolved indicator.

Describe how to prepare a pure, dry sample of potassium sulfate crystals from new solutions
of dilute sulfuric acid and aqueous potassium hydroxide of the same concentrations as used
in the titration. Include a series of key steps in your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [5]

[Total: 8]

13 Aluminium can be extracted by electrolysis using the apparatus shown.

 16

+ power –
supply
wires
anodes

cathode
+ +
aluminium oxide
and cryolite

molten aluminium

(a) Name the type of particle responsible for the transfer of charge in

the wires, ..........................................................................................................................

the electrolyte. .................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Give two reasons why cryolite is used.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) Write the ionic half-equation for the formation of aluminium during the electrolysis.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Explain how carbon dioxide gas is formed at the anodes.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]

14 Iron is extracted from its ore by heating the ore with carbon in a blast furnace.

(a) State the name of an ore of iron.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) In the blast furnace, iron(III) oxide is reduced by carbon monoxide.

Explain how the carbon monoxide is formed in the blast furnace.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]
 17

(c) Balance the chemical equation for this reaction.

Fe2O3 + 3CO → .......Fe + .......CO2 [2]

(d) How does this equation show that iron(III) oxide is reduced?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) Calculate the relative formula mass of iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3.

Show all your working.
Use your Periodic Table to help you.

relative formula mass = ........................... [2]

[Total: 8]